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Geo-political Factors

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Abstract

Definition of geopolitics (from Greek ge “earth, land” and politikē “politics”) is the study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on international politics and relations. The definition of the geo-political factors impacting wind energy option can be understood in two dimensions, namely, the geography being the landmass is the first dimension with the people being the second dimension. Instead of getting diverted by semantics, the implications of the energy option tend to be political whether one looks at who gains and who loses. These are not distinctly discernible, with gray areas which pertain to both losers and gainers often overlapping. For example, even some people in the richest nations such as in Texas tend to believe there is no global warming! India on the other hand says it has to catch up with the developing countries and in the process cannot discard the abundant coal that is locally available irrespective of the global warming issues. Likewise Brazil with its rain forests which are the world’s richest natural barriers to global warming does not intend to jump into deforestation for the benefit of the mankind. Thus, these are not the issues of the haves and have-nots but what they tend to lose by jumping into the global warming and related problems of this planet. In general, they are similar to plaques being slowly built up on the arterial blood stream of this planet, which some countries feel can be eradicated in course of time, but the question is if not today is not tomorrow too late?

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Notes

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    https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/PUB_Regional_Energy_Integration_in_Latin_America_and_The_Caribbean_2008_exec_Summary_WEC.pdf

  150. 150.

    https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/PUB_Regional_Energy_Integration_in_Latin_America_and_The_Caribbean_2008_WEC.pdf

  151. 151.

    Ibid.

  152. 152.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/integrating-the-latin-american-electricity-grid-2/

  153. 153.

    Ibid.

  154. 154.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/integrating-the-latin-american-electricity-grid-2/

  155. 155.

    Ibid.

  156. 156.

    Ibid.

  157. 157.

    Ibid.

  158. 158.

    Ibid.

  159. 159.

    Ibid.

  160. 160.

    Ibid.

  161. 161.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/integrating-the-latin-american-electricity-grid-2/; © 2013 Worldwatch Institute | worldwatch@worldwatch.org; 1400 16th St. NW, Ste. 430, Washington, DC 20036 |(202) 745–8092; see Climate and Energy Revolt 2011-05-25; “A step in the right direction or something else for CARICOM to trip on?” By Mark Konold and Cristina Adkins.

  162. 162.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/can-the-caribbean-create-a-common-electricity-market/

  163. 163.

    https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/PUB_Regional_Energy_Integration_in_Latin_America_and_The_Caribbean_2008_WEC.pdf

  164. 164.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/can-the-caribbean-create-a-common-electricity-market/

  165. 165.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/can-the-caribbean-create-a-common-electricity-market/

  166. 166.

    http://caricom.org/

  167. 167.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/can-the-caribbean-create-a-common-electricity-market/

  168. 168.

    Puerto Rico is included in this discussion, although it is a part of the US territories, as elsewhere noted in this section due to its geographical location being in the Carribean.

  169. 169.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/can-the-caribbean-create-a-common-electricity-market/

  170. 170.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/can-the-caribbean-create-a-common-electricity-market/

  171. 171.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/can-the-caribbean-create-a-common-electricity-market/

  172. 172.

    http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/can-the-caribbean-create-a-common-electricity-market/

  173. 173.

    https://www.oecd.org/site/govgfg/39612363.pdf

  174. 174.

    Ibid; Also see “Integrating the Latin American Electricity Grid – Vision for a Sustainable World; Latin America could benefit greatly from regional power systems integration” (source: commons.wikimedia.org).

  175. 175.

    https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/PUB_Regional_Energy_Integration_in_Latin_America_and_The_Caribbean_2008_WEC.pdf

  176. 176.

    Johnstone, Heather (2013-03-06). “Central American electricity trading to start next month.” Power Engineering International. PennWell Corporation. Retrieved 2013-03-29 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIEPAC.

  177. 177.

    US DOE cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIEPAC

  178. 178.

    US DOE cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIEPAC

  179. 179.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIEPAC

  180. 180.

    See https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/PUB_Regional_Energy_Integration_in_Latin_America_and_The_Caribbean_2008_WEC.pdf

  181. 181.

