BRITISH BLOWFLIES (CALLIPHORIDAE) AND WOODLOUSE FLIES (RHINOPHORIDAE)
4cmTmdCuA
4cmTmdCuA
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
<strong>BRITISH</strong> <strong>BLOW<strong>FLIES</strong></strong> (<strong>CALLIPHORIDAE</strong>) <strong>AND</strong><br />
<strong>WOODLOUSE</strong> <strong>FLIES</strong> (<strong>RHINOPHORIDAE</strong>)<br />
DRAFT KEY March 2016<br />
Steven Falk<br />
Feedback to steven@sfalk.wanadoo.co.uk<br />
1
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
PREFACE<br />
This informal publication attempts to update the resources currently available for<br />
identifying the families Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae. Prior to this, British<br />
dipterists have struggled because unless you have a copy of the Fauna Ent. Scand.<br />
volume for blowflies (Rognes, 1991), you will have been largely reliant on Van<br />
Emden's 1954 RES Handbook, which does not include all the British species (notably<br />
the common Pollenia pediculata), has very outdated nomenclature, and very outdated<br />
classification - with several calliphorids and tachinids placed within the<br />
Rhinophoridae and Eurychaeta palpalis placed in the Sarcophagidae.<br />
As well as updating keys, I have also taken the opportunity to produce new species<br />
accounts which summarise what I know of each species and act as an invitation and<br />
challenge to others to update, correct or clarify what I have written. As a result of my<br />
recent experience of producing an attractive and fairly user-friendly new guide to<br />
British bees, I have tried to replicate that approach here, incorporating lots of photos<br />
and clear, conveniently positioned diagrams. Presentation of identification literature<br />
can have a big impact on the popularity of an insect group and the accuracy of the<br />
records that result. Calliphorids and rhinophorids are fascinating flies, sometimes of<br />
considerable economic and medicinal value and deserve to be well recorded. What is<br />
more, many gaps still remain in our knowledge. We still do not know the biology of<br />
the common Melanomya nana, and biological information for our common Pollenia<br />
species is a mess due to unreliable past identification (with much information being<br />
uncritically assigned to 'P. rudis'). Other species may be increasing or declining, and<br />
we (the entomological and conservation communities) need to keep an eye on this,<br />
particularly in the light of climate change and the impact that this could have on some<br />
of our boreal species in particular e.g. Calliphora uralensis and Bellardia pubicornis.<br />
In addition to this publication, there is a wealth of useful information on Calliphoridae<br />
and Rhinophoridae available freely on the web and this has been listed in the<br />
References & further reading sections further on. This includes my own Flickr site,<br />
which furnishes many more photos of living calliphorids and rhinophorids plus<br />
carefully taken microscope shots designed to show key features. In essence it provides<br />
a virtual field experience plus a virtual museum collection covering almost every<br />
British species.<br />
2
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Classification<br />
The classification within individual families is discussed under those families, but at<br />
the highest level, calliphorids and rhinophorids sit within the the following hierarchy:<br />
Order: Diptera<br />
Suborder: Brachycera<br />
Infraorder: Muscomorpha<br />
Subsection: Calyptratae<br />
Superfamily: Oestroidea<br />
The most closely related familes (i.e. the other families of the superfamily Oestroidea)<br />
are:<br />
Mystacinobiidae - represented by a single species, the New Zealand Bat Fly<br />
Mystacinobia zelandica, a wingless species associated with bats which is<br />
endemic to New Zealand.<br />
Oestridae - bot flies, warble flies and their relatives - winged and strongflying<br />
species with vestigial mouthparts, their larvae developing as internal<br />
parasites of mammals. More closely related to some calliphorids than the<br />
family status would imply and with some life cycles that resemble those of<br />
calliphorid 'screwworms'.<br />
Sarcophagidae - a large and diverse family that includes fleshflies (with<br />
larvae that develop variously in carrion, excrement, living invertebrate hosts<br />
etc.) plus the satellite flies that are cleptoparasites and parasitoids of bees and<br />
