Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SECRETS
A Comprehensive Pet Owner's Guide
By Jennifer Thomson
Introduction
Photograph Acknowledgements:
The following photographs used in this eBook are Courtesy:
(i) "Rafflesgold" wherever the photographs are with Rafflesgold ( http://www.rafflesgold.com )
(ii) Goldfishinfo" in ( http://www.goldfishinfo.com)
(iii) Petsmart in (http://www.petsmart.com)
(iv) Auto Feeders (http://www.super-feeder.com)
Table of contents
Tone of this Ebook.........................................................................................................................................................5
Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................................7
History of the Goldfish ...............................................................................................................................................9
External Parts of the Goldfish ..................................................................................................................................13
Aquarium Basics..............................................................................................................................................................14
Aquarium Setup.............................................................................................................................................................44
How to Maintain Water Quality...............................................................................................................................61
Fish Bowls.........................................................................................................................................................................77
How to Clean the Aquarium ..................................................................................................................................80
Goldfish Varieties .......................................................................................................................................................90
Oranda Goldfish .......................................................................................................................................94
Ryukin Goldfish ........................................................................................................................................99
Pearscale Goldfish ...................................................................................................................................103
Redcap Oranda Goldfish ......................................................................................................................108
Lionhead Goldfish ....................................................................................................................................112
Veiltail Goldfish ........................................................................................................................................116
Fantail Goldfish .........................................................................................................................................121
Black Moor Goldfish ..............................................................................................................................124
Bubble Eye Goldfish ...............................................................................................................................129
Celestial Goldfish .....................................................................................................................................134
Common Gold fish .................................................................................................................................137
Comet Goldfish .......................................................................................................................................142
Egg Goldfish .............................................................................................................................................146
Jinkins Goldfish .......................................................................................................................................149
Pompons Goldfish ...................................................................................................................................152
Ranchu Goldfish ......................................................................................................................................155
Telescope Goldfish ..................................................................................................................................162
Wakins Goldfish ......................................................................................................................................167
Black Dragon Eye......................................................................................................................................170
Tosakin...........................................................................................................................................................171
Shubunkin Goldfish..................................................................................................................................173
Table of contents
Feeding ............................................................................................................................................................................177
Auto Feeders.................................................................................................................................................................186
Feeder goldfish..............................................................................................................................................................192
Breeding Goldfish........................................................................................................................................................194
Goldfish Healthcare ...................................................................................................................................................215
Goldfish Diseases........................................................................................................................................................220
Steps for Building a Pond........................................................................................................................,...............230
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................................241
Can't blame them. After all, Goldfishes are probably among the
most beautiful of God's creations. Just one glimpse is enough to
convince anyone.
Most people who have ever had a Goldfish will tell you that
Goldfishes are more than just pets.
A Goldfish can really crack you up. While other pets are great
companions and a source of amusement, Goldfishes can be a riot.
They have all the intrinsic qualities that will make them ideal
family pets. Owning one can be a rewarding experience.
But this is just the sunny side. Truth is, the full Goldfish story will
have a few bumps and bruises too. What we are going to do is to
tell you the story as it is.
Before we set about writing this eBook, we did an extensive survey
to find out exactly what Goldfish buffs, rookies and wannabes
wanted to know. This eBook answers all their questions, and more.
Introduction
Introduction
as he and his brother Jackie showed off the grounds of their large
fish farm in Dongguan in China's Guangdong province.
History
istory of Goldfish
Goldfish is the domesticated subspecies of Carassius
auratus, the gibel carp is endemic to China and shows
Year
1603
Japan
1611
Europe
1874
America
Natural Habitat
Wild Goldfish, when it's in native conditions require minimum
temperature of 10C to 32C to survive. They live in rivers,
History
streams, ponds, lakes, ditches and even in stagnant water.
Size and Weight
Wild Goldfish grows up to a length of 30 cm. They weigh 2.5 kg
and live between 2 and 10 years.
Mutations
The Chinese have kept Goldfish as pets
for centuries. Breeders for almost 2000
years have successfully brought about
new species of the fish through genetic
mutations. This was primarily done to
tickle man's fancy. But later, as
experiments to test the goldfish's
genetic potential. A list of milestones in
breeding experiments is given below:
In the Chun dynasty (between the 3rd and 5th century AD),
breeders first recorded the gold color on the scales of this fish.
Between the 12th and the 13th century, during the reign of
the Nan Song dynasty, goldfish became common pets. For the first
10
History
time, white and red-and-white colors were noticed.
During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) goldfish made their way
into the Chinese homes. They were put inside glass bowls. This led
to a number of mutations, of species that wouldn't have otherwise
survived in ponds.
In 1590, the Red-capped mutation of Goldfish was observed
and in 1592, Globe Eyes were recorded.
The mutation in 1596 recorded matt scales and calico
coloration. Goldfish now became the fish of common man.
During the Chun dynasty (between the 17th and 20th
century), exotic breed of Goldfish were recorded. These include
the bronze and blue Goldfish.
Between the late 19th and the early 20th century, a number
of new species were recorded. These include Oranda/Tigerhead
(in 1893), Pompon, Comet, Veiltail and Pearl scale (early 1900s),
Shubunkin (early 20th century), Bubble eye (1908), Curled
operculum (1911).
Mutations that occur naturally in the wild are not all that strong
11
History
12
and the new species has a tendency to slip back to the original
wild variety when further bred. Mutations bred in captivity are
dominant.
External Parts
Of Goldfishes
Dorsal fin
13
Lateral-line
Head growth
Caudal fin
Pompon
Eye
Pectoral fin
Anal fin
Anal Fin
Pelvic fin
Aquarium Basics
14
Aquarium Basics
15
Aquarium Basics
16
Aquarium Basics
17
Aquarium Basics
18
Aquarium Basics
19
Aquarium Basics
20
Aquarium Basics
21
Aquarium Basics
22
Aquarium Basics
1) Gravel or Rocks
2) Aquarium plants
You have to select suitable substrate and plants for your Goldfish.
Some of these substrates and plants are not suitable for
temperament we maintain in the tank and they may wound the
fish while they are swimming.
You should be very careful while
buying ornaments for your
aquarium. Buy only those
ornaments that are labeled
aquarium-safe as anything else
might be toxic for your fish. It is
safest to buy ornaments from a
pet store.
You will have a wide range of products to choose from rocks,
plastic plants, artificial driftwood, ceramic decorations, shells, etc.
You could also collect rocks from your garden for the tank. Just
make sure that you clean them thoroughly with conditioned water
23
Aquarium Basics
24
Aquarium Basics
Gravel
Gravel is normally used for its aesthetic value in tanks. It gives
them a natural look. It is also very useful in the production of
beneficial bacteria. However, it is not necessary to have gravel in
your tank unless you have an underground filter or live plants in
your tank.
Gravel your tank to bring out the color of your fish. You should
add darker gravels as lighter gravels give a washed out color to the
fish.
Aquarium gravel comes in many sizes,
shapes, colors and materials.
Natural gravel, epoxy-coated
gravel and tumbled glass are the
common gravel materials used in
aquarium. If you have a freshwater
aquarium, you should ideally use quartz or granite. You should
avoid coral, seashells, dolomite and limestone-based materials as
these release carbonates into the tank, which in turn raises the
water's pH buffering capacity. To check if your gravel is
25
Aquarium Basics
26
Aquarium Basics
Visi-Therm Heaters
Double sealed and completely
submersible. Preset temperature
with direct reading thermometer
type scale. Magnetic switching
accurately maintains temperature
and eliminates checkbox interference.
Durable and long-lasting.
4. Drift wood
Aquarium Plants
Plants are necessary to improve the atmosphere of the tank. But
you can't just put any water plant into the tank as your Goldfish
might try to eat it.
Live aquarium plants can add lots of color; however, they need
proper care or they will develop problems. Most live plant
problems stem from water quality problems, improper lighting,
and fish eating or uprooting them.
Signs: Unhealthy plants will appear soft, unusually dark or lightcolored, thin leaves, mushy or dark colored roots, or bad smelling.
27
Aquarium Basics
Gravel Vacuum
To operate the gravel vacuum, you will need to get a siphon
started in the tube.
Place a bucket on a low stool or on the floor in front of the fish
tank, and place the wide end of the gravel vacuum in the
aquarium.
To get your siphon started, you will need to get water into the
siphon tube. Probably the easiest way to do this is to gently suck
the water from one end of the tube while holding it above the
bucket and below the water level in the aquarium.
As soon as the water gets past the edge of the tank and begins to
flow down the tube, remove your mouth from the siphon and
allow the water to flow into the bucket. (You can buy a siphon
starter kit from a pet store if you want to.)
Once you have the siphon started, you will need to place the end
of the gravel vacuum into the gravel. The flow of water out of the
tank through the siphon will lift the debris out of the gravel and
carry it into the bucket.
28
Aquarium Basics
As each spot in the gravel becomes clean, you will probably want
to plug the lower end of the siphon with your finger or thumb
and lift the gravel vacuum out of the gravel and move it to an
adjacent and unclean section of the gravel.
Unless you are severely overfeeding your fish or providing water
changes too infrequently, you should be able to vacuum between
1/4 and 1/3 of the gravel with 10-15% water change each week.
You will get best results if you place the end of the gravel vacuum
deep into the gravel, and do not move it until it has pulled all the
debris out of the gravel.
If, at any time, the gravel gets too high in the gravel vacuum, you
can easily release the gravel from the vacuum by plugging the
other end of the siphon tube with your finger or thumb.
To stop the siphon, simply raise either end of the siphon above
the surface level of the fish tank.
29
Aquarium Basics
30
Aquarium Basics
31
Aquarium Basics
32
Aquarium Basics
33
Aquarium Basics
34
Aquarium Basics
Amazon
Swordplant
Watersprite
Giant
Asparagus
35
Giant
Bamboo
Floating
Philodendron
Aquarium Basics
36
Aquarium Basics
37
Aquarium Basics
38
Aquarium Basics
39
Aquarium Basics
40
Aquarium Basics
41
Aquarium Basics
42
5C/9F
10C/18F
15C/27F
5 gal/25 L
25 watt
50 watt
75 watt
10 gal/50 L
50 watt
75 watt
75 watt
20 gal/75 L
50 watt
75 watt
150 watt
25 gal/100 L
75 watt
100 watt
200 watt
40 gal/150 L
100 watt
150 watt
300 watt
50 gal/200 L
150 watt
200 watt
65 gal/250 L
200 watt
250 watt
75 gal/300 L
250 watt
300 watt
Instructions:
Subtract the average temperature of the room the aquarium is
located in from the temperature you wish to maintain the
aquarium water at. Find the size of your aquarium in the left hand
column and move to the column that shows the number of
degrees the aquarium needs to be heated. If the heating
requirement is between levels, move up to the next larger size.
In larger tanks, or where the room temperature is significantly
below the desired water temperature, two heaters may be
required. Heaters should be installed at opposite ends of the
Aquarium Basics
43
Go To
Table Of
The Content
Go To Table Of
The
Content
Aquarium Setup
44
ideally figure out where you will place your fish tank before you
bring your new fish home.
1) An aquarium can be the highlight of your living room and are
also a great way to brighten up living spaces. Just keep a few
things in mind. Direct sunlight will heat the water, which isn't
good for goldfish. Sunlight also makes algae grow quickly. So it's
best to keep your aquarium away from direct sunlight.