    “World Bank Definition: MENA.” Worldbank.org. Retrieved 28 November 2014; and Dumper, Michael, and Stanley, Bruce E., Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia, 2007 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MENA

  182. 182.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MENA

  183. 183.

    Article by Baher A. Ghosheh in Focus, Winter 1992, Vol. 42 Issue 4, p20, 5p cited in http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/foeward.files/MAKING%20SENSE%20OF.htm

  184. 184.

    http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/foeward.files/MAKING%20SENSE%20OF.htm

  185. 185.

    http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/foeward.files/MAKING%20SENSE%20OF.htm

  186. 186.

    http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/foeward.files/MAKING%20SENSE%20OF.htm

  187. 187.

    http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/foeward.files/MAKING%20SENSE%20OF.htm

  188. 188.

    Baustani and Fargues 1991, World Development Report 1992, and Ghosheh 1989 statistics cited in http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/foeward.files/MAKING%20SENSE%20OF.htm

  189. 189.

    http://www.afdb.org/en/ (see http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ADB_ADMIN_PG/DOCUMENTS/PRIVATE_SECTOR_ OPERATIONS/RENEABLE_ENERGY.PDF)

  190. 190.

    “International Reserves,” United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 2011 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MENA

  191. 191.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MENA

  192. 192.

    See “Energy and Geopolitics in the Middle East and the Price Game” dated June 5, 2015 by Mohammed Atif cited in http://blogs.dnvgl.com/energy/energy-and-geopolitics-in-the-middle-east-and-the-price-game

  193. 193.

    http://blogs.dnvgl.com/energy/energy-and-geopolitics-in-the-middle-east-and-the-price-game

  194. 194.

    http://blogs.dnvgl.com/energy/energy-and-geopolitics-in-the-middle-east-and-the-price-game

  195. 195.

    http://blogs.dnvgl.com/energy/energy-and-geopolitics-in-the-middle-east-and-the-price-game

  196. 196.

    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/415281468059650302/Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Integration-of-electricity-networks-in-the-Arab-world-regional-market-structure-and-design

  197. 197.

    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/415281468059650302/Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Integration-of-electricity-networks-in-the-Arab-world-regional-market-structure-and-design

  198. 198.

    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/415281468059650302/Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Integration-of-electricity-networks-in-the-Arab-world-regional-market-structure-and-design

  199. 199.

    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/12/19777005/middle-east-north-africa-integration-electricity-networks-arab-world-regional-market-structure-design

  200. 200.

    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/12/19777005/middle-east-north-africa-integration-electricity-networks-arab-world-regional-market-structure-design

  201. 201.

    “Fact Sheet: The World Bank and Energy in Africa. The World Bank, 2011; 20 Sept. 2012. World Bank Fact Sheet” cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  202. 202.

    Foster, Vivien, and Cicelia Briceno-Garmendia, eds. Africa’s Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  203. 203.

    http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/Africas-Power-Infrastructure-2011.pdf

  204. 204.

    Banerjee, Sudeshna, Quentin Wodon, Amadou Diallo, Taras Pushak, Hellal Uddin, Clarence Tsimpo, and Vivien Foster. 2008. “Access, Affordability and Alternatives: Modern Infrastructure Services in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Background Paper 2, Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic, World Bank, Washington, DC cited in http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/Africas-Power-Infrastructure-2011.pdf

  205. 205.

    http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/Africas-Power-Infrastructure-2011.pdf

  206. 206.

    Yepes, Tito, Justin Pierce, and Vivien Foster. 2008. “Making Sense of Africa’s Infrastructure Endowment: A Benchmarking Approach.” Policy Research Working Paper 4912, World Bank, Washington, DC. cited in http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/Africas-Power-Infrastructure-2011.pdf

  207. 207.

    http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/Africas-Power-Infrastructure-2011.pdf

  208. 208.

    Effective tariffs are prices per kWh at typical monthly consumption levels calculated using tariff schedules applicable to typical customers within each customer group, cited in http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/Africas-Power-Infrastructure-2011.pdf

  209. 209.

    http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/Africas-Power-Infrastructure-2011.pdf

  210. 210.

