Abstract
Definition of geopolitics (from Greek ge “earth, land” and politikē “politics”) is the study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on international politics and relations. The definition of the geo-political factors impacting wind energy option can be understood in two dimensions, namely, the geography being the landmass is the first dimension with the people being the second dimension. Instead of getting diverted by semantics, the implications of the energy option tend to be political whether one looks at who gains and who loses. These are not distinctly discernible, with gray areas which pertain to both losers and gainers often overlapping. For example, even some people in the richest nations such as in Texas tend to believe there is no global warming! India on the other hand says it has to catch up with the developing countries and in the process cannot discard the abundant coal that is locally available irrespective of the global warming issues. Likewise Brazil with its rain forests which are the world’s richest natural barriers to global warming does not intend to jump into deforestation for the benefit of the mankind. Thus, these are not the issues of the haves and have-nots but what they tend to lose by jumping into the global warming and related problems of this planet. In general, they are similar to plaques being slowly built up on the arterial blood stream of this planet, which some countries feel can be eradicated in course of time, but the question is if not today is not tomorrow too late?
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Notes
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Ibid.
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From the list of compiled projects, aggregated data on project cost was available for 65 projects (29 completed, 14 ongoing and 22 planned) cited in http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper%25%2020170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf
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“This was facilitated by the 2008 electricity self-production law and Morocco’s EnergiPro initiative,” cited in http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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“This was facilitated by the 2008 electricity self-production law and Morocco’s EnergiPro initiative,” cited in http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20Paper% 20170%20-%20Development%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Africa.pdf
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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“World Wind Energy Report 2015.” Report. “World Wind Energy Report 2008”and Wind atlas of India.” Retrieved 2014-08-28. cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India
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“Estimation of Installable Wind Power Potential at 80 m level in India.” Retrieved 16 May 2015 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India
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“Physical Progress (Achievements).” Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2015; Welcome to Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai. Cwet.tn.nic.in (2013-02-31). Retrieved on 2013-12-06; and “Installed Wind Capacity.” Indianwindpower.com. Retrieved 21 November 2015 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India
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Best Practice Guidelines for Mesoscale Wind Mapping Projects for the World Bank, ESMAP The World Bank’s Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, October 2010, pdf.
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“Is Accelerated Depreciation A Good Long-Term Strategy for Wind Energy in India?” by Sreeni Krishnamurthy, January 5, 2016 cited in https://www.awstruepower.com/blogs/smarter-power/accelerated-depreciation-wind-energy-india/
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Sreeni Krishnamurthy is Vice President, Asia Pacific for AWS Truepower at skrishnamurthy@awstruepower.com was the author of this effort cited in https://www.awstruepower.com/blogs/smarter-power/accelerated-depreciation-wind-energy-india/
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http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/New-states-on-Indias-wind-power-map/articleshow/45029882.cms; Sushma U N | TNN | Nov 4, 2014, 05.45 AM IST
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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“National Offshore Wind Power Policy 2015.” GKToday. 2015–11-03. Retrieved 2015–11-03 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India
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Wind Power - Indigenous Development Opportunities, May 30, 2014 cited in http://24solarhome.com/tag/pakistan-wind-map/
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Posted in Wind Power; Tagged Alternate Energy, Indigenous Development, Pakistan Wind Map, Wind, Wind Power. http://24solarhome.com/tag/pakistan-wind-map/
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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Alternative Energy Development Board, Pakistan Source cited in http://www.dawn.com/news/1232048
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Alternative Energy Development Board, Pakistan Source cited in http://www.dawn.com/news/1232048
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Alternative Energy Development Board, Pakistan Source cited in http://www.dawn.com/news/1232048
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“Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm
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“Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm
