Specie: Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

	Eledone cirrhosa
	Eledone moschata
	Loligo vulgaris
	Lophius budegassa
	Lophius piscatorius
	Merlangius merlangus
	Merluccius merluccius
	Mullus barbatus
	Nephrops norvegicus
	Pagellus erythrinus
	Parapenaeus longirostris
	Sepia officinalis
	Solea vulgaris

Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

SPECIES DESCRIPTION

DISTRIBUTION

BIOLOGICAL DATA

EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION

Class:

Actinopterygii

Order:

Perciformes

Family:

Sparidae

English name:

Common pandora

Local Name:

SQ:	Spalca e kuqe
HR:	Arbun, rumenac
IT:	Pagello
SR:	Arbun, rombun
SL:	Ribon

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Original Scientific Illustrations Archive

SPECIES DESCRIPTION

The body of the Common pandora is long, oval and laterally flat. The diameter of the eye is much shorter than the length of the snout; the pectoral fins are pointed, of the same length as head. The caudal fin is big and forked.

The colour is pink-red with a silvery glint. The sides are paler and the belly is whitish. There are several small bluish spots on the back and sides of the grown specimens. The inside of the mouth is whitish or greyish. Sometimes a dark red mark is present at the base of the last dorsal rays (Tortonese, 1975; Fisher et al., 1987; Jardas, 1996; Relini et al., 1999).

Morphology data:
The number of fin rays is the following: D: XII+9-11, A: III+8-9, P: 15, V: I+5.

DISTRIBUTION

World:
The common pandora is distributed in the eastern Atlantic - from Scandinavia to Senegal, and in the entire Mediterranean. It is rare in the Black Sea (Fisher et al., 1987; Jardas, 1996; Relini et al., 1999).

Adriatic Sea:
It is spread throughout the Adriatic, but more so in channels than in open sea (Jardas, 1996). According to the data from the “Pipeta” expedition, this species inhabits depths up to 150 meters, mostly among sandy coastal sediments (Jukić and Arneri, 1984). However, Rijavec and Županović (1965) and Županović and Rijavec (1980) show that the distribution of the species in the central Adriatic is strictly limited by the 100 meters isobath.

Habitat:
According to these data, the common pandora seems to be a typical species of the circalittoral zone. The edaphic factors do not seem to play a decisive role in the distribution of this species; primarily, the kind and amount of accessible food and hydrography seem to be decisive (Rijavec, 1975; Županović and Rijavec, 1980).

Seasonal migration:
The seasonal migration of common pandora in shallow waters was observed in the insular zone of the central Adriatic (Županović and Rijavec, 1980). A similar phenomenon was observed by Rijavec (1975) in the Boka Kotorska Bay.

BIOLOGICAL DATA

Size:
The common pandora can grow up to 60 cm (3 kg), but its usual length in catches is 10 to 30 cm. The length range of common pandora caught during the “Hvar” expedition was from 4 to 26 cm (average value 15,58 cm). During the MEDITS expedition, the range was from 4 to 27 cm (average value 14,72 cm) (Vrgoč, 2000), in the same area. Generally, in deeper water, longer fish were caught.

Sex ratio:
Common pandora is a protogynous hermaphroditic species. In the beginning all individuals are females and then they become males. Because of this, the proportion of females among smaller specimens is 100% (up to 13 cm), and it decreases with the increase of length. Males over 16 cm are dominant, and when over 23 cm their proportion is 100% (Rijavec and Županović, 1965). The average difference in body length between two sexes is about 2,8 cm. Because of protogonic hermaphroditism, females are always dominant in the population. So, during the expedition MEDITS, the sex ratio was 83% females and 17% males. It was observed that some specimens were males from the start, whereas a number of females do not ever change their sex, i.e., they remain females even at their greatest body lengths (Vrgoč, 2000).

Length-weight relationship:
Total Length (TL, cm) – weight (g) relationship.

Author	Area	a	b
Rijavec and Županović, 1965	Middle Adriatic	0.134	2.981
Bolje, 1992	Gulf of Trieste	0.011	3.08
Joksimovic, 1999	Open Montenegrin Sea	0.0216	2.758
Joksimovic, 1999	Boka Kotorska Bay	0.0146	2.907

Spawning:
In the Adriatic, Pagellus erythrinus spawn once a year: in the spring and the beginning of summer (Županović, 1961b; Grubišić, 1980; Bolje, 1992; Jardas, 1996). The data about the length at the first sexual maturity are shown in the table.
In analyses of hydrographic changes and common pandora population abundance, regular movements from shallow coastal water towards deep sea (but all within the 100 m isobath) were noted in the period from October to April and in the opposite direction from May to October. These migrations were more or less distinct in some years. The movement towards deeper sea in the winter-spring period is for reproductive reasons, and the opposite movement in the summer-autumn period, is for trophic (alimentary) reasons (Županović and Jardas, 1989).