    The Forum of Energy Ministers of Africa. Energy and the Millennium Development Goals in Africa.

  211. 211.

    Cook, E: Man, Energy and Society, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1976.

  212. 212.

    World Bank (1997) World Development Report, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  213. 213.

    Iwayemi, Akin. Energy Sector Development in Africa, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  214. 214.

    IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Page: Country specific indicator numbers from page 48 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  215. 215.

    Power Sector Reform in Africa: Assessing Impact on Poor People. Rep. no. 306/05. Washington DC: ESMAP, 2005, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  216. 216.

    2011 Report on oil and gas companies, Promoting revenue transparency; Transparency International 2011 p. 115, 117 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  217. 217.

    Cook, E (1976) Man, Energy and Society, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  218. 218.

    Power Sector Reform in Africa: Assessing Impact on Poor People. Rep. no. 306/05, Washington DC: ESMAP, 2005, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  219. 219.

    The Forum of Energy Ministers of Africa, Energy and the Millennium Development Goals in Africa cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  220. 220.

    Davidson, O.R & Mwakasonda, S.A. (2004). “Electricity Access for the Poor: A study of South Africa and Zimbabwe.” Vol. VIII No.4, December 2004 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  221. 221.

    Iwayemi, Akin, Energy Sector Development in Africa cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Africa

  222. 222.

    http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/Africas-Power-Infrastructure-2011.pdf

  223. 223.

    Ibid.

  224. 224.

    Nyabadza, Munyaradzi Christine, Stellenbosch University, March 2012, pertain to retrofitting of solar water heaters and gas stoves in middle and high-income households in the residential sector.

  225. 225.

    Sen, Amartya: Development as Freedom, Oxford University Press, 87–110, 1999.

  226. 226.

    Malike, Khalid, Human Development Report 2013, The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. United Nations Development Program: New York, 2013.

  227. 227.

    The Forum of Energy Ministers of Africa. Energy and the Millennium Development Goals in Africa.

  228. 228.

    Holliday, Charles O. and Kandeh K. Yumkella. The Secretary-General’s High-Level Group on Sustainable Energy for All, Report of the Co-Chairs, International Year of Sustainable Energy, September 2012.

  229. 229.

    Karekezi, Stephen, and Waeni Kithyoma. Renewable Energy Development, The United Nations, 20 Sept. 2012.

  230. 230.

    Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Africa. Rep. Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2009. Web. 20 Sept. 2012.

  231. 231.

    Orvika, Rosnes, and Vennemo Haakon. “The Cost of Providing Electricity To Africa.” Energy Economics 34: 1318–1328. Science Direct, Web, 6 Sept. 2012.

  232. 232.

    Bosshard, Peter: How Renewable Energy Solutions Reduce Poverty Around the World. International Rivers, June 2012.

  233. 233.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf; Development of Wind Energy in Africa by Alli D. Mukasa1, Emelly Mutambatsere2, Yannis Arvanitis3; Office of the Chief Economist: Working Paper No. 170 March 2013.

  234. 234.

    World Energy Council: Survey of Energy Resources, 2010.

  235. 235.

    US Energy information Administration 2008, AfDB Infrastructure Database 2011, Buys et al. 2007.

  236. 236.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf; Development of Wind Energy in Africa by Alli D. Mukasa1, Emelly Mutambatsere2, Yannis Arvanitis3; Office of the Chief Economist: Working Paper No. 170 March 2013.

  237. 237.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  238. 238.

    Cited in http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper%25%2020170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  239. 239.

    US Energy information Administration 2008, AfDB Infrastructure Database 2011, Buys et al. 2007.

  240. 240.

    The Wind Energy Simulation Toolkit (WEST) is a dynamic three-dimensional model of wind circulation on a horizontal plane which integrates physical phenomena such as radiation and condensation and parametric analyses of effects such as turbulence and convention (AfDB, 2004), cited in http://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/afdb-group-annual-report-2004-10122/

  241. 241.

    http://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/afdb-group-annual-report-2004-10122/

  242. 242.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  243. 243.

    http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629614001534

  244. 244.

    http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629614001534

  245. 245.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  246. 246.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  247. 247.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper%25%2020,170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  248. 248.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20,170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  249. 249.