wasps.<br />
Tachinidae - a huge and diverse family of parasitic flies, some closely<br />
resembling calliphorids. The larvae developing internally within other insect<br />
larvae e.g. caterpillars, or even adult bugs and beetles, depending on the<br />
species.<br />
However, it should be noted that this is a disputed classification because the<br />
Calliphoridae does not appear to be monophyletic, and its evolutionary relationship is<br />
entwined with some of the above families, notably Oestridae (Rognes, 1997).<br />
Collecting and recording<br />
Collecting calliphorids and rhinophorids<br />
There are essentially three approaches to recording flies such as calliphorids and<br />
rhinophords:<br />
Active collecting/recording - which can involve netting or visual<br />
identification in the field, the latter being possible for many species once<br />
experience has been gained.<br />
Passive collecting/trapping - using devices such as water traps (pan traps),<br />
malaise traps and bait traps to attract and automatically catch adults.<br />
Rearing - by taking items potentially containinng larval stages e.g. hosts such<br />
as snails, earthworms and woodlice, or carrion, and seeing what species<br />
3
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
emerge. This technique can also be extended to get species to oviposit on bait<br />
traps or deliberately supplied hosts.<br />
All three can be highly active and have attributes. Active collecting can be 'freeform',<br />
allowing you to interrogate all parts of a site and observe adult behaviour and<br />
distribution within a site. Trapping can provide hard numerical data and is a more<br />
standardised and replicable approach that can also save time. Rearing can elucidate<br />
larval requirements and relationships with host taxa.<br />
The best type of net to use is a long-handled insect net with a 40cm diameter net<br />
frame bearing a white, nylon net bag. The best handles are fishing landing net poles<br />
which can be extended from 1.5 metres to perhaps 2.5-3 metres depending on the<br />
model. This type of net arrangement can be used both to spot-capture an individual fly<br />
or to sweep flowers, foliage and herbage to obtain specimens. Because many<br />
blowflies are skittish and fast-flying, a long handled net that keeps your body further<br />
away can be a lot more productive than a short-handled kite net, though kite nets can<br />
be useful in more confined settings, gardens etc.<br />
Sweeping with a long-handled insect net<br />
Because many blowflies are in regular contact with carrion or excrement, it is not<br />
advisable to pooter them up, unless you use a mechanical pooter. Netted flies are best<br />
transferred to glass tubes or to a killing jar. I generally grab them with my fingers and<br />
put them in a killing jar, because they can damage their wings or become damp (and<br />
discoloured) if kept in a small glass tube for any amount of time. But remember that<br />
your hand is then a potential health hazard, so keep it away from your face and any<br />
food or drink you have. If you have some water and antiseptic wipes, it is easy to<br />
clean your hands in the field following handling of blowflies.<br />
4
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
The best killing agent is ethyl acetate but you can also employ the old-fashioned<br />
technique of using crushed Cherry-laurel leaves in a killing jar, or freezing your catch<br />
overnight.<br />
Where and when to look<br />
Some calliphorid and rhinophorid species are fairly habitat specific or geographically<br />
restricted, so you need to be in the right place before you can even contemplate<br />
searching for them e.g. submontane parts of the Scottish Highlands for species such as<br />
Calliphora stelviana or a coastal areas of NW Scotland for C. uralensis. But the vast<br />
majority of species are much more widespread and catholic in their habitat choice and<br />
can be encountered in many places.<br />
Many calliphorids and rhinophorids like to sunbathe on foliage in sheltered spots, so<br />
scrutinising bramble foliage and the foliage of sunny woodland rides and hedges can<br />
be rewarding. Sunlit walls, tree trunks and rocks can be good too. Many species like<br />
to visit flowers, and umbellifers such as Hogweed, Angelica, Wild Carrot and Wild<br />
Parsnip can be particularly good, also composites such as Fleabane, ragworts, thistles,<br />
