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Phyto-fabrication and characterization of Alternanthera sessilis leaf extract–mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluation of larvicidal potential

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Abstract

The current study aimed to assess the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Alternanthera sessilis leaf extracts to control Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles stephensi mosquito larvae. The leaf extract of A. sessilis and 1 mM silver nitrate solution was used to initiate the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The confirmation of AgNP synthesis was done through visual inspection and further confirmed by various instrumental analyses including UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). SEM and TEM analyses revealed that the synthesized AgNPs have an average size of 40–70 nm with spherical, hexagonal, and triangular shapes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) revealed various compounds which might be responsible for larvicidal activity. These biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited significant larvicidal activity after 72 h of exposure against three types of vectors, namely, An. stephensi (LC50 2.9 ppm and LC90 3.82 ppm), Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 2.82 ppm and LC90 7.21 ppm), and Ae. aegypti (LC50 2.93 ppm and LC90 7.63 ppm). After 72 h of exposure, moderate activity was seen in hexane extract with LC50 values of 17.02 ppm, 30.22 ppm, and 16.02 ppm and LC90 values of 31.63 ppm, 32.63 ppm, and 59.98 ppm against the larvae of Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and An. stephensi, respectively. The synthesized AgNPs were non-toxic against non-targeted species, Poecilia reticulata. This study demonstrates a rapid, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and single-step approach for the synthesis of A. sessilis–derived AgNPs. The improved larvicidal activity and their safe use against the non-target species present them as a promising candidate for vector control.

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Director ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka Sector 8, and New Delhi for providing the necessary infrastructure and support during the research work of this study. Dinesh Kumar is indebted to the Indian Council of Medical Research for awarding ICMR Research Associate and Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship.

Funding

The research work in this publication was supported by ICMR, New Delhi, through project no. 3/1/3/PDF (20)/2019-HRD.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vector Biology & Control, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110077, India

    Dinesh Kumar, Bharat Singh, Gaurav Kumar & Himmat Singh

  2. Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110003, India

    Dinesh Kumar & Anita Rani

  3. Department of Botany, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India

    Rashmi Shakya

  4. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 110007, India

    Kumar Vikram

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  1. Dinesh Kumar
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Contributions

DK and HS: investigation, writing—original draft, conceptualization, methodology, and formal analysis. BS and KV: validation and investigation. GK: validation and investigation. HS, RS, and AR: writing, review, editing, and supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Himmat Singh.

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Kumar, D., Singh, B., Kumar, G. et al. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of Alternanthera sessilis leaf extract–mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluation of larvicidal potential. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04948-6

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