2) Also keep the aquarium away from heaters and air
conditioning vents. Place the aquarium preferably on a stand, if
not, use a sturdy flat surface.
3) Placing your tank in the best possible environment is essential.
A fish tank can be the center of attention in a room and at the
same time be a relaxing feature as well. Fish owners will tell you
that watching fish swim in a tank is therapeutic. This is very true,
in fact, you can spend hours just watching them.
Aquarium Setup
4) Your tank will need a sturdy base. You can buy a readymade
stand from a pet store. If you don't want to buy a stand, make
sure that you put it on a strong and flat surface.
5) Keep in mind that each gallon of water weighs approximately
eight pounds. So if u have a 30 gal tank, you will need a base that
can take 240 pounds of weight for your fish to live long and
healthy.
Getting started
Once you have bought all the equipment, you have decided where
to keep the aquarium. You will need to assemble and install the
aquarium. Fill the aquarium with tap water and add water
conditioner based on the quantity of water as per the instructions.
Follow instructions to get the filter working. Let it run for three
days before putting in the fish.
Step - 1 Choosing a location for the tank
After selecting your aquarium, you have to select the place where
it should place.
You need to keep the following in mind while choosing a location
45
Aquarium Setup
46
Aquarium Setup
47
Aquarium Setup
You can switch on the light between 8 to 10 hours in the day and
switch off the light during the night.
After fixing the light, you have to fix the heater in your
aquarium. It is necessary to fix a heater with thermostat in the
tank. The thermostat is required to check the tank from
overheating or contributing towards extra chillness. Maintaining a
consistent temperature for your fish is required. The fluctuation
of temperature in the tank may lead to ill health to your fish.
Keep watching the temperature inside the tank.
Following chart shown to select the heaters.
Tank size
Heaters in Watt
10 to 20 gallon
50 watt heaters
25 to 30 gallon
75 watt heaters
48
Aquarium Setup
49
Aquarium Setup
You should not pour water directly into the tank. It may disturb
your arrangements inside the aquarium. You should take small
bowl and place it at the center of the tank.
Now you can pour water into the bowl slowly. Don't fill water till
the edge of the aquarium. You can fill the water till it reaches 90
percent of the tank size.
Now you should turn on the light, heater and filters. Allow the
heaters, light, filters to run for two days. Check for the proper
functioning of temperature and filtration. After ensuring
everything is working properly, purchase fish and add it in the
aquarium.
Step - 7 First Fish for Cool Water Aquariums
Once all the equipments are in working condition, it is an ideal
time to buy a Goldfish from any pet shop. You can put your fish
into the aquarium by floating method.
Step 8 - Add your fish into the aquarium.
To start with, do not buy any expensive or delicate variety of
Goldfish. After your new aquarium equipment has been running
50
Aquarium Setup
51
Small-size Goldfish
Medium-size Goldfish
10 gallon
2 to 3
1 to 2
20 gallon
4 to 5
2 to 3
30 gallon
6 to 8
45 to 55 gallon
8 to 10
5 to 6
75 gallon
10 to 12
7 to 8
Aquarium Setup
You can easily follow the thumb rule for the number of fish you
can add in your aquarium. You have to provide 5 gallon space for
one Goldfish to live comfortably. Calculate tank size according to
this rule.
How to float your fish to the aquarium?
First, you have turn off the aquarium lights and dim light in the
room where you have fixed the aquarium.
You should not open the shipping bag or box in bright light. It
may cause severe stress to your fish.
1. Take the sealed bag containing the fish and float
it in your aquarium without opening the seal. Float
your sealed bag for 15 to 20 minutes in your tank.
By doing this, the temperature in your aquarium
and sealed bag get adjusted and the
high level oxygen also gets dissolved.
2. After 15 to 20 minutes, you can cut the sealed
bag under metal clips. Roll the top edge of the bag
one inch down (see picture 2).
52
Aquarium Setup
53
Aquarium Setup
54
Aquarium Setup
55
Date
Time
Ph
Ammonia
Nitrite
Nitrate
Salinity
Water Change/
Top Off
Aquarium Setup
56
Percentage of water
to be removed
10 gallon
10 to 20%
Once in a week
20 gallon
20 to 25%
Once in a week
30 gallon
20 to 25%
Twice in a week
40 to 50 gallon
25%
Twice in a week
Above 50 gallon
( in case of more fish)
25 %
Thrice in a week
Aquarium Setup
Daily check
1) Check your aquarium every 30 to 45 minutes after feeding.
Remove floating foods, if any from the water surface immediately
after your fish has its food. Do not overfeed your fish.
2) Temperature of the tank
1) Equipment of tank should be checked whether filter, heater, and
light are working properly.
2) Make sure water is not cloudy and without odor.
3) Check the behavior of your Fish for a few minutes by watching
it. Watch your fish swim normally in all levels. Check the skin for
any signs of diseases.
Weekly check
1) Make sure the dead leaves are removed in case if you have
added live plants in the aquarium.
2) Remove algae using algae remover once in week.
3) Change the partial water from the tank using water siphon.
57
Aquarium Setup
58
Aquarium Setup
59
Time
Water
Quality
Health
Behavior of Fish
Tank setting
60
How to Maintain
Water Quality?
61
How to Maintain
Water Quality
broke down by beneficial bacteria will cause illness and possibly
death in your fish. So the fish keeper must do routine water
changes, provide a good source of filtration and monitor water
conditions. Do not overfeed. When the ammonia mixes with the
nitrifying bacteria, it creates nitrites which are less toxic than
ammonia to the fish; However, nitrites are converted further by
bacteria and oxygen to nitrates, Which are way less toxic.
The only way you can control this problem is by doing routine
water changes, not overfeeding and cleaning out leftover food
everyday. Goldfish will tolerate 500 mg of nitrates per liter of
water. A level higher than this will cause your fish stress and also
make them prone to diseases.
62
How to Maintain
Water Quality
63
How to Maintain
Water Quality
It is therefore very essential to keep the various levels as low as
possible. Even the presence of 2 parts of ammonia per million
parts is deadly to fish. So ideally, you should have 0 parts per
million of ammonia in the tank.
If you find a slight change in the ammonia level of your tank, you
should partially change the water and clean out all visible waste
products. If the ammonia levels are found to be very high, you
should change all the water as your fish may become poisoned
and killed. But a sudden change of water can be stressful for your
fish. In that case, add a few drop of anti stress solution to ease the
problem.
Although it might not help much, your fish are safer in clean
water. Ammonia levels will keep rising until you change the water,
especially at high temperatures. Also, the more fish you have in a
tank, the higher the concentrations of ammonia will be and the
faster it will rise. Ammonia cannot be removed naturally from a
new tank, as there are no bacteria that help in removing the
ammonia. It takes several months for the helpful bacteria,
Nitrosomonas to grow. But this isn't enough to eliminate all of the
ammonia.
64
How to Maintain
Water Quality
65
.5-1 PPM
2 - 3 PPM
4 - 5 PPM
6 - 7 PPM
How to Maintain
Water Quality
Mardel Ammonia Test Strips
Ammonia test strip refills for your Mardel Master Test Kit (also
available, sold separately).
66
How to Maintain
Water Quality
Scientific quality, "dip and read" test kits give accurate results in
anywhere from 15 to 60 seconds. Kits contain from 25 to 100
Strips.
67
How to Maintain
Water Quality
Symptoms of rise in ammonia levels
Your fish will:
Isolate themselves.
Lie on the bottom of the tank.
Keep their fins clamp.
Secrete excess slime or mucous.
Develop red fins.
Show symptoms of dropsy or have a pinecone effect.
Prone to parasitic and bacterial infections.
Nitrites
Nitrites are produced during the nitrogen cycle and just like
ammonia, it is very important to keep its level in your tank as low
as possible.It should ideally be 0 parts per million, but definitely
not more than 0.25 parts per million of water. High nitrite levels
make it difficult for your fish to get enough oxygen and they may
suffocate and die. The more fish you have in the aquarium, the
more nitrite you will have. Having a larger tank and less fish is
perhaps the best way to avoid this problem.
68
How to Maintain
Water Quality
69
High nitrite levels will also cause the fish a lot of stress. This can
be reduced by adding 2.5-2.75 teaspoons of aquarium salt to every
gallon of water. Nitrates are formed when nitrites are broken
down by oxygenation. Nitrates are not harmful to fish and there
are no ill-effects linked to its presence in the aquarium. However,
it is good to keep it under 40 parts per million and this can be
achieved through routine water changes.
Nitrite Color Chart
.25
.5
How to Maintain
Water Quality
70
0 PPM
(mg/L)
5.0
oxygen deprived.
80
160
How to Maintain
Water Quality
Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Freshwater/Saltwater Nitrate Test Kit
Tests nitrate levels from 0 to 160 ppm in fresh or saltwater.
71
How to Maintain
Water Quality
72
What is pH?
It is the measurement of acidity or alkalinity of water. A reading of
7.0 is neutral. pH that is higher than this is considered to be alkaline.
If it is lower than 7.0, the
water is acidic.
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
Acidic
6.6
6.8
7.0
Neutral
(7.0)
7.2
Alkaline
Color Chart
and drop in the chemical drops. You then allow the water to sit in
the tube for a minute or two and shake it really good and you
will have a color.
It is also very important to keep the water pH under constant check.
Goldfish thrive at the 7.2 - 7.6 range. Anything above or below this
range will make your fish sick and even kill them. You should buy a
pH testing kit from a pet store. The above chart was taken from a
brochure that came in my pH test kit made by Aquarium
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Comprehensive instructions chart for you to follow. A low pH means
that the water is acidic. This happens when there are too many fish in
7.6
How to Maintain
Water Quality
is less toxic.
Acidic water will make your fish weak. If you find that your fish
are anorexia, have excess slime, rest at the bottom of tank away
from other fish, and notice streaks of blood in the fins, this is a
sign that the tank water is acidic.
A high pH indicates that the water is alkaline. Ammonia is more
toxic when the pH levels are high. If the water is alkaline your fish
will produce excess slime and gasp at the surface. Once alkalosis
takes place, it is hard to reverse it.
Freshwater Deluxe pH Test Kit
Test the pH of freshwater within a 6.0 to 7.6 range and adjust pH
levels as required. 250 tests per kit.
Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Wide Range pH Test Kit
Quickly and accurately measures the pH of pond water, reading
pH levels from 5.0 to 9.0. Makes 160 tests. Water Hardness is
determined by the presence of dissolved minerals in it. A few
minerals present in the water make water soft. Goldfish do fine in
either.
73
How to Maintain
Water Quality
Chlorine and Chloramines
Water has toxic metals, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphorus. It is
likely it contains chlorine and chloramines also. We have to
remove chlorine and chloramines by using a zeolite or zeolite
carbon filter. Another method of removing chlorine is Aeration.
Aeration is a method which increases the oxygen in the water. Due
to increase in oxygen, ammonia gets diffused out. It directs
nitrification of waste products contained in the water.
Density Of Water
Density refers to the amount of salt in the water. Goldfish will not
survive in salt water for any length of time. However, adding a
small amount of salt to the tank will not kill your Fish! It is stated
that it will perk up their immune system. You should only use
freshwater aquarium salt for this.