mayweeds and Oxeye Daisy. Autumn-flowering Ivy can be exceptionally good for<br />
Calliphora and Pollenia species where it is in warm sheltered spots. In spring,<br />
blossoming willows, Blackthorn, cherries, plums, apples and hawthorns are much<br />
used.<br />
Ivy flowers in sheltered and sunny locations are one of the best places to see concentrations of<br />
blowflies representing a variety of species<br />
Adult females usually require a proteinaceous meal to mature their eggs, and will visit<br />
fresh excrement and carrion specifically for this purpose. Carrion is also where you<br />
will find egg-laying females of Calliphora, Cynomya, Lucilia and Protophormia<br />
species.<br />
Wetlands are the preferred habitat of species such as Lucilia bufonivora, L. silvarum,<br />
Angioneura species and several Pollenia species. Calliphora subalpina, Lucilia<br />
ampullacea and Paykullia maculata prefer woodland and denser scrub. Synanthropic<br />
species that can be regularly found indoors include Calliphora vicina, Lucilia caesar<br />
and Melanophora roralis.<br />
5
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
The best period to find and record blowflies is between early spring (when the first<br />
blossoms appear) and autumn (when the Ivy is flowering). But blowflies can still be<br />
evident in winter, especially hibernating clusterflies or the occasional winter-active<br />
Calliphora vicina.<br />
Remember that you can records blowflies in the field in other ways too. A toad<br />
parasitised by Lucilia bufonivora has fairly distinctive symptons. If you are an<br />
ornthologist licenced to study nesting birds, you may spot the maggots of<br />
Protocalliphora azurea attached to a nestling. But do not record it on the basis of<br />
pupae in a nest, because these could just as easily belong to a Calliphora species that<br />
has used a dead nestling.<br />
Pinning specimens<br />
There are several ways of doing this. The one I prefer is to side pin them onto<br />
Plastazote using a single micropin (which come in assorted sizes) through the side of<br />
the thorax. In this orientation it is easier to pull out the male genitalia, female<br />
ovipositor and mouthparts and ensure that they dry in an exposed position to allow<br />
easy checking. When the specimens are dry and 'set' (usually within a week), they can<br />
be staged. To do this, you take a short strip of Plastazote (perhaps 10mm x 3mm x<br />
3mm depending on the size of the specimen) and place a long, headed pin (ideally<br />
40mm) though one end and place your pinned specimen at the other end. A locality<br />
label can then be placed on the long pin. This approach is better than placing the main<br />
long pin directly through a specimen because once a specimen is brittle, any flex in<br />
the pin could damage it. It is also difficult to use long pins for tiny species such as<br />
Angioneura and Melanomya species or the smaller rhinophorids.<br />
A staged Lucilia male (left). Part of the authors calliphorid collection, which is kept in storeboxes<br />
(right)<br />
A variation upon the above theme is to pin specimen butterfly-style by placing the<br />
micropin through the top of the thorax to one side of the midline so that the bristles on<br />
at least one side of the thorax remain undamaged. The wings and legs can then be<br />
made to dry in the desired fashion using further micropins to hold them in place until<br />
they are set. This can create a very neat and nice-looking specimen, though it is<br />
almost impossible to get the genitalia to dry in an exposed position using this<br />
technique. The specimen is then staged as above, though a longer strip of Plastazote<br />
may be required.<br />
6
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Abroad, long pins are often used directly and inserted through the top of the thorax. If<br />
this approach is chosen, it is important that the storage container is lined with soft<br />
Plastazote rather than cork, because the pin is more likely to flex with the latter.<br />
Storing specimens<br />
Perhaps because of their size and odour, blowfly specimens are quite vulnerable to<br />
attack from pests such as Anthrenus carpet beetles (museum beetles), booklice and<br />
dust mites. It is therefore important that specimens are kept in tight-fitting containers.<br />
Wooden cabinets with good quality drawers or tight-fitting entomological storeboxes<br />