Length at the first sexual maturity:

Data from different authors on the body length at which change of sex occurs are presented in the table.

Total Length (L_m, cm) at the first sexual maturity and sex inversion.

Author	Area	(L_m, cm)	Sex inversion
Author	Area	(L_m, cm)	TL (cm)	Age (yr)
D'Ancona, 1949	Northern Adriatic	-	17-17.5	3
Zei and Županović, 1961	Central Adriatic	-	17.0	3-4
Rijavec and Županović, 1965	Central Adriatic	11-12	16-17	-
Županović and Rijavec, 1980	Central Adriatic	11-12	16-17	2-3
Relini et al., 1999	-	-	17-18	3
Vrgoč, 2000	Northern and Central Adriatic	12.5	16	-

Total Length and age data:

The length and age data of specimens (determined by scales) are shown in the table.

Total Length (TL, cm) and age (year) data:

Author	Sex	Age (yr)
Author	Sex	1	2	3	4	5	6
Rijavec and Županović, 1965	M	13.20	15.15	17.86	21.02	24.42	26.70
	F	13.401	15.36	17.18	21.15	24.10	-
	M+F	13.30	15.20	17.49	21.20	24.21	26.70

The growth curve parameters are shown in the table.

Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF):
Parameters of the Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF).

Author	Sex	L_∞(cm)	K(yr^-1)	t₀(yr)	Φ’
Rijavec and Županović, 1965	M+F	37.88	0.20	-	5.66
Rijavec, 1975	M+F	30.91	0.239	-	5.43
Rijavec, 1975	M+F	30.0	0.245	-	5.40
Županović and Rijavec, 1980	M+F	37.88	0.20	-0.093	5.66
	M+F	37.7	0.201	-	5.65
	M	-	0.165	-	-
	M	-	0.30	-	-
Jukić and Piccinetti, 1988	M+F	60.0	0.20	-	5.68
Bolje, 1992	M+F	33.0	0.29	-0.33	5.76
Vrgoč, 1995	M+F	29.32	0.229	-1.004	5.28
Vrgoč, 2000	M+F	31.05	0.205	-	5.29
Joksimovic, 2001	M+F	32.755	0.202	0.568	-
Joksimovic, 2001	M+F	37.741	0.162	-1.227	-

Feeding behaviour:
The species is essentially carnivorous and feeds on crustaceans, worms and other marine invertebrates (Relini et al., 1999). By analysing common pandora's alimentation in the Kaštela Bay, Jukić (1972) found that the bulk of the food was made up of invertebrates from epi and endo fauna: Polychaeta, Crustacea Decapoda and Lamellibranchiata, whereas other groups of organisms such as, for example, Isopoda, Ophiuroida, Pisces and Cephalopoda can rarely be found in stomachs. Rijavec and Županović (1965) came to similar conclusions in the channels area of the eastern central Adriatic.

The intensity of the alimentation is not the same throughout the year. It declines in the winter period and in May and June, which is related to spawning. In July, after spawning, the food quantity in stomachs shows maximal values. A strong correlation between the alimentation intensity and the sea temperature was also established (Jukić and Županović, 1965; Jukić, 1972).

EVALUATION AND EXPLOITATION

CPUE:
n.a.

Biomass/Abundance Indexes:
By comparing the common pandora catches during the expedition “Hvar” to those during the expedition “Pipeta” in the same area, Jukić and Arneri (1984) found that the CPUE had been considerably smaller during the expedition “Pipeta”. During the expedition MEDITS in the north and central Adriatic, common pandora was most abundant in the 50 to 100 m stratum (10,46 kg/km2) and in stratum to 50 m (5,68 kg/km2). It was rarely found in strata below 100 m (only 1% of fished specimens) (Vrgoč, 2000).

Using the swept area method, Bolje (1992) estimated P. erythrinus’s biomass in the Gulf of Trieste at 15 tonnes and the MSY at 2,6 tonnes (the Gulland method, 1968) or 4,3 tonnes (the Pauly method, 1984).

Author	Area	Relative biomass (kg/km²)	Absolute biomass (kg/km²)	MSY (tons)	E_max(Beverton-Holt, 1966)	E_{(B/R 0.5)}
Joksimovic, 2000	Open Montenegrin Sea	21.62	119.48	5.29	0.466	0.273
Joksimovic, 2000	Boka Kotorska Bay	1026.11	2842.41	32.16	0.682	0.333

Mortality:
Mortality coefficients of the common pandora population in the Adriatic, estimated by different authors, are summarised in the table.