Aquarium salt has gained popularity over the last few years and is
a very handy and easy method to prevent your fish from falling
74
How to Maintain
Water Quality
sick. It is also known to cure many diseases and in fact many fish
owners prefer using salts to putting their fish on medication. It is
also known to control the toxicity of nitrite/nitrate spikes.
There are many advantages of using salts. They are:
Salt does not harm tank filters.
It is cheap.
It isn't harmful to human beings.
Most fish don't react to it.
It is known to kill 7 out of 9 common fish tank parasites.
Low salt dosages in the tank also provide required minerals
for the fish.
Salt also stimulates the formation of slime coat.
Aquarium salt is easily found in all pet stores. If you can't find it
or run out of it, you can use food grade salt, non-mineralized
cattle feed grade salt and non-iodized salt instead.
75
How to Maintain
Water Quality
76
Goldfish Bowl
77
Goldfish Bowl
the tank at the same time but change 20% of the water twice a
week. While changing the water, it is perhaps best to transfer your
fish, lest you might drop you fish into the drain while pouring out
the water.
Making Bottled Water
You could purify water at home and use it instead of bottled
water sometimes. Use water conditioners to purify the water. Fill a
bottle with water, leaving a 2-inch space on the top of the bottle
and add five drops of water conditioner. Seal the bottle and shake
it well. Let the bottle sit for three days before you use it in your
fish bowl.
How to Clean your Fish Bowl
Algae will grow at the bottom of the tank.
Although they make a good snack, you should
clean it as they give your tank a greenish and
dirty appearance. Here is how you should clean
the tank:
1. Pour out 80% of the bowl water into another container.
78
Goldfish Bowl
79
How to Clean
your Aquarium?
80
How to Clean
Your Aquarium
Here is the list of items you need to clean the tank:
Algae scraper/pads
Razor blade (plastic blade for acrylic tanks)
Bleach
Water siphon
Bucket
Lime remover (made for aquariums)
Glass cleaner (made for aquariums)
Filter media
Filter brush
Old bath towels
Paper towels
You can clean your aquarium in the following order:
Step-1
Cleaning your tank makes your fish stress. First, transfer your fish
to a temporary bowl or another tank.
81
How to Clean
Your Aquarium
Step-2
Remove the plants and decorative items in the tank.
Step-3
Remove filters, heater and lights from the tank.
Step-4
Now, remove gravel or rocks from the tank and any other items
in the tank you can discard from the tank water. Pour this water
onto your rose plants, they will grow nicely.
Step-5
Clean the rocks or gravel with algae scraper or pad followed by
washing the gravels with bleach water. Remove wetness from the
gravel using a towel.
Step-6
Cleaning of plants can be easily done by soaking the plants in a
mixture of bleach and water. You must remember to clean and
rinse the plants well before adding them back into the tank or it
may cause diseases to ur fishes
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How to Clean
Your Aquarium
Step-7
You should wash the hood of the tank firstly. Use scrub pad or
scraper to clean the hood.
Do no use any chemicals to clean it. Clean the outer and inner
side of the glass tank using algae pad. Please do not use soap or
chemicals to clean the algae in the tank.
You can use razor to clean acrylic in the tank. After this, clean
with bleach water. Then,leave it for sometime till it dries.
Step- 8
You can clean the filters with a filter brush or a filter cleaner.
Remove the wetness in the filters with a towel. Fix the filter
immediately in the tank after it is cleaned.
Step-9
Leave your tank to dry and then fix the filters, heaters, and light
one-by-one. Add dry gravel once again to the water tank. Arrange
the plants and other decorative items in the aquarium.
Pour treated fresh water into the aquarium. Now, you can switch
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How to Clean
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on filters, lighters and heaters. Make sure all are working
properly. Check the water quality level of ammonia, pH, and
nitrate / nitrite. All the three should show zero level. You can run
the aquarium setup for one to two hours without adding your
Fish.
Step-10
After making sure everything is working properly, float your fish
from temporary tank to the main tank or aquarium.
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How to Clean
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Steps to replace old gravel with new gravel
You have to understand that it is not as simple as buying new
gravel and replacing the old with the new. It is a complicated
procedure and logistics of changing the gravel may seem to be a
bit challenging. It however isn't impossible.
With proper preparation and methodical execution, you will be
able to make things easy for you and also make the transition
easy for your Fish Planning ahead is very important and making a
checklist is essential.
This will ensure that you have all your bases covered. First you
need to buy a water testing kit and then decide what you want to
change in the tank. Buy all the things you want to put into that
tank. If you want to change the entire tank, the following is a list
of things you should buy.
New gravel
Holding tank (10 gallon tank is a good choice)
Cover for holding tank
Siphon
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How to Clean
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Nets
Buckets for gravel
Clean cup to scoop gravel
Stress coat/water treatment
Preparation
Your prime focus should be on making the transition easy and
stress-free for your Fish. If you are changing only the gravel, make
sure you move the Fish into a temporary container before doing
so.
Changing the gravel is invasive and often affects the Fish the most.
You should always have a spare 10-gallon tank in storage. It comes
very handy when you want to quarantine sick fish or new fish.
You could make do of a 5-gallon bucket from your house. Just
ensure that it is clean and never had detergents or chemicals in it.
After you move the fish, top the tank off completely and test it
for nitrate and ammonia levels. This has to be zero, else you
shouldn't change the gravel. On the day you plan to move your
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How to Clean
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fish back into their renovated tank, do not feed them as this will
cut down the amount of waste produced. If you are changing the
filter as well, keep the fish in their temporary tank for at least a
couple of weeks. This is to allow the bacteria in the filter to
stabilize.
Procedure to follow on the day of moving Fish into their
renovated tank:
Rinse the new gravel until the rinsed water runs clear. Then set up
the holding tank as close to the main tank as possible to make
transfer of the Fish easy. Turn off the filter in the main tank.
Quickly siphon off enough water from the main tank to fill the 10
gallon holding tank until about two thirds of the tank is full.
Remove any live plants, rocks, and other decorations, from the
main tank and put them in the holding tank. Just make sure that
you don't overcrowd your temporary tank with ornaments. Net
the fish and move them to the holding tank. Cover the holding
tank with a tank cover or newspaper or cardboard. Add more
treated water to the main tank and allow the filter to run by
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How to Clean
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turning it on.
Scoop out the old gravel and place it separately in the buckets.
acuum debris from the bottom of the tank. Put the new gravel
into the tank. Move rocks, plants and decorations from the
holding tank back to the main tank. Lastly move your fish from
the holding tank back to the main tank.
Keep the lights switched off for a day and add the stress coat to
the water.
Three days after the gravel change, test the water for ammonia. If
it is zero, wait another three days and test again. If it is still zero,
repeat test after one week to be on the safer side. If the test shows
a rise in ammonia levels, treat the tank as if it were a newly set up
aquarium. This includes frequent testing and water changes until
the ammonia and nitrite levels fall to zero.
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How to Clean
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89
Goldfish Varieties
90
Goldfish Varieties
91
Single Tail
Double Tail
Short
Short Tail
Long Tail with Dorsal Tail without
Dorsal Fin
Fin
Common
Gold
Jikins
Goldfish
Veiltail
Goldfish
Fantail
Goldfish
Egg Goldfish
Comet
Goldfish
Wakins
Goldfish
Oranda
Goldfish
Pearl scale
Goldfish
Lionhead
Gold fish
Shubunkins
Gold
Black Moor
Telescope
Eye
Ranchu
Goldfish
Celestial
Goldfish
Pompons
Goldfish
Bubble Eye
Goldfish
Other Tail Types: These types have a double tail. The tail is
neither short nor long. Ryukin Goldfish comes under this type.
We have classified Goldfish by the above mentioned difference. In
China, Goldfish classification is based on the following differences
Goldfish Varieties
92
also.
Parts
Body
Wild type
Long
Dorsal Fin
Normal
Tall or Absent
Eye
Normal
Finnage
Short
Long
Gill
Normal
Outwards curling
Head
No Hood
Partial Hood ,
Full Hood
The wild type having different color and tail doesn't show any
difference from the Mutation type.
The scientific classifications of Goldfish are:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Goldfish Varieties
93
Family: Cyprinidae
Genus: Carassius
Species: Carassius auratus
Each of these major varieties is in alphabetical order in the
following chapters.
Oranda Goldfish
94
Physical Description
Originally bred in China, Oranda is now the
most popular variety of Goldfish found in
the Western World. The hood is
well grown at the top of the
head (cranial region) while
the hood is less developed
in the cheeks & gills (infra
orbital & opercular regions).
Oranda looks like Veiltail but it doesn't
have long tails as Veiltail and it has a hood like
Oranda Goldfish
Lionhead Goldfish. But hood isn't equally developed in all three
parts (cranial region, infra-orbital and opercular regions) of the
head.
Oranda has a single dorsal fin and other fins are paired. Caudal
fin is well divided and forked.
Color Varieties of Oranda
The Oranda occurs in red, black, blue, chocolate brown, bronze,
white, calico, red and black, red and white and red, black and
white. The scales of this fish can be matte or glossy.
Redcap Oranda
Redcap Oranda is very popular in the world. This is one of the
color varieties of Oranda. But some of its special features make
this variety distinct from other one. Redcap Oranda has all the
parts filled with white color except the cherry red hood. Hood of
the fish is developed only in the top of the head (cranial region).
All other internal and external features are the same as Oranda.
Due to the red color hood, it is named as Redcap Oranda.
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Oranda Goldfish
Housing
The Oranda is a hard fish and can be kept in an outdoor pond. If
winters in your region are severe, it is best to bring your Oranda
indoors at this time. Each Oranda requires a 15 - 20 gallon tank.
The fish is not born with the hood. It grows between the age of 3
months and 2 years. Proper and regular cleaning of the water tank
and good quality of water is required for the growth of hood.
Absence of maintenance leads to infection from bacteria and
fungi. So, this fish not recommended for beginners.
You can provide substrate like river round rocks and gravel. You
can decorate your aquariums with cold water plants and roots as
plastic plants with sharp edges may injure the hood of the fish.
Temperature: Oranda can survive well in 65 to 75 degrees F (18 23 degrees C). We have to provide high lighting effect for this
fish. Water Condition: You have to maintain water condition in
the tank with pH as 6.5 - 7.5 and dH as 4 to 20. You have to fill
fresh cold water in the tank.
Moving Level in Water: Oranda can swim in the middle level of
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Oranda Goldfish
water. Do not put them in the same space as the faster swimming
fish such as the Comet and Shubunkin.
Feeding
Like other varieties of Goldfish, Oranda aren't fussy eaters. You
should put them on a varied diet that includes soaked pellets,
flakes, vegetables, shrimp and bloodworms. Put a few plants on the
bottom of the pond or tank for your Oranda to snack on. Avoid
using live foods as they may induce parasite infection. Feed them
with 30 percent protein diet to enhance hood development.
Reproduction
Oranda variety Goldfish are easy to breed them. Ideal pond/tank
mates for the Oranda are the Ranchu, Lionhead, Moor and
Pearlscales. They lay eggs between 800 to 1000 eggs per breeding.
Selecting a good Oranda
1. The body should be short with a smooth outline.
2. It should have a high single dorsal fin.
3. Caudal fin should be well divided and it should flow gracefully.
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Oranda Goldfish
98
Redcap Oranda.