are best. It is important that these are kept away from direct contact with the floor<br />
(especially woollen carpets) and walls, because this will make it much more difficult<br />
for pests to gain access. Specimens should also be kept in fairly warm and dry<br />
locations, because damp will encourage mould, and this can quickly ruin a specimen.<br />
Body parts and glossary<br />
The body is divided into three main sections, the head, thorax and abdomen. The<br />
thorax gives rise to a pair of wings, a pair of halteres, and three pairs of legs.<br />
Head<br />
This has a pair of large compound eyes on each side which are usually much more<br />
widely separated on top in females than males. They are separated at the top by the<br />
frons, which extends from the rear of the ocellar triangle (containing three small<br />
ocelli) to the lunule immediately above the antennal insertions. The frons comprises a<br />
pair of parafrontalia (orbits) immediately beside the eyes (usually silver-dusted) and a<br />
darker interfrontalia (frontal vitta) inbetween. The width of the frons and relative<br />
width of the parafrontalia and interfrontalia can be important in identification. Frontal<br />
bristles line the edges of the interfrontalia and several pairs of orbital bristles can be<br />
present along the parafrontalia. A pair of ocellar bristles arise from the ocellar triangle<br />
and an inner and outer vertical bristle is present close to the inner hind corner of each<br />
compound eye.<br />
The back of the head is called the occiput and has a row of postocular bristles at the<br />
top and sides running parallel to the hind margin of the eye. The occiput merges into<br />
the genae (cheeks) below each compound eye, which contain a densely haired area<br />
called the genal (or occipital) dilation. The depth and colour of the genae can be<br />
important in identification. The sides of the face between the eyes and the facial<br />
ridges are called the parafacialia and are often heavily dusted. They can be bare, hairy<br />
or bristly. The oral opening at the bottom of the face has a pair of strong bristles<br />
called the vibrissae on either side at the front.<br />
A pair of antennae arise from the top of the face immediately below the crescentshaped<br />
lunule. Three major antennal segments are present, segment 1 (often termed<br />
the scape), segment 2 (often called the pedicel) and the long segment 3 (often called<br />
the first flagellomere). I have stuck to the most user-friendly terms here. The third<br />
segment bears a long arista which may be plumose (i.e. bearing long ray hairs),<br />
7
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Main body parts of a blowfly<br />
pubescent (bearing short hairs) or virtually bear. The mouthparts bare a pair of palpi,<br />
the colour of which can be important for identification.<br />
Thorax<br />
This is a complex part of the body, but it is mostly the upper side that is used for<br />
identification, especially the arrangement of bristles here. The mesonotum dominates<br />
the top of the thorax and has a ridge (mesonotal suture) running across the middle that<br />
divides it into a presutural and postsutural area. Several bristle rows run down the<br />
mesonotum. The central two rows are called the acrostichals. A row of dorsocentrals<br />
is located on each side of the acrostichals and a row of intra-alars towards the sides of<br />
the mesonotum. Several supra-alars are present immediately above the wing bases,<br />
the front of which is called the prelalar. A swollen humerus (also known as a humeral<br />
callus) occurs at each front corner of the thorax and has three large humeral bristles<br />
and often several subsidiary anterior humeral bristles in front of these. On each side of<br />
8
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
the mesonotal suture is another lobe called the notopleuron with a pair of large<br />
notopleural bristles. At each hind corner of the mesonotum is a narrow swollen lobe<br />
called the postalar callus which bears a pair of strong postalar bristles. The<br />
semicircular section of the thorax immediately behind the mesonotum is called the<br />
scutellum and has a pair of apical bristles and a variable number of strong marginal<br />
bristles around the edges, the number of which can be important in identification. The<br />
relative length of these can also be important in identification.<br />
