Abstract
This review first presents the origin and species of wild discus fish (Symphysodon spp.), as well as discus propagation and domestication. The phenotypic characteristics, with particular emphasis on primary and secondary colors, stress bars, stripes and spots, eye features, the “D” area, markings and rims, body and fin shapes, forehead types, and gill plates, are described. The domesticated discus varieties are then classified on the basis of their primary base color and distinct phenotypic characteristics. Major malformation features that affect the value of the discus are described. These details are of fundamental importance in helping aquaculturists, discus hobbyists, and researchers to understand the general background characteristics, as well as to identify common and new discus varieties based on their phenotypic appearance. The review concludes with recommendations for a few critical research topics that could be carried out in the near future to benefit understanding of this important ornamental fish species for the aquaculture industry, with a focus on the incorporation of transcriptomic and genomic tools that allow researchers to understand and predict putative functional genes and pathways at the molecular level.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT/SRG/2019/55195) and Aquacity Tropical Fish Sdn. Bhd. (Tabung Amanah Vot. 66917) for the research funding. Our sincere gratitude to Mr. Mohd Ridzuan bin Yusof, Institute of Marine Biotechnology, UMT, for the preparation of the figures.
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NTT and YYS conceived the idea for the article; YYS, TMP, NTT, MDD, and LCC performed the literature search and data analysis; NTT, YYS, TMP, and MDD drafted the manuscript; YYS and PS critically revised and edited the work.
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Ng, T.T., Tan, M.P., Danish-Daniel, M. et al. Industrial perspective: propagation, phenotypic characteristics, and varieties of the domesticated discus fish (Symphysodon spp.). Aquacult Int 32, 1247–1275 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01215-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01215-3