    Ibid.

  250. 250.

    Ibid.

  251. 251.

    Ibid

  252. 252.

    Ibid.

  253. 253.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  254. 254.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  255. 255.

    International Renewable Energy Agency – IRENA, (2013), Strategic Framework for Localization of Value Addition in the Renewable Energy Equipment Manufacture and Deployment Chain in Africa. cited in http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  256. 256.

    Hossein Razavi (2012). “Clean Energy Development in Egypt” African Development Bank. Tunis, Tunisia cited in http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper%25%2020170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  257. 257.

    From the list of compiled projects, aggregated data on project cost was available for 65 projects (29 completed, 14 ongoing and 22 planned) cited in http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper%25%2020170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  258. 258.

    “This was facilitated by the 2008 electricity self-production law and Morocco’s EnergiPro initiative,” cited in http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  259. 259.

    Ibid.

  260. 260.

    Ibid.

  261. 261.

    “This was facilitated by the 2008 electricity self-production law and Morocco’s EnergiPro initiative,” cited in http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  262. 262.

    Ibid.

  263. 263.

    Ibid.

  264. 264.

    Ibid.

  265. 265.

    http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/smart-grid-101/consumer-benefits?gclid=CK6_xNza6c0CFUQ9gQodIRAAiQ

  266. 266.

    Archer, C. L. and M. Z. Jacobson (2007). Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46 (November 2007), pp. 1703–1717.

  267. 267.

    Kennedy-Darling J., N. Hoyt, K. Murao and A. Ross (2008). The Energy Crisis of Nigeria: An overview and Implications for the Future, The University of Chicago cited in http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  268. 268.

    http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf

  269. 269.

    Ibid.

  270. 270.

    Ibid.

  271. 271.

    http://www.inwea.org/aboutwindenergy.htm

  272. 272.

    http://www.inwea.org/aboutwindenergy.htm

  273. 273.

    http://www.inwea.org/aboutwindenergy.htm

  274. 274.

    http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/nonconventional/windpowercapacity.htm

  275. 275.

    “World Wind Energy Report 2015.” Report. “World Wind Energy Report 2008”and Wind atlas of India.” Retrieved 2014-08-28. cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India

  276. 276.

    “Estimation of Installable Wind Power Potential at 80 m level in India.” Retrieved 16 May 2015 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India

  277. 277.

    “Physical Progress (Achievements).” Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2015; Welcome to Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai. Cwet.tn.nic.in (2013-02-31). Retrieved on 2013-12-06; and “Installed Wind Capacity.” Indianwindpower.com. Retrieved 21 November 2015 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India

  278. 278.

    “NLDC monthly reports (refer table 7 of each month).” Retrieved 23 April 2016; cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India

  279. 279.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India

  280. 280.

    http://www.inwea.org/aboutwindenergy.htm

  281. 281.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India

  282. 282.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India

  283. 283.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India

  284. 284.

    Best Practice Guidelines for Mesoscale Wind Mapping Projects for the World Bank, ESMAP The World Bank’s Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, October 2010, pdf.

  285. 285.

    http://niwe.res.in/department_wra_est.php

  286. 286.

    http://www.irena.org/menu/..%5CDocumentDownloads%5Cevents%5CDelhiEvent%5C1.4%20CWET%20wind%20mapping.pdf

  287. 287.

    “Is Accelerated Depreciation A Good Long-Term Strategy for Wind Energy in India?” by Sreeni Krishnamurthy, January 5, 2016 cited in https://www.awstruepower.com/blogs/smarter-power/accelerated-depreciation-wind-energy-india/

  288. 288.

    https://www.awstruepower.com/accelerated-depreciation-wind-energy-india/. Also see https://www.awstruepower.com/blogs/smarter-power/accelerated-depreciation-wind-energy-india/

  289. 289.