Rukin
99
Ryukin Goldfish
100
pectoral fins. Their caudal fin are long finned, short tailed, ribbon
or butterfly. The most distinguishing characteristic is a hump like
growth behind its head. It is believed that the higher that hump,
the more valuable the fish. It is recommended for beginners.
Color Varieties of Ryukin
They occur in red, red and white, pure white, greenish, blue,
calico and chocolate brown.
Housing
Given their size, Ryukin require large fish
tanks of at least 30-gallon capacity. They also
love ponds. You can put them with other
Ryukin Goldfish
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Calico Ryukin
Ryukin Goldfish
102
pellets and flakes should be soaked before they are fed. You can
also include shrimp, bloodworms, daphnia and vegetables like
soaked spirulina flakes, zucchini, lettuce and peas in their diet. You
have to feed food which has 30 percent protein.
Reproduction
It has capacity to produce 1000 eggs from one breeding.
Selecting a good Ryukin
1. Do not pick one that is floating or head standing, as this is a
sign of an advanced stage of swim bladder problems. This fish is a
strong swimmer and you should be able to see it push the water
aside while swimming.
Pearlscale
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Pearlscale Goldfish
104
rigin: China
Size: Average total size of the fish is 10 inches (25
cm), body length is 2.25 inches, and depth of the
Pearlscale Goldfish
105
Pearlscale Goldfish
Water Condition: Pearlscale Goldfish scales need calcium-rich
water condition.
Moving Level in Water: It moves in the middle level of the water.
Feeding
Pearlscale Goldfish, like most other Pearlscale Goldfish, like most
other varieties of Goldfish aren't fussy eaters. Being a small and
stout fish, it is best to feed soaked pellets and flakes. Avoid all
types of expanding food, as they will cause constipation. You can
also feed them vegetable like lettuce, cucumber and peas. While
you feed with live foods like brine shrimp, bloodworms, daphnia,
make sure they are not affected by any bacterial or parasital
infection.
Reproduction
It is not so hard to breed this fish variety. It can lay eggs between
900 and 1000.
Selecting a good Pearlscale
1. The body should be short and rounded.
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Pearlscale Goldfish
107
2. The scale should be doomed all over the body of the fish.
3. Caudal fin should be divided and held high without signs of
drooping.
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hysical Description
As the name suggests, the Red Cap Oranda is a white fish
with an orange or red cap-like growth
on its head. They are hardy fish that
live long. They can survive cold
temperatures. They vary in size and
could be anywhere between an inch to
six inches long.
Feeding
Their diet should be a balance between pellets, flakes and
vegetables. Just make sure that their protein intake forms less than
30% of its food intake.
The hood of these fish is subject to infection from debris, bacteria,
and fungi that settles in the tiny folds. Redcap Oranda Goldfish
are considered delicate and not recommended as a beginner fish
Care and feeding
Since they are omnivorous, the Redcap Oranda Goldfish will
generally eat all kinds of fresh, frozen, and flake foods. To keep a
good balance give them a high quality flake food everyday. Feed
brine shrimp (either live or frozen), blood worms, Daphnia, or
tubifex worms as a treat.
It is usually better to feed freeze-dried foods as opposed to live
foods to avoid parasites and bacterial infections that could be
present in live foods.
Distribution
Domesticated goldfish are distributed world-wide but originally
came from China.
Size - Weight
Redcap Oranda Goldfish grow to about 15-18 cm (6-7 inches).
Social Behaviors
Goldfish are very social animals and
thrive in a community. Not only are
they a great community fish but they
are great scavengers as well. It is really
not necessary to add other scavengers
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110
111
Availability
The Redcap Oranda Goldfish is readily available and is
inexpensive.
Lionhead Goldfish
112
Lionhead Goldfish
113
Lionhead Goldfish
114
Lionhead Goldfish
115
Veiltail
116
Veiltail Goldfish
117
Veiltail Goldfish
imported to the United States from Japan in 1893. The Veiltail
Goldfish appeared during the 1920s and was then called
Philadelphia Veiltail Goldfish. The calico strains were developed by
crossing the fish with calico colored globe-eyed goldfish. The next
steps in the history of the Veiltail Goldfish took place in Britain.
Color Varieties of Telescope
The coloration can be calico or metallic (self-colored or
variegated).
Housing
The Veiltail Goldfish can be kept in ponds, but it is much weaker
than those Goldfish types typically kept in ponds. Most aquarists
therefore keep their Veiltail Goldfish in indoor aquariums where
the fish can be well looked after and pampered. You can decorate
your pond or aquarium with water plants or rooted plants.
Temperature: The temperature of the tank should be maintained
as 65 - 75 degrees F. 75 degrees F. Lighting should be high. We
have to maintain a peaceful temperament.
Water Condition: The tank water conditions should be maintained
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Veiltail Goldfish
at a pH level of 6.5 - 7.5 and dH of 4 - 20.
Moving Level in Water: It loves to move in all levels of water.
Feeding
Clean the aquarium and feed your Veiltail Goldfish suitable food
to get them into spawning condition. A combination of dry foods,
such as pellets and flakes, and fresh or frozen foods, such as
bloodworms and earthworms is recommended.
Reproduction:
The Veiltail Goldfish is very hard to breed true to its type; it is
actually considered one of the hardest fancy Goldfish types to
breed. Many Veiltail Goldfish follows just a few of the standard
requirements. A Veiltail Goldfish can grow older than 10 years,
but is usually not used for breeding when it is older than five.
Selecting a good Veiltail
1. The caudal fin should be divided, flowing and at least of the
body length.
2. The Fish should be bright and alert and show off its dorsal fin
119
Veiltail Goldfish
120
Fantail Goldfish
121
rigin: China
Size: Total length of the fish is 6 inches (18 cm), body
length is 2.25 inches (5.5 cm), and depth of the body
Fantail Goldfish
Housing
You can make your fish happy in a 20 gallon water tank. You
have to maintain cold water in the tank. You can use gravel and
rock in the aquarium. Fantails like to swim in between plants. It is
a better choice to decorate your aquarium with pond and aquatic
plants. Fantail should be kept with other fishes. Use of java moss
plant in the aquarium may help fry to survive well in the tank.
Temperature: Temperature varies from 65 - 72 degrees F (18 22 degrees C). You have to maintain a natural lighting effect.
Water Condition: The tank water conditions should be
maintained at a pH level of 6.5 - 7.5 and dH of 4 - 20.
Moving Level in Water: It can swim in all levels of water.
Feeding
Fantail is omnivorous. So, you can feed all kinds of fresh, frozen
and flake types of food. You can also feed live food like blood
worms, daphnia or tubifex worms, but make sure live food is not
affected by bacteria or parasite. Frozen or dried foods is a better
and a safer choice.
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Fantail Goldfish
123
Reproduction
It is the easiest fish to breed. Matured fantails have to kept in the
spawning condition.
It will lay up to 1000 eggs. Fry comes out from eggs within 5 to 6
days.
Selecting a good Fantail
The following points are helpful to identify a good specimen.
1. The body of the fish should not elongated.
2. Body should have a smooth outline.
3. Caudal fin should be well divided at the top than at the bottom.
4. Caudal should be held high without drooping and look like a
fan in the rear view.
5. The pair of anal fin should completely separate from each
other.
6. Good Fantail fins has high intensity color.
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5/8th
1/3rd
Lifespan: up to 20 years
Physical Description
Black Moor Goldfish are quite hardy in nature since they
belongs to carp group. Their eyes are unique as they are
protruding and pointing
sideways. This
distinguishes them from
Telescope which has
spherical and more protruding
eyes. Celestial fish has eyes facing
upwards whereas Moor has its eyes
facing sidewards. Moor has a silver belly with a
Short Tail
Black Moor
125
inside the tank as they may damage the fish's eyes. The Black
Moor is a tank fish and doesn't do too well
in a pond. If you are adding other goldfish
to the same tank, make sure that they are
slower ones like celestials, telescopes and
bubble eyes so that all fish have an equal
chance to find food.
Temperature: This fish can survive with a
temperature of 65 - 72 degrees F (18 - 22
degrees C). Tank lighting set up should be
high. You should maintain a balanced temperament in the
aquarium.
Water Condition: The tank water conditions should be maintained
at a pH level of 6.5 - 7.5 and dH of 4 - 20.
Moving Level in Water: This fish swims mostly in middle level of
the water.
Feeding
The Black Moor has an ideal diet consisting of a mixture of pellets,
126
127
128
6. The color of fish should look as deep black without any shade
of brown or sliver.
129
Origin: China
Size: Total size: 5 inches (12.5 cm), Body length: 2.25 inches (5.5
cm)
Physical Description
The Bubble Eye Goldfish is beautiful in a
very grotesque sort of way. You will either
love it the moment you see it or you will
absolutely hate it. Most people find the
presence of huge bubbles under the eye
disturbing. These bubbles are filled with a
very delicate liquid. The other unique feature of its
eyes is the placement. This species of goldfish has eyes that point
upwards. They are not as round as other species but are slim with
smooth backs. They have a pair of anal, ventral and pectoral fins.
This species doesn't have dorsal fin. Caudal fins are divided and
forked.
130
131
132
133
Celestial Goldfish
134
Celestial Goldfish
Housing
It is a very difficult job to house a Celestial fish for normal
survival. You should setup 20 gallon water tank.
Temperature: It is very important to maintain very less lighting
for normal survival of Celestial fish.
Moving Level in Water: This fish swims in all levels of water.
Feeding
Celestial is an omnivore. We can feed all types of dry and live
food which has 30 percent protein.
Reproduction
It is very difficult to breed this fish and you should really work
hard for their standard.
Selecting a good Celestial
While selecting a good Celestial Goldfish, we should ensure the
following points.
1. Body of fish should be short and not elongated.
2. Fish body should have a smooth outline.
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Celestial Goldfish
136
Common Goldfish
137
Common Goldfish
metal or sliver color extending to their fins.
Housing
You can make your Common Goldfish swim comfortably in a
tank with 30 to 40 gallon of water. This fish is mostly kept in
ponds so, we need to provide more space in the aquarium.
It is a simple fish and it is very easy to maintain. So this Common
Goldfish is fit to be the first beginner's fish. We should keep this
Goldfish in a cold water aquarium. You can decorate your
aquarium with rocks, gravels and hearty plants. It likes to eat
plant roots. Therefore, you should provide hard rock for the plant
base to protect plants.
Temperature: Temperature varies from 65 - 72 degrees F (18 - 22
degrees C). We have to maintain a natural lighting effect.
Water Quality Conditions are issues that need to be taken
seriously. It is necessary to check pH and ammonia and nitrite,
nitrate levels to maintain a proper balance for you fish. When
putting water into your tank you must remember to dechlorinate
it. I recommend using Kordon's Aquarium NovAqua or Kordon's
138
Common Goldfish
Aquarium AmQuel. They remove Ammonia and Toxic Metals
and Chlorine. This is a necessary step in keeping an aquarium.
Check the pet store for more information regarding the use of
these items.
Kordon AmQuel
Eliminate the toxins in the water that can
be harmful to your fish.
Kordon NovAqua
Forms a protective coating to reduce fish
stress and neutralize toxins.
139
Common Goldfish
Pond AmQuel
Instant water detoxifier removes ammonia,
chloramines, chlorine and toxic pheromones.
Treats 960 US gallons of fresh or salt water.