Abdomen<br />
This is clearly segmented with tergites forming the top and wrapping themselves<br />
around the sides. The ventral sternites are located down the middle of the underside<br />
between the edges of those tergites. It is important be be aware that the first apparent<br />
tergite is actually a pair of fused tergites and is called tergite 1+2. This means that the<br />
apparent second, third and fourth tergites are actually tergites 3, 4 and 5. I have stuck<br />
with convention here to avoid conflict and confusion with other literature. Tergite 6<br />
and sternite 6 onwards represents the genitalia. In the male this takes the form of a<br />
capsule that is retracted into the end of the abdomen and only unfolded during<br />
copulation. It contains a pair of cerci on either side of the anal opening and lateral<br />
claspers called the surstyli on either side of the cerci, the shape of both of which can<br />
be very important in species identification (see the diagrams for genera such as<br />
Bellardia, Calliphora and Lucilia). A single aedeagus is present (the equivalent of a<br />
penis), the shape of which is also useful for critical identification and taxonomy,<br />
though it has not been used in this work). It is important to ensure that the male<br />
genitalia dries in an exposed position when pinning and setting a male.<br />
The female ovipositor takes the forms of a telescopic tube. It can be important in<br />
critical identifications and taxononic work but is only used for the separation of<br />
Lucilia caesar from L. illustris here. It is most easily examined in material stored in<br />
preservative.<br />
Wings<br />
The wings of calliphorids and rhinophorids follow a standard oestroid pattern, with<br />
the final section of vein M (the section after cross vein dm-cu tending to be sharply<br />
upturned towards the wing tip. Exceptions occur in assorted rhinophords (and some<br />
tachinids) where vein M meets vein R4+5 before the wing tip to create a petiolate or<br />
stalked condition (see wing diagrams of species such as Melanophoria and Stevenenia<br />
later on). Some foreign rhinophorids (plus a number of British tachinids) have vein M<br />
straight which can invite confusion with flies of the family Muscidae and<br />
Anthomyiidae or even acalypterate flies). Various features of identification value can<br />
be present on the wings, including wing vein details, certain hairs, bristles and spines,<br />
plus patterns on the wing membrane. The shape of the lower calypter and its colour<br />
and presence of any hairs on its upper surface can also be valuable.<br />
Legs<br />
These comprise the usual components of fly legs i.e. a coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia<br />
and 5 tarsal segments terminating in a pair of claws. Features of value include the<br />
presence of certain bristles, leg coloration and the length and relative proportions of<br />
individual segments. Bristle orientation is named following a strict convention. If a<br />
leg was theoretically stetched to the side of the body, a dorsal bristle would face up, a<br />
ventral one down, an anterior one to the front and a posterior one to the rear. A<br />
9
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
'posteroventral' bristle (e.g. those on the front tibiae of Bellardia pandia) is one that<br />
falls between a ventral and posterior orientation, and this rule can also be applied to<br />
posterodorsal, anterodorsal or anteroventral bristles.<br />
Main features of a typical oestroid fly wing<br />
Identifying oestroid families<br />
1 Mouthparts vestigial, any oral opening less than one-tenth the head<br />
width.…………………………………………………........................….Oestridae<br />
- Mouthparts obvious and oral opening at least one-fifth the head width............…..2<br />
2 Hypopleural bristles either absent or with hairs/weak bristles immediately below<br />
the hind spiracle.......................................Muscoidea (Anthomyiidae, Fanniidae,<br />
Muscidae & Scathophagidae)<br />
- Hypopleural bristles strong and arranged as a neat row (Fig 1)...….........…...……3<br />
3 Subscutellum (a convex pad below the scutellum) well formed (Fig<br />
2)..........................................................................Tachinidae (except Lithophasia)<br />
- Subscutellum not well differentiated…….…….............………….……………….4<br />