    Sreeni Krishnamurthy is Vice President, Asia Pacific for AWS Truepower at skrishnamurthy@awstruepower.com was the author of this effort cited in https://www.awstruepower.com/blogs/smarter-power/accelerated-depreciation-wind-energy-india/

  290. 290.

    http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/New-states-on-Indias-wind-power-map/articleshow/45029882.cms; Sushma U N | TNN | Nov 4, 2014, 05.45 AM IST

  291. 291.

    http://www.irena.org/menu/..%5CDocumentDownloads%5Cevents%5CDelhiEvent%5C1.4%20CWET%20wind%20mapping.pdf

  292. 292.

    Ibid.

  293. 293.

    Ibid.

  294. 294.

    http://www.irena.org/menu/..%5CDocumentDownloads%5Cevents%5CDelhiEvent%5C1.4%20CWET%20wind%20mapping.pdf

  295. 295.

    http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-offshore-wind-14082013/JS-MNRE.pdf

  296. 296.

    http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-offshore-wind-14082013/JS-MNRE.pdf

  297. 297.

    https://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/1406_05.html

  298. 298.

    http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-offshore-wind-14082013/JS-MNRE.pdf

  299. 299.

    “National Offshore Wind Power Policy 2015.” GKToday. 2015–11-03. Retrieved 2015–11-03 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India

  300. 300.

    http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-offshore-wind-14082013/JS-MNRE.pdf

  301. 301.

    http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-offshore-wind-14082013/JS-MNRE.pdf

  302. 302.

    http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-offshore-wind-14082013/JS-MNRE.pdf

  303. 303.

    http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-offshore-wind-14082013/JS-MNRE.pdf

  304. 304.

    http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-offshore-wind-14082013/JS-MNRE.pdf

  305. 305.

    http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-offshore-wind-14082013/JS-MNRE.pdf

  306. 306.

    http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/presentations-offshore-wind-14082013/JS-MNRE.pdf

  307. 307.

    https://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/1406_05.html

  308. 308.

    http://www.gwec.net/eu-india-join-hands-facilitate-offshore-wind/

  309. 309.

    http://www.gwec.net/eu-india-join-hands-facilitate-offshore-wind/

  310. 310.

    http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/one-nation-one-grid/article5542124.ece

  311. 311.

    http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/one-nation-one-grid/article5542124.ece

  312. 312.

    http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/one-nation-one-grid/article5542124.ece

  313. 313.

    http://www.powergridindia.com/_layouts/PowerGrid/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=78&LangID=english

  314. 314.

    http://www.powergridindia.com/_layouts/PowerGrid/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=78&LangID=english

  315. 315.

    Wind Power - Indigenous Development Opportunities, May 30, 2014 cited in http://24solarhome.com/tag/pakistan-wind-map/

  316. 316.

    http://24solarhome.com/tag/pakistan-wind-map/

  317. 317.

    Posted in Wind Power; Tagged Alternate Energy, Indigenous Development, Pakistan Wind Map, Wind, Wind Power. http://24solarhome.com/tag/pakistan-wind-map/

  318. 318.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan

  319. 319.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan

  320. 320.

    Ibid.

  321. 321.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan

  322. 322.

    Ibid.

  323. 323.

    Ibid.

  324. 324.

    Ibid.

  325. 325.

    Ibid.

  326. 326.

    Ibid.

  327. 327.

    Alternative Energy Development Board, Pakistan Source cited in http://www.dawn.com/news/1232048

  328. 328.

    Alternative Energy Development Board, Pakistan Source cited in http://www.dawn.com/news/1232048

  329. 329.

    Alternative Energy Development Board, Pakistan Source cited in http://www.dawn.com/news/1232048

  330. 330.

    “Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm

  331. 331.

    “Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm

  332. 332.

    “Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm

  333. 333.

    “Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm

  334. 334.

    “Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm

  335. 335.

    “Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm

  336. 336.

    “Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm

  337. 337.

    http://www.windpower.lk/

  338. 338.

    “Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Sri Lanka and the Maldives” by D. Elliott by M. Schwartz, G. Scott, S. Haymes, D. Heimiller and R. George; D. Elliott, M. Schwartz, G. Scott, S. Haymes, D. Heimiller and R. George; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Prepared by the US Agency for International Development under Interagency Agreement #AAG-P-00-97-00014 https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  339. 339.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  340. 340.