140
Common Goldfish
141
2. The caudal fin should be short and the width of the fin should
not spread more than 5/4th of the body depth.
3. Length of lobes should be slightly rounded with its ends and
1/3rd of the body length
Comet Goldfish
142
length 3 inches (7.5 cm), Depth of the body lies between 3/7th
and 3/8th of the body length.
Lifespan: It lives up to 20 years
Physical Description
The body shape of the Comet is long and slim. They have a high
dorsal fin and deeply forked long and
narrow caudal fins. Comet has a tail lobes
like open pair of scissors with metallic
scales which is distinct feature from other
goldfishes. It has single anal fin and long
comet
Comet Goldfish
and white is called as Sarasa Comet in China.
Housing
Given the size and speed of the comet goldfish a pond makes the
best habitat. They can survive cold winters in ponds as long as the
water doesn't freeze completely. If the surface freezes over, just
remember to make a hole on the ice for oxygen and gas exchange.
We can keep Comet in the aquarium of 30 to 40 gallon for single
fish. You should fill aquarium with cold water and decorated with
rocks, hearty plants, and gravel.
Comet is more suitable for pond type housing. Proper filtration
required to maintain good water condition.
Temperature: Temperature you have to maintain between 33 to
90 degrees F. You should provide light setup as natural lighting.
Water Condition:
You have to set up water condition for Comet pH as 6.8 to 7.2
and dH as 2 to 12
143
Comet Goldfish
144
Comet Goldfish
145
Egg Goldfish
146
Egg Goldfish
Color Varieties of Eggfish
Eggfish coloration can be metallic or calico. Calico color may be
red, white, and yellow.
Housing
Egg Goldfish can live comfortably with 30 gallon of water in the
aquarium. You can use substrate as gravel or rock in the
aquarium. You can decorate your aquarium with plants.
You should arrange proper lighting effect and filtration process in
order to maintain a good water condition.
Temperature: Temperature varies from 65 - 72 degrees F (18 - 22
degrees C). You have to maintain a natural lighting effect.
Moving Level in Water: This fish can swim in the middle level of
water.
Feeding
You can feed your fish with vegetable pellets or flakes. You can
also give frozen krill, bloodworm and daphnia.
147
Egg Goldfish
148
Reproduction:
It is very difficult to maintain the bloodline of the eggfish and
now it has become extremely rare. They are also slow spawns, but
a lot of effort has been put into breeding this species. Today the
red and white celestial-eyed type is relatively common whilst many
breeders are trying to achieve success in breeding the Blue Eggfish.
Jikin Goldfish
149
Physical Description
The Jikin is one of the most beautiful
varieties of goldfish. Its extreme beauty sets it
apart from other fish. It has a slightly shorter
body than Common Goldfish and a divided
tail which is scattered outwards. Except dorsal fin, all other fins are
paired.
Spectacular caudal fin which when viewed from the back looks like
it has four parts.
Nowadays Jikin has become a rare species.
Color Varieties of Jikin
The Jikin is red and white( with red only in certain areas) or
calico in color. Breeders try to achieve an all-white Jikin with red
Jikin Goldfish
fins, red gills and red lips. This, however, is very difficult to come
by.
Housing
We can keep this fish very comfortable in
ponds only, as this fish needs natural
circumstances. This fish can adopt to natural
heat, light as Sunlight and algae make the red
marking bright. You can keep them in an
indoor tank, but they will not grow to their
full potential, never reaching their usual 9-inch length. And it is
not good for the long life of the fish.
Moving Level in Water
This fish can swim in all levels.
Feeding
Jikins Goldfish loves to eat all source of food. You can feed your
fish with vegetable pellets or flakes.
150
Jikin Goldfish
151
Reproduction
Jikin is very difficult to breed.
Selecting a good Jikin
1. Good quality Jikin's caudal fins should be well divided
completely.
2. All fins should be red in color and lack of red color shows
some fault in the fish.
Pompons Goldfish
152
Size: Total size of the fish is 8 to 10 inches (25 cm), body length of
the fish is 2.25 inches (5.5 cm), and depth of
the body is half of the body length.
Lifespan: It can live up to 10 to 15 years.
Physical Description
Pompon is egg shaped body with Pompoms development in their nostrils. It has
pairs of caudal fin, pelvic fin, anal fins and there is no sign of
dorsal fin. Nasta septa should be a Pompon variety that appeared
first in 1900. Pompon name appeared because of excessive growth
of fleshy in nostrils.
Color Varieties of Pompons
This fish has a blue background with patches of violet, red,
orange, yellow and brown, spotted with black.
Pompons Goldfish
Housing
This fish can live comfortably in a 30 gallon fish tank with other
fish, as long as they aren't faster than it. You can use gravel or
river rocks as bottom substrate. You can decorate your aquarium
with softy and aquarium plants. Make sure that you don't keep
pointed ornaments in the tank. Because fleshy growth may be get
damaged by sharp edges.
Temperature: It can survive well in 65 to 75 degrees F (18 - 23
degrees C). We have to provide high lighting effect for this fish.
Moving Level in Water: Pompons can
swim in middle level of the water.
Feeding
You should put them on a varied diet
that includes soaked pellets, flakes,
vegetables, shrimp and bloodworms.
Selecting a good Pompons
1. It should look bright and alert.
2. Caudal fin should well divided and forked.
153
Pompons Goldfish
154
Ranchu
155
Ranchu Goldfish
156
Ranchu Goldfish
157
Ranchu Goldfish
158
Ranchu Goldfish
159
Ranchu Goldfish
160
Ranchu Goldfish
161
Telescope Goldfish
162
Telescope Goldfish
being hatched, its eyes begins to grow the bulge. It may take three
months to develop protruding eyes. Another special feature is that
these fish have a single dorsal fin while other fins are paired. The
fins include a pair of deeply forked caudal fins, a long dorsal fin
and a pair each of pectoral, anal and pelvic fins. The shape of the
caudal fin can be butterfly, broadtail or veiltail. This Goldfish
differs from Celestial Goldfish by the eyes which are in upward
direction. Some people find the big bulging eyes of the telescope
alluring, while others find it ugly. However, Telescope Goldfish
has unique eyes that will definitely attract your attention.
Color Varieties of Telescope
Telescope Goldfish occur in black, orange, white, black and white,
red and white, calico and tri-color (black, red and white). Very
rarely do you come across chocolate brown or blue-scaled
Telescope Goldfish.
Housing
Telescope Goldfish needs a minimum of 40 gallons capacity of fish
tank. All goldfish that belong to carp group are generally quite
163
Telescope Goldfish
hardy. So, the tank setup should be with fine gravel, hardy
bottom, cold water plants and fresh water. Since these Goldfish
are good diggers it will strew the sand on to the leaves, injuring
thin and less hardy plants. Use of well-rounded river rocks is good
for your aquarium.
Do not put Fish faster than the Telescope in the same tank. They
aren't very good pond Fish as they are easy prey for cats and
birds. Avoid plastic plants ornaments, as this can hurt the
Telescope's eyes. Also, wrap a sponge around the filter intake
tubes so that your fish doesn't hurt its eyes if it accidentally
bumps into it.
Temperature: The temperature of the tank should be maintained
as 65 - 75 degrees F. Lighting should be high. We have to maintain
a peaceful temperament.
Water Condition: The tank water conditions should be maintained
at a pH level of 6.5 - 7.5 and dH of 4 - 20.
Moving Level in Water: This Fish can swim in the middle level of
the water region.
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Telescope Goldfish
Feeding
It is omnivorous and will eat vegetables like lettuce and cucumber
and live foods like blood worms, etc. To feed your Fish floating
food and bloodworms, use a feeding cone. Limit protein to 30%
of the diet which is good for
Goldfish.Though all varieties of
Goldfish are not fussy eaters,
the problems you'll face with
a Telescope are due to its eyes. This
Fish can see food only from a certain
angle and if it misses it, it is in danger
of starving. To avoid this, make
sure you drop the feed at the
same place everyday. If you are feeding
your fish pellets, make sure they are of the sinking kind. Your fish
will soon learn to find food that is available at the bottom of the
tank. You could also put a feeding clip in the tank to feed
vegetables. This is a device that can be suction fixed to the tank on
which you can attach.
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Telescope Goldfish
166
Reproduction
This fish belongs to the scattered egg reproduction type. Telescope
Goldfish have a definite courtship ritual. So, it can breed easily. It
lays up to 1000 eggs and fry hatches within 5 to 6 days. We can
feed foods to the fry, which should make for the egg-laying fish.
Selecting a good Telescope
While Selecting the Telescope Goldfish we have to note the
following points.
Good specimen should have large, symmetrical and bulged eyes.
The pupils of the eyes should lie horizontally and pointing
upwards. (Note that the eyes are not the same type as on the
Broadtail Moor, they should be truncated cones, not spherical)
Dorsal fin should be erect, bright and alert.
Caudal fin should be well divided and trailing edge should have a
fork of 1/4th to 3/8th of the caudal fin length.
Good quality fish will have high color intensity extending into the
fins.
Wakins Goldfish
167
Origin: Japan
Size: Average size of the fish is 15 inches (37 cm)
Wakins Goldfish
coldest part of winter. Just remember to drill a hole on the ice for
gaseous exchange. If kept in a tank, it should be of a minimum
capacity of 30 gallons. Avoid putting them with Moors,
Telescopes, Ranchu, Bubble eyes and Celestials.
Temperature: The temperature of the tank should be maintained
as 65 - 75 degrees F. Lighting should be high. We have to maintain
a peaceful temperament.
Water Condition: The tank water conditions should be maintained
at a pH level of 6.5 - 7.5 and dH of 4 - 20.
Moving Level in Water: It swims in levels of water that is upper
middle and lower.
Feeding
A Wakin does not need a special diet and will eat just about
anything you feed. They aren't aggressive eaters as well. You
should vary their diet with pellets, flakes, vegetables and
bloodworms. You will love to feed this friendly Fish as they will
respond to you while you are dropping food into their pond or
tank.
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Wakins Goldfish
169
170
Tosakin
171
Tosakin Caudal
172
Shubunkin Goldfish
173
Physical Description
The Shubunkin looks similar to a Comet Goldfish, except for the
length of the caudal fin. They occur in calico containing black,
white, red, orange, and brown on a silvery-blue background. The
fins are black. Their scales are transparent and have an underlying
opalescent sheen. They are slender and streamlined. The anal,
pectoral and pelvic fins occur in pairs
Color Varieties of Shubunkins
Shubunkins are classified depending on finnage. There are three
Shubunkin Goldfish
types of Shubunkin and they are the Japanese or American
Shubunkin, the London Shubunkin and the Bristol Shubunkin. The
Japanese or American Shubunkin has deeply forked caudal fins
that end in long narrow lobes. The caudal fins of London
Shubunkins have rounded lobes and very minimal forking. They
are approximately one-fourth the length of the fish's body. The
Bristol Shubunkin has the longest finnage. The caudal fins are
rounded and lobed. They can occur in violet, red, orange, yellow
and brown, spotted with black.
Housing
Shubunkins are hardy kinds. They respond best when left in
ponds. If you want to keep them in a tank, it should be a
minimum of 30 - 40 gallons. They are fast swimmers, so avoid
putting the slower varieties of goldfish such as the Telescope and
Bubble eyes in the same tank. Use hard rocks or gravel as a
substrate for the basement of the tank. Use water plants or
aquarium plants to decorate the tank.