Author	Area	M(yr^-1)	F(yr^-1)	Z(yr^-1)
Rijavec and Županović, 1965	Central Adriatic	-	-	1.50
Rijavec, 1975	-	-	-	0.63
Županović and Rijavec, 1980	Central Adriatic	-	-	1.50-1.57
Jukić and Piccinetti, 1988	-	-	-	1.10
Bolje, 1992	Gulf of Trieste	0.58	0.06	0.64
Vrgoč, 2000	Northern and Central Adriatic	0.44	0.38	0.83

Author	Area	Z	M(mean)
Joksimovic, 2004	Open Montenegrin Sea	0.806	0.510

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

Gear:
In the Adriatic, common pandora is fished mostly with a bottom trawl net. Long-line and other hook tools are used as well.

Fisheries Statistics:

Pagellus erythrinus capture fishery production (Adriatic Sea*). Data: FAO-FISHSTAT (GFCM (Mediterranean and Black Sea) capture production 1970-2003 (Release date: May 2005) Regional dataset available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/stat/windows/fishplus/gfcm.zip.

*According to GFCM definition of statistical sub-areas the Adriatic Sea falls within the area 2.1, thus including only the Northern and Central basins, while the Southern Adriatic basin and consequently the coast of South-eastern Italy and of Albania are included in the Ionian Sea (area 2.2). In order to have as comprehensive a picture as possible of all Adriatic Sea fishery production, Albanian data originally classified as from the Ionian Sea have been included in the Adriatic data set used. Unfortunately, this was not feasible for South-western Italy (Apulia Region).

Selectivity:
The selectivity coefficients of trawls with different mesh sizes on the cod-end are shown in the table. It is apparent that the L50% of the usual trawl nets in the Adriatic (about 40 mm) is very low (under 12 cm) and that the change of length at first capture should be one of the measures of protection of the species (Jukić and Piccinetti, 1987).

Selectivity of trawl towards P. erythrinus.

Author	Mesh size stretched (mm)	L_50%(cm)	SF	SR L_25%-L_75%
Jukić and Piccinetti, 1987	41	11.8	0.89	-
	55	16.4	0.90	-
	65	20.5	0.91	-
	51	12.2	0.95	-
Jukić and Piccinetti, 1987 Levi et. al., 1971	40	11.8	0.89	7.4–9.0
Vrgoč, 1995	40 (Hvar)	11.30	-	10.70-12.32
Joksimovic, 1999	13.5*	7.60	-	7.16-8.03
	16.1*	8.68	-	8.10-9.26
	17.5*	10.82	-	9.37-12.20
	22*	15.00	-	13.26-16.60
	35*	15.26	-	14.20-16.30

* knot to knot.

GENETICS

Scientific name
Common name
Project framework
Sampling (Survey) Development of genetic marker (type & number of markers) Genetic structure (analysed samples, geographic areas) Population units in the Adriatic shared stock Reference associated

Pagellus erythrinus
Pandora IPUAS, FAO-AdriaMed √
(MEDITS 2001) √
(microsatellites, 7 optimised loci) Lack of time & financial resources - Final report of the AdriaMed IPUAS research programme
Ramšak et. al., 2003.

LEGISLATION

Minimum size:

Species (local or common name)
Species (scientific name)
Minimum size in cm or
minimum weight in kg

ALB:
It is strictly prohibited to fish and sell any aquatic species less than the minimum regulatory size as set out in Article 48.1 of Fisheries Regulations No.1 of 1997.

Spalcat
Pagellus spp.
12 cm

CRO:
The Order of 1998 (145/98) and amended by the Order 101/02 on the Protection of Fish and Other Marine Organisms was adopted to determine the minimum sizes of certain species of fish.

Arbnun
Pagellus erythrinus
12 cm

ITA:
The self-executing rules of Reg. EC 1626/1994 establish the minimum size to protect juveniles.

Pagello
Pagellus spp.
12 cm

SCG:
The minimum size is laid down (Table 7) as follows: (2. Decree on prohibition of capture and trade in fish juveniles, undersized fish and other marine organisms no. 10/2004).

Arbun, rombun
Pagellus erythrinus
15 cm

SLO:
According to Reg. EC No. 1626/1994, intentional catching of juvenile fish is strictly prohibited throughout Slovenian waters.

Pagello
Pagellus spp.
12 cm

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