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  341. 341.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  342. 342.

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  343. 343.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  344. 344.

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  345. 345.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  346. 346.

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  347. 347.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  348. 348.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  349. 349.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  350. 350.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  351. 351.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  352. 352.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  353. 353.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  354. 354.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  355. 355.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  356. 356.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  357. 357.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  358. 358.

    http://www.windpower.lk/

  359. 359.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  360. 360.

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf

  361. 361.

    http://www.windpower.lk/

  362. 362.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal

  363. 363.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal

  364. 364.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal

  365. 365.

    http://www.nepalenergyforum.com/exploring-wind-power-in-nepal/ cited in Source: The Himalayan Times, Exploring “Wind Power in Nepal,” November 15, 2013; Posted in: News from KATHMANDU: Nepal. (BS refers to Nepalese Calendar Bikram Sambat System; 2073 BS corresponds to 2017 AD Gregorian Calendar)

  366. 366.

    Saroj Dhakal, WindPower Nepal Pvt. Ltd., http://www.renewable-world.org/sites/default/files/Session%201%20Saroj%20Dhakal%20WindPower%20Nepal%20-%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Nepal_0.pdf cited in https://energypedia.info/wiki/Nepal_Energy_Situation#cite_note-10

  367. 367.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal

  368. 368.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal

  369. 369.

    “WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT IN NEPAL,” by B.N. Upreti Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu Nepal, and Anil Shakyab, Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. http://www.wind.arch.t-kougei.ac.jp/APECWW/Report/2009/NEPAL.pdf

  370. 370.

    “WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT IN NEPAL,” by B.N. Upreti Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu Nepal, and Anil Shakyab, Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. http://www.wind.arch.t-kougei.ac.jp/APECWW/Report/2009/NEPAL.pdf

  371. 371.

    “WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT IN NEPAL,” by B.N. Upreti Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu Nepal, and Anil Shakyab, Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. http://www.wind.arch.t-kougei.ac.jp/APECWW/Report/2009/NEPAL.pdf

  372. 372.

    Ibid.

  373. 373.

    “WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT IN NEPAL,” by B.N. Upreti Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu Nepal, and Anil Shakyab, Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. http://www.wind.arch.t-kougei.ac.jp/APECWW/Report/2009/NEPAL.pdf

  374. 374.

    Ibid.

  375. 375.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan

  376. 376.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan

  377. 377.

    https://www.thethirdpole.net/2016/02/16/bhutan-diversifies-its-renewables-with-wind-turbines/

  378. 378.

    https://www.thethirdpole.net/2016/02/16/bhutan-diversifies-its-renewables-with-wind-turbines/

  379. 379.

    https://www.thethirdpole.net/2016/02/16/bhutan-diversifies-its-renewables-with-wind-turbines/

  380. 380.

    https://www.thethirdpole.net/2016/02/16/bhutan-diversifies-its-renewables-with-wind-turbines/

  381. 381.

    http://www.nrel.gov/international/pdfs/ra_bhutan_wind_methods_final.pdf

  382. 382.

    https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/99536-Wind-power-for-climate-conscious-Bhutan, posted

  383. 383.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim#Languages

  384. 384.

    http://www.wow.com/wiki/Sikkim?s_it=wiks-1&s_chn=17&s_pt=source2&v_t=content#

  385. 385.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim

  386. 386.

    https://www.sikkim.gov.in/portal/portal/StatePortal/Government/PovertyFreeMission

  387. 387.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fgXS5ThB4c; Published on November 11, 2013, by Wind Energy harnessing at Tareybhir South, Sikkim

  388. 388.

    Canwea (May 1, 2014). "Powering Canada's Future" (PDF). Canwea.Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada

  389. 389.

    Wind Vision 2025Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada

  390. 390.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada

  391. 391.

    “Nova Scotia Power is generating cleaner, greener energy” (PDF). Nova Scotia Power website. Archived from the original (pdf) on March 18, 2009. Retrieved 2007-12-16; cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada

  392. 392.