Temperature: You have to maintain moderate temperature of 65
to 75 degrees F (18 - 23 degrees C).
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Shubunkin Goldfish
Water Condition: You have to maintain water condition in the
tank as pH 6.5 7.5 and dH 4 to 20. You have to fill fresh cold
water in the tank.
Moving Level in Water: It can swim in all levels of water.
Feeding
Shubunkin Goldfish can eat all kinds of fresh, frozen, and flake
foods. To keep a good balance give them a high quality flake food
everyday and feed them with 30 percent protein food. You can
feed brine shrimp (either live or frozen), blood worms, and
daphnia. You should confirm that live or frozen food is not
infected by any bacteria.
Reproduction
You can easily breed this Goldfish during a breeding season. It can
lay 1000 eggs.
Selecting a good Shubunkins
1. The body of the fish should be strong, hard with a smooth
outline.
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Shubunkin Goldfish
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Feeding Goldfish
177
don't overfeed them and two, put only fish with the same
swimming and physical
capabilities in the same tank.
Watching your Goldfish feed can
be very relaxing. Once your fish
recognizes feeding time, it will
approach the tank wall as you
approach it. They might even
put on a swimming show just for your benefit. A hungry fish will
rush to the food as soon as you drop it.
Although a diet of only flaked goldfish food should be enough to
sustain your Goldfish, a varied diet including vegetables, pellets,
etc., makes a happier and healthier fish. You will have to keep
track of the amount of food you are feeding your fish, as not
only could overfeeding be lethal, but the leftover food also makes
the tank murky. You could feed your fish twice a day but you
Feeding Goldfish
could feed fish food only once a day. Each time, add only a pinch
of fish food per fish. Do not forget to presoak pellets and flakes to
prevent choking and constipation. You should drop food at the
same time and spot in the tank/pond everyday. Remove excess
food with a net after the feeding session, to
avoid polluting the water. It is necessary
not to feed your adult fish for a day every
week.
Once you bring your fish home and get it
settled into its new atmosphere, you will
then have to determine its feeding habits.
If you find that the new fish is willing to eat
but unable to do so due to the competition from other fish in the
tank then a separation might become necessary.
If you find your fish is still not eating, then try changing its diet.
If you watch closely, you might notice your fish tasting
something you dropped into the tank, but later rejecting it. By
trial and error, you can figure out the food your fish likes and the
ones it doesn't. Fish prefer to eat small portions all through the
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Feeding Goldfish
day. So if it is convenient for you, feed them many small meals
several times a day instead of just one large meal once a day. But
remember that you shouldn't feed them more than two mouthfuls
everyday. Get the incharge at the pet shop to show you just how
much you should feed your Goldfish.
If you Goldfish suddenly stops eating for days together, then you
should take this as a sign of illness. It is safest to show your fish to
a vet in such a situation.
You should also feed your Goldfish live food from time-to-time.
Not only are they nutritional, but are also good for conditioning
your Goldfish and work as natural laxatives. You can't give your
fish just anything, but should be careful and make sure that the
organism you are giving it isn't harmful. Many of the live foods
are available as frozen foods. A list of goldfish-safe live foods is
given below:
Brine Shrimp
Brine shrimp of the Artemia species eggs are packaged and sold all
around the world. They are ready to hatch and good for all small
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Feeding Goldfish
fish. The other advantage with brine shrimp is that they do not
carry fresh-water parasites or other organisms. Brine shrimp flakes
are also available at pet stores and these make a good supplement
if you are unable to hatch them at home.
Daphnia
This is the most popular live food as the fish love it. Daphnia is a
generic name and they are available in many sizes. Choose the size
best suited to your fish.
Infusoria
Not visible to the naked eyes, the infusoria is a protozoan and
make excellent food for baby fish.
Micro Worms
Micro worms are thread-like organisms and are also good for baby
fish. They are predominantly used if brine shrimp is unavailable.
Mosquito Larvae
The best thing about mosquito larvae is that they can be
preserved longer than other live feeds. Just make sure you don't
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Feeding Goldfish
let them hatch into mosquitoes.
Goldfish are classified as cold water fish and don't need to have a
diet that is high in protein; however,they will do better with a diet
high in carbohydrates. Goldfish are not picky eaters; however, the
greater the variety offered, the more active and colorful they will
become.You should feed your fish once each day. But, do not
overfeed.
Live foods
Daphnia, Brine shrimp, Tubiflex worms, Meal worms, Wax worms,
Blood worms (I recommend using bloodworms cautiously as they
will burrow into the gravel). Staple foods- shrimp pellets, flakes in
a variety of types, algae wafers, etc.
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Feeding Goldfish
Nutrafin Max Goldfish Flake Food
Goldfish, koi and other coldwater fish will benefit from the
complete and balanced nutrition in these easily digestible flakes.
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Feeding Goldfish
San Francisco Bay Brand Krill
Krill makes an excellent alternative to feeder fish for large
freshwater and marine tropicals. 100% natural, with no additives
or fillers.
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Feeding Goldfish
Tetra Nature's Delica Brine Shrimp
A convenient way to offer your fish the fresh taste they love in an
easy-to-serve, nutrient-rich gel form.
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Feeding Goldfish
185
Auto Feeders
186
utdoor/Indoor" Feeder
The KSF-2 is composed of vey thick high-impact
acrylic Plastic, tough polypropylene interior parts
and stainless steel hardware . And all parts are available and easily
replaced, should you ever need them. Heavy-duty high-impact
acrylic plastic helps prevent condensation and is practically
animal-proof. This feeder is extremely weather resistant and can
be used for any type of outdoor or indoor feeding.
The only thing you will need to operate, power and
trigger your feeder is some wire and any inexpensive
remote plug-in timer. It can also be operated without
its power adapter by hooking it up directly to a
timer/transformer for a 12 Volt landscape lighting
system or a sprinkler system timer which normally
supplies 24vac. Operate it like a "zone" valve.
A home automation X-10 type system is perfect match and A 12
Volt battery can also be used with our optional external 12vdc
digital timer.
Auto Feeders
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Auto Feeders
MODEL KSF-2/1G
The model above includes the KSF-2 Super
Feeder, mounting bracket, 1 custom-built
1-Gallon hopper, 2 clear 2-cup hopper
extensions (which you may use one or
both to let you see when the food gets low),
1 power pack, straps and hardware. This model
can hold upto 20 and 3/4 cups of food.
A 2-gallon set-up is also available at 36 3/4 cups.
These large custom-built hoppers are only
available in limited quantities and may not
always be available!
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Auto Feeders
189
TYPICAL INSTALLATION
OF KSF-2 ABOVE
Auto Feeders
Mounting Drawings
190
Auto Feeders
191
Feeder goldfish
192
Feeder goldfish
aquarium. If you purchase feeder goldfish instead of raising your
own, you should therefore ideally quarantine and treat them
before you add them to your aquarium. Feeder goldfish are often
kept in extremely crowded aquariums or ponds, and this places
large amount of stress on the fish. It can also be hard to keep the
water quality up during such conditions. The stress and poor
water condition means that it will be easier for bacteria, virus and
parasites to infect the feeder goldfish. Most predators are quite
resilient towards sick feeder goldfish, since the germs will be killed
in the stomach of the predator. Problems can however develop if
your predatory fish does not consume the feeder goldfish as soon
as it is placed in the aquarium. The infection will get a chance to
grab hold of the aquarium and the predators can eventually
become infected.
As mentioned above, you should ideally quarantine the feeder
goldfish. Put the fish in water that is at least two days old and add
a water conditioner. You can also perform some basic prophylaxis
by adding standard Ich remedy (half of the normal strength is
enough) during three days, and one teaspoon of salt for each
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Feeder goldfish
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Breeding Goldfish
195
following:
Age of maturity
Determining the gender of the Goldfish
Sexing
Reproduction Strategies
Breeding Tips
Encouraging your Goldfish to spawn
Identifying Eggs
Egg Care
Hatching and Raising Fry
Fry Care
Filtration, Aeration, and Heating
Water, Lids, and Water Depth
Breeding Goldfish
Lighting and Cleaning
Feeding
Goldfish Growth Rates and Color Changes
Age of Maturity
All Goldfish varieties, both male and female attain their maturity
when they grow 3 to 5 inches (7.5 to 11 cm). Their maturity age
differs from different types of fish and their living conditions.
Nevertheless, they reach the maturity size from 10 months to 36
months.
Determining the gender of the Goldfish
It is impossible to differentiate between the sexes of Goldfish until
they reach maturity. Only professional breeders can tell the
difference. The internal and external difference between a female
and a male are as follows. We can only see these differences after
they attain maturity.
1 & 2 are the female anal openings. They are larger,
protrude slightly and is round in shape. The anal fin
is thicker and has a heavier first anal fin spine. The
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Breeding Goldfish
197
Male
It has white prickles
called tubercles present
on gill plates and head.
Male
Behavior
Chaser
Anal fin
Thinner
Body shape
Female
It appears slender,
longer and symmetrical
from the top
Female
Chased and attacked
repeatedly
Thicker
It appears fatter, shorter
and asymmetrical from the
top when it carries eggs.
Breeding Goldfish
Sexing
When a male and a female Goldfish attains at least 3 years of age,
move the couple into a separate 20-gallon tank with plants. To
encourage breeding, you should raise the temperature of the tank
to 70 - 74 degrees F during the breeding season (spring). Sexing
occurs in the wild during breeding
season only. Through spawning
method, we can breed in spring
season.
Female goldfish are plumper than
the male of the same species. The
males have white little bumps on
their heads. These are called tubercles and they become more
visible during spawning.
The vents of females enlarge and turn outwards, while the male
vent remains the same. Behavioral changes during the mating
season includes the males chasing the females around the tank.
You can use this as an indicator to separate the pairs. These
differences become much more apparent as spawning time
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Breeding Goldfish
approaches. The male's opening is small and oval with no
noticeable anal fin thickness.
These differences become more apparent as spawning time
approaches. The female opening will be larger and more distended
when the eggs are ripe. When the male is ready, milt may be
pushed out of the ventral opening by running a finger lightly
along the sides of the fish. But, this shouldn't be necessary as the
tubercles can be plainly viewed.
Reproduction Strategies
Six types of reproduction can occur in fishes.
1. Brood
2. Egg depositors
3. Egg scatters
4. Live bearers
5. Labyrinth fish
6. Mouth brooders
Here naturally all varieties of Goldfish are reproduced their fry
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Breeding Goldfish
through Egg scatters strategy.
Brood:
If the fish reproduces through brood strategy, one of the parents
takes care of the eggs and fry. They protect their eggs or fry from
other fishes.
Egg depositors:
The egg depositors lay their eggs under any object like gravel or
plant leaf or rocks or in nest or on a surface.
Egg scatters
The 'egg scatters'type of fish swims into watery plants or sides of
objects or in gravels and scatters its eggs on them. In this type,
both male and female scatter their eggs and sperm respectively by
pushing against each other. Sometimes, parents may eat their own
eggs. In this type, we should protect the eggs from the parents and
other fish.
Live bearers
In Live bearer's, female fish develop the eggs inside the body after
mating. After a certain period of time, live fry are born on their
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Breeding Goldfish
own.
Labyrinth fish
Labyrinth fish protect their eggs in bubble nests. The male makes
bubble nest using saliva and water. The male protects the egg until
fry are born.