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“Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm
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“Wind Energy in Bangladesh” by Dr. Anwar Hossain cited in http://www.sdnbd.org/wind.htm
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“Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Sri Lanka and the Maldives” by D. Elliott by M. Schwartz, G. Scott, S. Haymes, D. Heimiller and R. George; D. Elliott, M. Schwartz, G. Scott, S. Haymes, D. Heimiller and R. George; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Prepared by the US Agency for International Development under Interagency Agreement #AAG-P-00-97-00014 https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34518.pdf
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http://www.nepalenergyforum.com/exploring-wind-power-in-nepal/ cited in Source: The Himalayan Times, Exploring “Wind Power in Nepal,” November 15, 2013; Posted in: News from KATHMANDU: Nepal. (BS refers to Nepalese Calendar Bikram Sambat System; 2073 BS corresponds to 2017 AD Gregorian Calendar)
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Saroj Dhakal, WindPower Nepal Pvt. Ltd., http://www.renewable-world.org/sites/default/files/Session%201%20Saroj%20Dhakal%20WindPower%20Nepal%20-%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20Nepal_0.pdf cited in https://energypedia.info/wiki/Nepal_Energy_Situation#cite_note-10
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“WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT IN NEPAL,” by B.N. Upreti Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu Nepal, and Anil Shakyab, Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. http://www.wind.arch.t-kougei.ac.jp/APECWW/Report/2009/NEPAL.pdf
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“WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT IN NEPAL,” by B.N. Upreti Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu Nepal, and Anil Shakyab, Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. http://www.wind.arch.t-kougei.ac.jp/APECWW/Report/2009/NEPAL.pdf
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“WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT IN NEPAL,” by B.N. Upreti Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu Nepal, and Anil Shakyab, Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. http://www.wind.arch.t-kougei.ac.jp/APECWW/Report/2009/NEPAL.pdf
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Ibid.
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“WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT IN NEPAL,” by B.N. Upreti Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu Nepal, and Anil Shakyab, Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. http://www.wind.arch.t-kougei.ac.jp/APECWW/Report/2009/NEPAL.pdf
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Ibid.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fgXS5ThB4c; Published on November 11, 2013, by Wind Energy harnessing at Tareybhir South, Sikkim
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Canwea (May 1, 2014). "Powering Canada's Future" (PDF). Canwea.Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada
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“Nova Scotia Power is generating cleaner, greener energy” (PDF). Nova Scotia Power website. Archived from the original (pdf) on March 18, 2009. Retrieved 2007-12-16; cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Mexico; and "IEA Wind Energy: Annual Report 2008" (PDF), www.ieawind.org, International Energy Agency, Chapter 23. Mexico, pp.239–251, July 2009, ISBN 0-9786383-3-6, archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Mexico
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Ibid.
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Acciona Completes Assembly of LatAm’s Largest Wind Farm Latin American Herald Tribune, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Mexico
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Ibid.
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NREL’s wind potential estimates were based on maps produced by AWS Truewind using their MesoMap® system.
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See Wind Resource Exclusion Table for land area and more detail cited in ref. http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/windmaps/resource_potential.asp
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See https://maps.nrel.gov/wind-prospector; also see https://maps.nrel.gov/wind-prospector/#/?aL=kM6jR-%255Bv%255D%3Dt%26xY_VBM%255Bv%255D%3Dt%26xY_VBM%255 Bd%255D%3D1%26Qay5SW%255Bv%255D%3Dt%26Qay5SW%255 Bd%255D%3D2%26qCw3hR%255Bv%255D%3Dt%26qCw3hR%255 Bd%255D%3D3&bL=groad&cE=0&lR=0&mC=40.21244%2C-91.625976&zL=4
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Geographic Information Systems in Support of Wind Energy Activities at NREL Publications database
- 421.
High-resolution wind data files are also available in WINDExchange which is a resource of the Department of Energy’s Wind Program, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy.
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http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/where_is_wind_pr_vi.asp; these maps are part of WINDExchange which is a resource of the Department of Energy’s Wind Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Content last updated: 5/1/2014.
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Rao, K.R. (2019). Geo-political Factors. In: Wind Energy for Power Generation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75134-4_4
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