Discus - Symphysodon : Complete Fish Profile & Care Guide
Table of contents
Introduction
Discus (Symphysodon) are stunning and captivating additions to any aquarium. With their vibrant colours and graceful appearance, Discus are highly sought after in the fish-keeping hobby. Discus is unique compared to other Cichlid species as they are peaceful, highly social, and do not prey on other fish.
To thrive, Discus should be kept in groups of six or more, as they are schooling fish. They require tankmates with a similar temperament and slow feeding habits. Discus fish require more care than other aquarium fish due to their susceptibility to common fish ailments and stress-related illnesses, which can result from the lack of hiding places or poor water conditions. Thus, they are not recommended for novice aquarists. Discus fish can coexist with other fish species that require the same water conditions. However, they are not compatible with larger aggressive fish or smaller fin-nipping species.
Discus is widely acknowledged as a specialized breed, necessitating meticulous care due to their distinct tank requirements and dietary preferences. The management of these fish is notably intricate. This complexity stems from their considerable growth potential and the specific conditions they mandate. For mature specimens, an aquarium of no less than 280 litres is preferable, with larger capacities being even more favorable. The adoption of vertically expansive aquariums is particularly prudent, aligning with their unique body structure.
The water dynamics within the aquarium should be characterized by a subdued and gentle flow, attuned to the preferences of these fish. The aquascape should encompass substantial broadleaf plants and strategically positioned vertical driftwood formations meticulously arranged to emulate fallen branches and arboreal elements. Augmenting this environment, a selection of floating plants can be introduced, conferring shaded zones and essential cover for the fish.
In terms of substrate, a preferable choice encompasses fine to medium-grade sand or smooth-surfaced gravel. This substrate variety facilitates the natural foraging behaviour of discus, which commonly searches the bottom for sustenance. A critical aspect of maintenance involves the regular performance of weekly water changes, ranging from 10 to 25 per cent of the aquarium volume. This regimen is instrumental in upholding an optimal standard of water quality, which is fundamental to the well-being of these fish.
Discus fish belong to the Cichlid family and comprise three species: Symphysodon Tarzoo (Green Discus), Symphysodon Aequifasciatus (Blue and Brown Discus), and the Red Discus or Heckel Discus. They have a unique body shape, which is thin and flat, with pronounced caudal and pelvic fins and rounded dorsal and anal fins. Discus fish come in a variety of colours and patterns, including greens, bright blues, reds, browns, and yellows, with different patterns such as spots, streaks, and vertical or horizontal bars. These varieties are often a result of natural hybridisation or selective breeding in captivity.
Discus Photos
Sexual Dimorphism
Determining the sex of the Discus can be quite challenging, as there are no distinctive, external physical differences between males and females. However, there are some subtle indicators that can assist in differentiating between the sexes. Typically, male Discus fish tend to be slightly larger than their female counterparts and may exhibit more pointed dorsal fins, thicker lips, and more pointed papillae during the breeding season. Conversely, female Discus fish tend to be smaller in size and exhibit a more rounded dorsal fin and a more rounded body shape. By paying close attention to these subtle differences, one may be able to discern the sex of these captivating creatures.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Symphysodon |
|---|---|
| Year Described | 1840 |
| Other Names | Brown Discus, Red Spotted Green Discus, Green Discus, Red Discus, Blue Discus, Tefe Discus, Heckel Discus |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Classification | Actinopterygii |
| Order | Cichliformes |
| Family | Cichlidae |
| Genus | Symphysodon |
| Origins | Brazil , Peru , Venezuela , Colombia |
| Max Size | 25 cm |
| Temperament | Peaceful |
| Aquarium Level | All Levels |
| Difficulty | Beginner - Intermediate |
| Shoaling | No |
| Best kept as | Groups 6+ |
| Diet & Feeding | Carnivore |
| Reproduction | Egg Depositor |
| Average Lifespan | Up to 10 Years |
Water Parameters
| Water Type | Freshwater |
|---|---|
| pH | 4.5 - 7.5 |
| GH | 10-15 |
| TDS | 200-300 |
| ℉ | 75 - 90 |
|---|---|
| ℃ | 23 - 32 |
Natural Habitat
Discus are fascinating species native to Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Colombia in South America. They are inhabitants of the Amazon flood plains, where periodic inundations and droughts result in changing water levels that provide more space for growth, breeding, and feeding, making it an ideal environment for these creatures to thrive. Discus fish can be found in still or slow-moving waters along the riverbanks, where they hide in crevices and holes in the water flow amidst tangled roots and branches, providing protection from the current. These areas usually feature soft sediment riverbeds and plenty of shade.
Interestingly, the three different species of Discus fish originate from various areas of the Amazon. For example, the Symphysodon aequifasciatus is native to the central Amazon region, often from the Putumayo River in northern Peru and from Brazil near Santarem and the Tefe lake. The Symphysodon discus hails from Brazil in the Rio Trombetas and the Rio Negro, north of the Amazon, as well as the Rio Abacaxis, south of the Amazon. On the other hand, the Symphysodon haraldi is typically found in the lower Amazon region. Discus fish are captivating creatures with an intricate natural history, and their ability to thrive in unique environments makes them a beloved species in the aquarium hobby.
Breeding
Breeding Discus is a challenging yet highly rewarding endeavour. However, it is important to note that they can readily cross-breed with other Discus variants, making the process even more intriguing. To breed Discus fish successfully, one must provide specific environmental conditions. Harder water is ideal for spawning and rearing the fry, while very soft, slightly acidic, and warm water is required for fertilization and egg development.
To facilitate breeding, it is essential to provide plants, driftwood, rocks, or other suitable surfaces where the Discus can attach their eggs. Alternatively, a spawning cone can be utilized, and the eggs can be covered with wire or mesh to protect them from being eaten. Discus fish are monogamous and will partner for life, continuing to mate for years ahead. When they spawn, they will lay eggs every week for around twelve to fifteen weeks, twice a year, with careful adjustment of feeding, temperature, and water conditions.
The female Discus fish will lay up to 400 tiny, mildly opaque spheres, and the parents will take care of the eggs by continuously fanning them for aeration. They may also consume unfertilized eggs to prevent disease from spreading to healthy eggs. The eggs will hatch approximately 60 hours after they are laid, and the fry will begin to consume a special mucus on the parents' skin before becoming free-swimming a few days later.
While the fry can stay with their parents for an extended period, they may become aggressive in captivity and begin to remove scales from their mother. Thus, it is advisable to remove the parents from the aquarium after about a week to protect them. Once the parents are removed, commercial foods can be fed to the fry.
Diet & Feeding
Discus are carnivorous species that typically enjoy a diverse array of live and frozen foods, such as brine shrimp, bloodworm, chopped beef heart, and white worms. However, on rare occasions, tank-bred Discus may accept flake or pellet food. It is essential to provide high-quality, nutritious foods and offer a broad spectrum of different options to cater to your fish's preferences.
Although they are primarily carnivorous, Discus fish may also enjoy small quantities of vegetable-based foods. Thus, it is advisable to offer these occasionally, depending on the individual fish's feeding habits. Discus fish are slow feeders, so it is crucial to provide them with plenty of food, particularly if they are housed with boisterous or hungry tankmates. By offering a diverse and nutritious diet, you can ensure your Discus fish remain healthy, active, and vibrant in your aquarium.
Other South American Cichlids
23 More South American Cichlids Profiles
View All