Mouth brooders
Some species of fish protect their fertilized eggs in their mouth
until they hatch.
By this time, both male and female does not eat much.
Breeding Tips
1. Changes in water temperature, direction of change is dependant
on the species.
2. Changes in water depth and direction of change is also
dependant on the species.
3. Changes in feeding - usually increase in live foods.
4. Changes in tank mates - usually separate and re-join male(s) and
female(s) or introduce new fish together.
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Breeding Goldfish
5. Changes in water quality - usually cleaner water with a greater
pH closely matching that found in the wild.
6. Changes in lighting - usually increase in day time
Encouraging your Goldfish to spawn
Spawning of fish is an artificial method formating fishes. This
method is worked well for fish which, belongs to Egg depositors
and Egg scatters reproduction type.
Goldfish are egg scatters so they prefer to breed on soft location.
Hair-like structures of algae plants and soft aquarium plants help
the fish to spawn.
We can induce spawning in Goldfish by the following ways.
1) Replace 20% of the water in their tank with fresh tap water.
This will induce the pair to spawn. But make sure you don't
change more than 20% of the water, as this may stress your fish
out.
2) A gradual change in diet may also induce spawning. Normally,
they respond to live food like brine shrimp, tubifex or black
worms, daphnia, etc. But, remember not to change their diet
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Breeding Goldfish
overnight. Live food gives the extra nutrition required to produce
vast quantity of eggs and sperm. Feeding fish to induce spawning
is called conditioning.
3) Gold fish can be spawned easily for temperature changes
during spring season.
4) If the above three methods doesn't help, then separate the male
and female on the first day of spring and put them back together
after 15 to 18 days in the spring season, then they will spawn.
Just keep in mind that goldfish do not do well with drastic
changes. Any change in diet or habitat has to be gradual.
Now, the fish is ready to mate. After spawning, increase the
temperature of the tank from 70 to 74 degrees F. Before mating,
female fish carries unfertilized eggs. At the time of mating, male
releases sperm and female releases unfertilized eggs. Sperm and
unfertilized eggs get together to form fertilized eggs on the leaves.
Female may lay eggs from 10 to 1000 eggs.
. After spawning, increase the temperature of the tank from 70 to
74 degrees F. Before mating, female fish carries unfertilized eggs.
At the time of mating, male releases sperm and female releases
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Breeding Goldfish
unfertilized eggs. Sperm and unfertilized eggs get together to form
fertilized eggs on the leaves. Female may lay eggs from 10 to 1000
eggs.
Identifying Eggs
Ideally, you should remove the eggs from the main tank and
transfer them into a dish no more than six
inches deep so that you can wash the eggs.
Otherwise, we can separate parents to
another aquarium to prevent them from
eating the eggs. If eggs are scattered, we can
remove those from the mating tank by using a siphon. Just make
sure that the temperature of this water is the same as the
temperature of the water in the tank.
After cleaning the eggs, place them in a 20-gallon tank. Maintain a
steady temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
Egg Fungus
Some eggs will be white in color while others tanned. The clear,
white ones are the fertile eggs. You should remove the infertile
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Breeding Goldfish
eggs as they are susceptible to fungal infections that could kill the
fertile eggs as well. We can remove infertile eggs using finger nail
tweezers. The fertile eggs will hatch in four to five days time. To
prevent egg fungus, add dilute solution of methylene blue to the
water tank which has the transferred eggs. We can keep all the
eggs first in methylene blue solution for one day. Then
remove the unfertile eggs and transfer the fertile eggs
to a fresh water tank. Frying does not do well in
methyelene blue solution. Now, let's see stage by stage
how an egg becomes a fry or hatchling. The egg shown
in the picture is three days old. It is a well developed embryo.
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Breeding Goldfish
Hatchlings
Goldfish requires more oxygen in the development stage. Use of
mud and organic debris is not suitable to the development of eggs.
At birth, Goldfish fish are tiny only onesixth of an inch! They
are translucent and have large black eyes.
This is a nine-day old fry.
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Breeding Goldfish
Fry care
After the hatchling comes out, we
have to care until it attains full
growth.
First, move the hatchings into larger
tanks of 20 gallon or divide them to
prevent overcrowding.
Temperature: Your fry likes warmer temperatures, so maintain
the temperature at 75 degrees F.
Water: Unwanted organisms can be grown in the tank. In order to
prevent from growing such organisms, add 2 spoons of salt per 10
to 12 gallon water. Don't add too much of salt since Goldfish does
not like salty water.
Tank cover: Please cover the water tanks with glass to keep
moisture in. You should provide more oxygen supply to the fry.
Filtration and Aeration:
To provide bacteria in the tank, use filter with carbon and floss.
Fix filter in the corner of the tank. Otherwise, you can also make
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Breeding Goldfish
use of sponge filter. Light aeration is needed for the egg until it
starts to feed. We can provide light aeration in the filter by flow
of air bubbles. Don't feed fry until it can swim.
Lighting and cleaning
If you start feeding them, you have to clean the tank on a regular
basis. Before feeding, make sure the tank is clean. Provide light
above the tank after you add food in the tank. This will be very
helpful for the fry to find their food.
Feeding for Fry
Taking their tiny size into consideration, it is very difficult to feed
young Goldfish. You should drop sufficient food for them to eat.
But, remember to clean the tank before adding fresh food every
few hours to prevent stagnation. For the young fish to survive,
they need to be fed often and sensibly to keep them alive and
growing. You can feed live foods, various sizes of micro worms,
daphnia, cyclops, and euglena. Make sure live foods are free from
parasital or bacterial infection. You can feed fry foods, pearls and
baby brine shrimp
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Breeding Goldfish
Brineshrimps (Artemia salina)
Most fry are large enough to eat brine shrimp as their first food,
especially if you give them newly hatched brine shrimp. Very
small fry should instead be fed infusoria initially, and brine shrimp
can be introduced as a second food. If you feed your brine shrimp
suitable food, they will grow large enough to be used as food for
adult fish as well. Growing large brine shrimps is an inexpensive
way of providing your fish with much appreciated livefood and is
especially recommended when you wish to induce spawning.
Just like infusoria, brine shrimp is easy to cultivate at home. You
can buy a brine shrimp hatchery from your fish store or fix one
yourself. Brine shrimp will hatch even in bottles! Some brine
shrimp hatcheries will require an air stone connected to an air
operated pump. Other brine shrimp hatcheries can be attached
inside or outside the aquarium.
If you want to fix your own brine shrimp hatchery in a bottle,
you can use a clean milk bottle or a similar container. Boil some
water, three quarters of a pint is enough, and let it cool down
before you fill the bottle. Add one teaspoon of aquarium salt to
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Breeding Goldfish
the water and put the bottle in a warm room. It is possible to use
ordinary cooking salt instead of aquarium salt, but the result will
usually not be as good as aquarium salt. Insert an air stone in
the bottle to provide oxygen. Place a pinch of brine shrimp eggs in
the water and wait for them to hatch. The water temperature must
never go below 15 degrees Celsius, but this is usually not a
problem in a temperate room. Brine shrimp eggs will typically
hatch after 48 hours or even earlier.
By setting up new bottles, you can make sure that you always
have suitable size brine shrimp for your fry Brine shrimp eggs can
be bought in most pet shops and fish stores. If you use eggs with
shells, you must turn off the air stone in the hatchery to make the
shells sink to the bottom. The hatched brine shrimp will stay a few
inches above the bottom and can be easily removed. It is
important to separate the brine shrimp from the shells, since shells
might get stuck inside the fry if they consume the eggs. You can
also buy shell-free brine shrimp eggs.
Water Fleas (Daphnia)
Water fleas can be hard to disinfect properly, so if you want to
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Breeding Goldfish
feed your fry daphnia, you must obtain it from a source that you
can trust and that you know have no sanitary problems. The same
is true if you plan to raise your own daphnia for the fry. You
must make sure that you begin with a disease-free starter culture.
Once you have obtained a proper starter culture of daphnia, the
rest is easy. Fill a plastic container with 5 gallons of tap water and
let the water stand for roughly 48 hours at room temperature.
Obtain a handful of manure from a stable. You may also require a
nylon bag. You can produce one yourself from a pair of nylon
stay-ups or use the type of nylon bag that comes with washing
machine tablets. Place the manure in the nylon bag and submerge
the nylon bag in water. After roughly 7-10 days, the water would
have turned cloudy, which means the water is now filled with
micro organisms for the daphnia to feed on.Add the daphnia to
water and wait. The culture will take care of itself for the few
weeks during which the daphnia grows large and abundantenough
to be used as fish food. The easiest way of removing daphnia is to
use a fine meshed net.
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Breeding Goldfish
White worms
White worms are the much appreciated fry food that can be
cultured at home. You need some moist and nutritious garden soil
for the white worms to grow. Fill 75% of a shallow box with
garden soil. If necessary, water the soil until it is quite damp.
It is important that the soil is never allowed to dry out, but
waterlogged soil is just as bad. Add the white worm culture to the
soil together with a few small pieces of moist white bread. Cover
the box with a lid. The box or the lid must have some air holes to
allow for ventilation. Put the box in a dark place where the
temperature is around 16 - 18 degree Celsius. Add new bread to
the box every 3 - 4 days and make sure that the soil is constantly
moist. If you find any uneaten food, you should remove it before
it turns bad.
When it is time for you to collect white worms for your fish, you
just spoon out some soil from underneath the bread. You will
naturally find one of the largest congregations of white worm
right beneath the food pieces. Pour the soil with the white worms
into a bowl or dish filled with water. When the worms separates
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Breeding Goldfish
from the soil, you can easily collect and drop them into the
aquarium.
Period
After 48 hours
Feed 3 times
Up to 4 months
2 times
After 4 months
1 time
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Breeding Goldfish
214
within 32 months.
Fancy Goldfish can grow up to 3 to 5 inches (7.5 to 12.5 cm)
within 30 months.
Color changes
They may take one or two years to
change the brown color to golden color
or their parents color. Some Common
and comet Goldfish change their brown
color when they attain a growth of an
inch in length. Other varieties can
Matured Female Goldfish
Goldfish Healthcare
215
Goldfish Healthcare
Any disease which affects the nervous system , muscular system or
swim bladder can cause abnormal swimming behaviour. Any
debilitating disease that causes weakness will also lead to inability
to swim properly, and so it isn't surprising that fish which are
terminally ill will be seen swimming abnormally - even up-side
down.
Because there are so many potential causes diagnosis requires a
full history and examination of :
The environmental conditions - temperature, oxygenation of water
etc
The presence of toxins in the water or food
The presence of infectious diseases - bacteria or viruses
The presence of parasitic infections
Disease that have been documented to affect swimming include :
Sleeping sickness. Caused by blood flagellates (protozoans) - egs
cryptobia (which affects cyprinids including carp, goldfish and
tench) and trypanosoma. Fish contract the disease having been
bitten by leeches. There is no specific treatment for the disease, so
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Goldfish Healthcare
remove infected fish and leeches from the aquarium.
Costia - a protozoan now called Ichthyobodo necator - affects
coldwater fish and freshwater tropical fish kept below 250 C .
They sometimes scrape themselves on objects as well, and they
develop a white film over their body.
Fish Tuberculosis - (caused by mycobacterium and nocardia spp).