    Quebec picks 15 wind-power projects cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada

  393. 393.

    Introduction of Hydrogen Technologies to Ramea Island cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada

  394. 394.

    Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada

  395. 395.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_Canada

  396. 396.

    Rural communities want Alberta to allow wind power farms on leased Crown land cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada

  397. 397.

    Wind Vision 2025 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada

  398. 398.

    http://www.windatlas.ca

  399. 399.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Mexico; and "IEA Wind Energy: Annual Report 2008" (PDF), www.ieawind.org, International Energy Agency, Chapter 23. Mexico, pp.239–251, July 2009, ISBN 0-9786383-3-6, archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Mexico

  400. 400.

    Ibid.

  401. 401.

    Acciona Completes Assembly of LatAm’s Largest Wind Farm Latin American Herald Tribune, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Mexico

  402. 402.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Mexico

  403. 403.

    http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/content/en/sustainability_and_responsibility/CSR_worldwide/neutral.html

  404. 404.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/01/27/renewables-caribbean

  405. 405.

    Ibid.

  406. 406.

    http://www.cadenagramonte.cu/english/show/articles/14512:cuba-to-present-experiences-in-global-wind-power-conference

  407. 407.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_maps.asp

  408. 408.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_maps.asp; also see https://www.nrel.gov/gis/wind.html

  409. 409.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_maps.asp; also see https://www.nrel.gov/gis/wind.html

  410. 410.

    NREL’s wind potential estimates were based on maps produced by AWS Truewind using their MesoMap® system.

  411. 411.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/filter_detail.asp?itemid=2542&print

  412. 412.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/filter_detail.asp?itemid=2542

  413. 413.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/pdfs/wind_maps/us_contiguous_wind_potential_chart.pdf

  414. 414.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/pdfs/wind_maps/us_contiguous_wind_potential_chart.pdf

  415. 415.

    https://dashboards.awstruepower.com/

  416. 416.

    See Wind Resource Exclusion Table for land area and more detail cited in ref. http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/windmaps/resource_potential.asp

  417. 417.

    See https://maps.nrel.gov/wind-prospector; also see https://maps.nrel.gov/wind-prospector/#/?aL=kM6jR-%255Bv%255D%3Dt%26xY_VBM%255Bv%255D%3Dt%26xY_VBM%255 Bd%255D%3D1%26Qay5SW%255Bv%255D%3Dt%26Qay5SW%255 Bd%255D%3D2%26qCw3hR%255Bv%255D%3Dt%26qCw3hR%255 Bd%255D%3D3&bL=groad&cE=0&lR=0&mC=40.21244%2C-91.625976&zL=4

  418. 418.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/windmaps/community_scale.asp

  419. 419.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/windmaps/community_scale.asp

  420. 420.

    Geographic Information Systems in Support of Wind Energy Activities at NREL Publications database

  421. 421.

    High-resolution wind data files are also available in WINDExchange which is a resource of the Department of Energy’s Wind Program, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy.

  422. 422.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/windmaps/residential_scale.asp

  423. 423.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/windmaps/residential_scale.asp

  424. 424.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_installed_capacity.asp

  425. 425.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/windmaps/offshore.asp

  426. 426.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/windmaps/offshore.asp

  427. 427.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_poverty_rate

  428. 428.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/where_is_wind_pr_vi.asp; these maps are part of WINDExchange which is a resource of the Department of Energy’s Wind Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Content last updated: 5/1/2014.

  429. 429.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=ca

  430. 430.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=ca

  431. 431.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=ca

  432. 432.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=ca

  433. 433.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_maps.asp

  434. 434.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_maps.asp

  435. 435.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/filter_detail.asp?itemid=2542

  436. 436.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/filter_detail.asp?itemid=2542

  437. 437.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=ms

  438. 438.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=ms

  439. 439.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=ms; and see https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/252

  440. 440.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=ms

  441. 441.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=la

  442. 442.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=la

  443. 443.

    http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_resource_maps.asp?stateab=ct

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Rao, K.R. (2019). Geo-political Factors. In: Wind Energy for Power Generation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75134-4_4

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