4 Inner edge of lower calypter diverging away from the sides of the scutellum when<br />
viewed from above (Fig 4)………......................................………...…….....….....5<br />
- Lower calypter with inner edge hugging the sides of the scutellum when viewed<br />
from above (Fig 3)..………………....................................…………..…….......….9<br />
5 Upper side of stem vein hairy along hind margin (p18, Fig 1). Species either<br />
metallic or with a strongly protruding lower face (p18, Fig, 2). Cell R4+5 always<br />
open........................................................................................Calliphoridae in part<br />
- Upper side of stem vein bare. Species never metallic. Lower face never protruding<br />
except for Rhinophora lepida which has R4+5 stalked...........................................6<br />
6 Cell R4+5 never open, vein R4+5 either stalked or meeting vein M at the wing<br />
margin (p 73, Figs 2-4).............................................................................................7<br />
- Cell R4+5 at least narrowly open (p 18, Figs 6-8)...................................................8<br />
7 A small, stout, shiny black species without any bristles on the tergites. R4+5 longstalked.<br />
Wings clear....................................Litophasia hyalinipennis (Tachinidae)<br />
10
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
- Slimmer species with obvious bristles on the tergites, at least marginals on tergites<br />
3-5. R4+5 either short or long-stalked. Wings clouded or marked in some<br />
species...............................................................................................Rhinophoridae<br />
8 Scutellum yellowish apically. Tibiae, genae and at least tip of antennal segment 2<br />
reddish.............................................................................some Tricogena rubricosa<br />
- Scutellum never yellowish apically. Tibiae, genae and antennae<br />
black.......................................................................................Calliphoridae in part<br />
9 Thorax with wavy golden or straw-coloured hairs somewhere on its surface, often<br />
rubbed off the dorsal surface but in this instance visible somewhere on the<br />
pleurae……...........................................................…..….Pollenia (Calliphoridae)<br />
- No such hairs present anywhere on the thorax…….……………….................…..8<br />
10 Proepisternal depression setulose (Fig 5). Prosternum (the small chitinous plate<br />
between the base of the front coxae) hairy in most species (like p19, Fig 1). Vein<br />
M without a fold or appendix at the point of its upturn, the bend obtuse in some<br />
species and the upturned section either curved or straight (Figs 6 & 7). Some<br />
species metallic blue or green, at least on tergites.................Calliphoridae in part<br />
- Proepisternal depression bare. Prosternum usually bare. Vein M sharply upturned<br />
and usually with a fold or small appendix at the bend, the uptuned section nearly<br />
always distinctly curved at the bottom (Fig 8). Never metallic...….Sarcophagidae<br />
The flies most likely to be confused with blowflies in the field are other metallicgreen<br />
or metallic-blue members of the families Muscidae and Tachinidae. Our two<br />
Neomyia species (Muscidae) are strikingly similar to Lucilia greenbottles and very<br />
common in pastoral habitats. Look out for the shiny green frons and the straighter<br />
upturned section of vein M. Another common muscid, the metallic-green<br />
Eudasyphora cyanella is somewhat less convincing due to the stripes on the<br />
mesonotum and the gently curved vein M. Our other Eudasyphora, E. cyanicolor is<br />
deep metallic blue and resembles a Melinda species in the field but has the same<br />
gently curved vein M as E. cyanella and a characteristic stripe of white dusting at the<br />
front of the mesonotum. The metallic-green tachinid Gymnocheta viridis is much<br />
more bristly than a Lucilia, and a rather different shape, with a smaller head and<br />
longer legs. It can be common sunbathing on tree trunks in spring.<br />
11
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Greenbottle look-alikes<br />
The muscid Neomyia viridescens male (left and female (right) look very Lucilia-like but have a<br />
metallic-green frons that is especially obvious in the female.<br />
The muscid Eudasyphora cyanella (left) has stripes at the front of the thorax unlike any Lucilia and<br />