TB is relatively common and affected fish can show a variety of
different signs but loss of condition is very common. This disease
is a potential zoonosis. Remove dead and dying fish to prevent
cannibalism and transfer of the disease.
Hole-in-the-head disease - (caused by the parasite Hexamita spp).
Most commonly affects Discus fish .
Ichthyosporidium - a fungal disease that affects freshwater and
marine fish. It causes weight loss and skin defects. Treatment is
unlikely to be successful in advanced cases.
Neon disease First reported in Neon tetras - but is seen in other
fish as well, including other Characins and some Cyprinids (eg
Zebra Danios). Caused by a sporozoan: Pleistophora spp. There is
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no specific cure.
Swim bladder trouble - causes loss of balance, and fish may not be
able to get down from the top of the water , or they may not be
able to get up from the floor of the tank.
Diagnosis can only be confirmed by taking samples for laboratory
testing, or by performing a post-mortem examination. Always
remove affected fish from your aquarium and seek veterinary
advice.
The importance of a major water change before treatment
When you're treating your goldfish aquarium for flukes, lice,
anchor worm, bacterial infections or any other goldfish health
problem with a water treatment, it's very important that you do a
major water change of 50 to 90%. The main reason for this water
change is to increase the oxygen in your goldfish aquarium. Plus, a
major water change will decrease the pollutants in your goldfish
aquarium. A major water change will also decrease the food for
the organisms that cause diseases and reduce any pathogens
floating in your goldfish aquarium.
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Note: When doing any major water changes make sure the
temperature of your tap water is close to the water temperature in
your goldfish aquarium. As long as the water feels the same
temperature to the touch, that's good enough. pH is important,
the pH of your tap water must be the same or higher than your
goldfish aquarium. If your tap water is lower than your tank
water you must add a good buffer like our Buff-it-Up. When
doing a water change of any size always add enough dechlor to
your aquarium water for the entire size of your aquariun before
you add your new tap water, Exp: 100 gallon aquarium remove 25
gallons, add enough dechlor to the aquarium for 100 gallons then
add the 25 gallons of tap water.
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Goldfish Diseases
Anchor Worm
If you find your Goldfish rubbing itself against anything in its
tank, it probably has anchor worms. An anchor worm is a white
stick-like structure that hooks itself onto the fish. You will notice a
red ring at the point of attachment.
CLAMPED FINS
Fins held close to
body, especially in
liverbearing fish.
DROPSY
Fish bloated with scales
standing out. Fish
resembles a pine
cone.
TAIL, FIN
OR MOUTH ROT
Flesh eaten away
around mouth, tail
or fin. Possible
redness at the base area.
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FUNGUS
White or grey
cottony growth or
patch on any part
of the fish.
GILL FLUKES
Gills hang partly open
and may pump fast.
Gills may appear red.
HEMORRHAGIC
SEPTICEMIA
Red streaks on fins
or body with no sign
of skin damage.
ICK
White, sugar-like
crystals on fins or
body of fish.
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Black Spot
Following ammonia surges, black spots might appear on the back
and sides of your Goldfish.These spots should disappear within
two weeks and its place should be replaced by fresh orange
colouration.
Body And Gill Flukes
GILL FLUKES
Gills hang partly open
and may pump fast.
Gills may appear red.
Goldfish Diseases
injury. Parasites attack the wound and this disease can soon spread
to other healthy fish. This disease can cause some serious damage
like severely affecting the gills.
The symptoms of this disease include clamped fins and breathing
problems. The fish will become lethargic and spend a lot of time at
the bottom of the tank. Sometimes, a whitish blue pigment covers
their body. Treating this can be tricky and it's best for you to get
help from a vet or from the pet store from which you bought the
fish.
Clamped Fins
Your fish's fins will look clamped if the water in
which it is housed is of poor quality. The presence
CLAMPED FINS
Fins held chose tyo
body, especially in
livebearing fish.
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Goldfish Diseases
Dropsy
If you find your fish's scales sticking out, it is
probably due to dropsy. This is a bacterial
infection that normally kills fish.
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Goldfish Diseases
fish that are being housed with the ill fish.
Chronic Dropsy - parasites: Internal parasites can cause
dropsy(abdominal swelling) because they are rather large parasites
or because of the damage they are causing with the fish's organs.
The abdomen tends to swell over a period of time if the fish is
infested with internal parasites. It is best to isolate the sick fish at
once to help maintain the outbreak of disease with other fish!
Goldfish are said to be somewhat more prone to dropsy than
other fish. In some cases it is caused by a Costia Infection. Be
careful when making this decision. Some fish could be spawning.
Symptoms: The body will have a general swelling with protrusion
of scales. The eyes may even bulge.
Treatment: Dropsy is not very contagious. The earlier it is caught
the more likely treatment will be helpful. It is best to up the water
temp to about 82-86 degrees and use epsom salts (1/8 teaspoon of
epsom salts per 5 gallons) instead of aquarium salts because they
will help the fish to lose some of the fluid that has built up. (It is
common to think that salts would help, but in reality the fish is
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bloating and having a hard time ridding its body of fluid; whereas
the epsom salts will
"draw out toxins"). It is also wise to increase aeration since the
temps will be higher. Water quality is very important at this time.
This will have to be tried for about 2 weeks. Now if you think
the fish is suffering from parasites you will need to treat for them
first.
Ick
This salt grain-like looking parasite affects most fish.
The Ichtyopthirius attaches itself to the body of the
fish and feeds off the Goldfish. They fall to the
bottom of the tank in a couple of days where they
lay eggs and the cycle continues. This can sometimes
kill your fish if not treated thoroughly and rapidly.
ICK
While sugar-like
crystals on fins or
body of fish.
Fin Rot
Fin rot occurs when your goldfish has injured itself and bacteria
grow on the wound. You will notice a whitish colouring on the
edge of the fins. If not treat quickly, this will lead to a funga
Goldfish Diseases
infection.
Fish Leech
Leeches are worm-like parasites that feed on blood. There are
around 300 species of leech that attack fish. The wound caused by
the leech's suckers could sometimes get fungal and bacterial
infections. If affected by leeches, your fish will rub itself against
the tank. A 3% salt dip will take care of the leeches. Don't try
pulling out the leeches without the salt dip as this will injure your
fish. There are medicines available at pet stores as well.
Fish Lice
Fish lice are greenish disk shaped creature that is about a fifth of
an inch in length. You will notice your fish rubbing itself against
the tank walls when affected by these lice. The places in which the
lice attach themselves turn red. You can pluck
these out manually from your fish. You have to do
this quickly as they reproduce very fast.
FUNGUS
White or grey
cottony growth or
patch on any part
of the fish
Fungus
There are many types of fungi and can be broken
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Goldfish Diseases
down into different categories. The most common is a bacterial
infection that forms white cotton-like patches. If you notice this,
be sure to take your fish to a vet immediately.
Hole-in-the-head Disease
Sometimes a small hole appears on the fish's body that later
develop into tubular eruptions with cream-colored or yellow
strings of mucus. If you notice this, you should put the fish in a
separate tank and take it to a vet.
Pop Eye
If you find out fish's eyes popping out, it is the first sign of
dropsy. You can prevent the occurrence of this deadly disease
with medicines.
Pop eye can affect pond and aquarium fishes. The progress of the
disease depends on what is or has caused it. Bulging eyes can result
from a number of causes, including fish tuberculosis,
ichthyosporidium, dropsy, and bacterial infections.
Symptoms: One or both eyes protrude abnormally. (remember
some fish are bred to have protruding eyes ex: fancy goldfish)
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home for goldfish? Or, is your main concern for the aquatic
plants? Perhaps you only want the pond for the sound of a
waterfall. Each type of pond should be planned for its specific
features. Keep in mind that the most common mistake water
gardeners say they made when building their first pond was
making it too small. A small pond limits the number of fish and
plants you can add.
POND
A goldfish pond is different from a water garden because
goldfish limits the amount of plant life to be grown. Goldfish also
eats some plants. A goldfish pond should also be larger because
goldfish grow quite large despite the size of the pond, it is
recommended that a goldfish pond be no less than 1000 gallons
in volume, the bigger the better. It also needs to have an area of
the pond atleast 3 feet deep, 4 - 5 feet may be better.
WATER GARDEN
A water garden typically contains both goldfish and a variety of
aquatic plants. Water gardens in moderate climates usually need
the pond area to be atleast 2 feet deep. Colder climates require
extra depth to provide atleast 12" to 16" of water below the freeze
zone.
The second step in establishing a new pond is to select a proper
location.
Ponds can be a great enjoyment if they are installed close to the
home. Select an area where you can see the pond round-the-year.
Ponds are great attracters of wildlife including birds and
butterflies. Position the pond where runoff from rain will not
flow into the pond. This may carry fertilizers, chemicals, and
organic debris into the pond. It may be necessary to alter the
terrain to accommodate this. Avoid placing a pond too close to
trees. Falling leaves and other debris will need to be removed
from the pond. You will want to place your pond where it will
receive atleast 4 to 6 hours of direct sun if you want grow water
lilies. Shade is fine for fish-only ponds. Water circulation is not
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essential, but the use of a pump will allow you to keep more fish.
It will also keep your plants healthier.A pump is required to run a
filter, fountain, or waterfall. The sound of running water adds
greatly to the enjoyment of the pond. Most ponds will benefit
from the use of a biological filter. This is essential if you are
keeping koi or more than a few goldfishes. We have several types
of biological filters to choose from.
Now you need to determine the size of your pond or water
garden.
The best way to do this is to use a rope or water hose and lay
out the shape on the ground. A pond for goldfish or water lilies
need only about 2 feet deep for zones 5 or greater. Ponds built in
colder areas may need more depth to keep the pond from
freezing. Ponds built for koi should be close to three
feet or deeper to allow larger fish enough space. The biggest
mistake that most people make is building the pond or water
garden too small. A larger pond is more stable and easier to
maintain. Keep in mind that a finished pond or water garden will
be about 30% smaller than you visualize it. After you have laid
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out the shape, measure the maximum length and width. Add the
depth twice to these measurements plus a foot or two for
overlap and this will give you the pond liner size.
Dig the pond or water garden to the desired shape and dig a
shelf around the perimeter of the pond about one foot deep and
one or more feet wide. Dig the remainder of the pond with a
slight slope to the end opposite the waterfall if one is included in
the design.
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which case, the pond liner is held against the pond filter until you
are able to stack stone from the pond shelf up against the pond
filter to create a waterfall. If a small pool or stream is desired
then excavate several inches deep to the desired size and shape.
Position the underlayment and pond liner allowing extra
material to overlap several inches into the pond.
Plumbing from the pump can be brought over into the stream of
pool. Or if using an external pond filter, this will be the start of
the waterfall. Streams should be dug wider than the finished size
to make room for stone that will be placed into the stream for
the edging. Stone can be secured to the liner with mortar or
expandable foam. This will hold back the water allowing it to
spill over the stone creating the waterfall.
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bunch for every three square feet of surface area. Use one bunch
for every four square feet for ponds over 400 square feet in
size. If you are keeping koi, then a smaller upper pool or plant
protectors will be needed to keep them from eating the
Anacharis.
The next step is to add water lilies and other plants with surface
leaves to provide shade to approximately 66% of the surface area
if in full sun. If less than full sun, then less coverage is acceptable.
Conclusion
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Conclusion
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