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Biogeochemical Cycles

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Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications

Abstract

All living organisms contribute to the biogeochemical cycles, but microorganisms, due to their high abundance, their tremendous metabolic capacities and adaptation potential, play a key role in the functioning and the evolution of biogeochemical cycles. Consequently, they are keyplayers in adaptation, resistance and resilience of ecosystems. The role of microorganisms in the main biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, metals), in soils, freshwater and marine ecosystems is presented. Microbial processes involved in the turnover of biogeochemical cycles are discussed from gene to ecosystem (natural and anthropogenic ecosystems), at global, regional and local scales, as well as in targeted microenvironments (such as particles or microniches). The biodiversity of microorganisms is highlighted and their metabolic pathways on which are based exchanges and biotransformations of organic and mineral components within ecosystems are described in details. The impacts of human activities on the microbial actors and processes of biogeochemical cycles, and the cascading ecological effects (greenhouse gas emissions, acid rains, dystrophic crises, etc.), are also discussed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The chemical element phosphorus (31P) exists in waters only in forms of phosphates (oxidation degree V), organic or mineral, particulate or dissolved, non-reducible under natural conditions. It is then preferable to talk about the phosphate cycle instead of the phosphorus cycle.

  2. 2.

    Enzyme excreted by the cell and remaining attached to the outer membrane (or in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria). Prokaryotic heterotrophic microorganisms, prokaryotic autotrophic (cyanobacteria) and single-celled eukaryotes (flagellates, diatoms) have for some species the genetic ability to produce ectoenzymes such as the alkaline phosphatase or the phosphonatase. The production of these enzymes is usually induced by mineral phosphate deficiency, and enables hydrolyze the phospho-ester (C-O-P) or the phosphonate (C–P) bonds of organic molecules of the DOP. The mineral phosphate released can then be incorporated by microorganisms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut Méditerranéen d’Océanologie (MIO), UM 110, CNRS 7294 IRD 235, Université de Toulon, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France

    Jean-Claude Bertrand, Patricia Bonin & Gérald Grégori

  2. Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR CNRS 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, B.P. 1155, 64013, Pau Cedex, France

    Pierre Caumette & Rémy Guyoneaud

  3. Observatoire Océanologique, Laboratoire d’ Océanographie, CNRS-UPMC, BP 28, 06234, Villefranche-sur-Mer Cedex, France

    Jean-Pierre Gattuso

  4. Microbial Ecology Center, UMR CNRS 5557 / USC INRA 1364, Université Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France

    Xavier Le Roux & Franck Poly

  5. Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), UMR-CNRS-IRD 7263, Aix-Marseille Université, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France

    Robert Matheron

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Correspondence to Jean-Claude Bertrand .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Université de Toulon, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Méditerranéen d’Océanologie (MIO), UM 110, CNRS 7294 IRD 235, Cedex 9, Marseille, France

    Jean-Claude Bertrand

  2. Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UM 110, CNRS 5254, Pau Cedex, France

    Pierre Caumette

  3. Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ, Paris 06, USR CNRS 3579, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France

    Philippe Lebaron

  4. Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), UMR-CNRS-IRD 7263, Aix-Marseille Université, Cedex 20, Marseille, France

    Robert Matheron

  5. Microbial Ecology Center, UMR CNRS 5557/USC INRA 1364, Villeubanne, France

    Philippe Normand

  6. Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), UMR CNRS 6023, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont Université, Aubère Cedex, France

    Télesphore Sime-Ngando

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Bertrand, JC. et al. (2015). Biogeochemical Cycles. In: Bertrand, JC., Caumette, P., Lebaron, P., Matheron, R., Normand, P., Sime-Ngando, T. (eds) Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9118-2_14

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