vein M is more gently curved. The tachinid Gymnocheta viridis (right) is an altogether bristlier fly with<br />
longer legs than a Lucilia, and vein M more strongly curved.<br />
Bluebottle look-alikes<br />
The muscid Eudayphora cyanicolor male (left) and female (right) resembles a Melinda species but has<br />
a whitish median dust stripe at the front of the thorax and vein M gently curved.<br />
12
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
<strong>CALLIPHORIDAE</strong> – <strong>BLOW<strong>FLIES</strong></strong><br />
An extremely diverse family of flies that in Britain includes familiar bluebottles,<br />
greenbottles and cluster-flies plus some very different forms such as the rhinophoridlike<br />
genera Angioneura, Eggisops and Melanomya and the Sarcophaga-like<br />
Eurychaeta. Appearances can become even more striking abroad and it worth<br />
comparing our British fauna with that found in Australia, where Calliphora<br />
'bluebottles' become non-metallic 'goldbottles' and some stunning metallic and<br />
patterned species can be found (see the Brisbane Insects website cited in the<br />
References).<br />
In fact, there is general agreement that current concept of Calliphoridae is not a<br />
natural grouping with a single (monophyletic) origin, but is polyphyletic with several<br />
potentially good families e.g. Polleniidae, Helicoboscidae and Bengaliidae within a<br />
classification entwined with what remains of a monophyletic Calliphoridae plus the<br />
bot fly and warble fly family, Oestridae. Oestrids are are essentially specilaised<br />
calliphorids adapted to a parasitic lifestyle (Knut Rognes, 1997 and Systema<br />
Dipterorum). Concensus is currently lacking on how to resolve this conundrum. One<br />
option would be to be place the current concept of Calliphoridae within the Oestridae<br />
(an older family name), but this would have major nomenclatural implications for<br />
many economically and medically important species.<br />
In the current polyphyletic arrangement recognised by the Global Biodiversity<br />
Information Facility (GBIF) the family contains nearly 1900 species in almost 200<br />
genera with a distribtion that stretches from the arctic to various subantarctic islands.<br />
Diversity is highest in the Old World and a significant proportion of the New World<br />
fauna comprises introduced Old World species of genera such as Chrysomya and<br />
Pollenia. The British and Irish list currently comprises 38 species in 14 genera and 7<br />
subfamilies (see Checklist at end). There has been considerable instability in British<br />
calliphorid nomenclature historically and this is untangled in the Name Change<br />
Navigator at the end.<br />
Calliphoridae biology<br />
Within the British fauna, life cycles fall mostly into one of three categories:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Carrion feeders and facultative myiasis agents: Calliphora, Cynomya,<br />
Lucilia and Protophormia. These typically use carrion but will exploit wounds<br />
in living mammals (a phenomenon known as myiasis). Some of these species<br />
are a serious source of sheep fly-strike (myiasis of sheep). Others are<br />
important species in forensic entomology and medicinal maggot therapy.<br />
Snail predators and parasites: Angioneura, Eggisops, Eurychaeta, Melinda<br />
and possibly Melanomyia<br />
Earthworm predators and parasites: Bellardia and Pollenia<br />
In addition to these, Lucilia bufonivora is an obligate internal parasite of amphibians<br />
(typically toads), Protocalliphora azurea has larvae that suck blood from bird<br />
nestlings and Stomorhina lunata has larvae that develop in locust egg pods. Most<br />
13
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
species are oviparous but Bellardia, Eggisops and Eurychaeta are larviparous<br />
(viviparous). Much more information on the biology of British blowflies is provided<br />
by Erzinçlioglu (1996).<br />
Many extra life cycles occur in foreign species, including species associated with ant<br />
nests and termite nests. Screwworms are the blowflies that cause subcutaneous<br />
myiasis of mammals including humans in warmer climes and use living rather than<br />
necrotic tissue. They include the Old World Screwworm Chrysomya bezziana in<br />
tropical and subtropical parts of Asia and Africa and the New World 'Primary'<br />
Screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax of the New World tropics.<br />
