Abstract
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has struggled over the past few decades to demonstrate the economic viability of CO2 sequestration. Consequently, this study reviewed the existing integrated carbon capture utilization facilities and the published articles on CO2 conversion to building materials, chemical intermediates, fuels, urea, and polymers. Representative sample sizes were determined, and the analysis of the current CO2 conversion facilities and volume of published articles between 2016 and 2022 were done based on a 90% confidence limit within a 9.93% margin of error and a 95% confidence limit within a 5% margin of error, respectively. The results showed that over 90% of global CO2 conversion facilities produce chemical intermediates, urea, polymers, and building materials, and less than 10% produce fuels. More than half of the global CO2 conversion facilities are in South-East Asia (mainly China), with the remaining in Western Europe (23%), North America (20%), and Oceania (3%). The analysis of the research publications within the time under investigation showed that the research focus is currently on CO2 conversion to chemical intermediates, polymers, building materials, and fuels (over 95%) and less on urea.
Graphical abstract
Highlights
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1.
A literature survey using Cochran’s model on the global CO2 utilization facilities based on location and product type and the recent publications on CO2 conversion to value-added products is presented.
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2.
Most existing CO2 conversion facilities produce chemical intermediates, polymers, urea, and building materials, while most of the research output focused on CO2 conversion to chemical intermediates, polymers, building materials, and fuels.
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3.
A future perspective on the need to increase CO2 conversion facilities and research output on fuel synthesis to aid the aviation and maritime sectors' decarbonization was also highlighted.
Discussion
The economic viability of the CCS technology has been on the front burner of every aspect of energy (primarily from fossils) sustainability in recent times. Some experts have stated that more focus should be placed on achieving net-zero emissions than the energy transition. They argue that even the mining and processing of the “finite” metals used for manufacturing the so-called “clean” tech equipment, just like their fossil counterparts, also result in the emission of greenhouse gases. Consequently, producing carbon–neutral fuels is a more realistic pathway for tackling climate change and attaining environmental sustainability. The conversion of CO2 to chemical intermediates, polymers, building materials, and fuels has been identified as a viable way of creating a business case for the CCUS process. However, there is currently no consensus on which products will most likely provide a positive balance sheet for the CCUS process.
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Aimikhe, V.J., Adeyemi, M.A. A critical review of current conversion facilities and research output on carbon dioxide utilization. MRS Energy & Sustainability 11, 1–64 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-023-00073-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-023-00073-z