Erzinçlioglu (1989) discusses the origins of vertebrate parasitism (myiasis) in<br />
blowflies, arguing that it arose from saprophagous origins but has been much<br />
influenced by stock-farming and animal husbandry, with calliphorid myiasis being<br />
much rarer in truly wild mammal populations, but relatively frequent in domesticated<br />
stock and zoo animals, and involving facultatively parasitic calliphorid species that<br />
rarely attempt myiasis in more natural ecosystems.<br />
Sheep fly-strike<br />
Sheep fly-strike (also known as sheep-strike or blowfly strike) is the infection of live<br />
sheep by blowfly maggots. It can take place in an existing wound or can result from<br />
larvae burrowing into non-infected skin, especially where wool is badly soiled and<br />
contains skin flakes. Considerable loss of condition and even death can result and<br />
financial loss to sheep farmers can be considerable, so sheep fly-strike has been<br />
subject to considerable research. The main blowfly species involved in Britain are (in<br />
order of importance) Lucilia sericata, L. caesar and Calliphora vomitoria. Treatment<br />
is through the use of registered chemicals such as synthetic pyrethroids. As well as<br />
sheep, blowflies can occasionally infect other stock species plus pet species.<br />
Lucilia species ovipositing on wool (Photo: Chris Raper)<br />
14
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Blowflies and forensic entomology<br />
Human corpses can start to attract blowflies within hours of death. The process of<br />
maggot-assisted composition that then ensues can act as a biological clock, providing<br />
vital clues as to when a death occurred (the postmortem interval) plus other<br />
information that can assist an investigation. Analysis is not straightforward as<br />
variables such as temperature, weather and location all need to be accounted for.<br />
There is a huge amount of literature on the forensic use of blowflies.<br />
Greenbottles, bluebottles and muscids on a fresh Wild Boar corpse (Photo: Olga Retka)<br />
Maggot therapy using blowflies<br />
The majority of blowflies that cause myiasis in mammals use necrotic rather than<br />
living tissue and it had been common practice in some cultures such as Australian<br />
Aborigines and Mayan Indians to dress septic wounds with such maggots to prevent<br />
the spread of gangrene. The maggots not only eat and remove the necrotic tissue but<br />
also produce anti-bacterial secretions that can reduce or eliminate the infection. In<br />
World War 1, maggot therapy was used in a deliberate fashion as a quick and costeffective<br />
technique for treating infected wounds. But maggot therapy remains<br />
important today (including within Britain where it is available through the NHS),<br />
especially as some antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are difficult or expensive to<br />
treat in any other way. Maggot therapy is especially useful for pressure ulcers,<br />
diabetes-related foot ulcers and infected burns. The main blowfly species used are<br />
Lucilia sericata and Protophormia terraenovae. The maggots are disinfected before<br />
use and are usually kept in the wound using a bag that prevents escape of the maggots<br />
whilst still allowing oxygen to reach them. Treatment typically lasts a few days, is<br />
relatively cheap and can often be undertaken at home rather than in a hospital.<br />
15
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Calliphoridae identification<br />
The keys presented here only cover the British species. However, it is useful to be<br />
aware of species that occur in Europe or synanthropic species in other parts of the<br />
world. There is a good chance that some of these species will arrive and maybe even<br />
establish in Britain. A number of widespread North American blowflies appear to be<br />
European imports, and there is no reason why some of theirs (e.g. Calliphora livida)<br />
might not end up here establishing populations around airports. Maybe they have<br />
arrived already. How often are the blowfly populations of ports and airports screened?<br />
Useful foreign accounts include:<br />
Fennoscandia and Denmark: Rognes (1991)<br />
Netherlands, Belgium and Germany: Huijbregts (2002) - a useful list but no<br />
keys<br />
Norway: Rognes online account<br />
European species of forensic importance: Szpila online (undated)<br />
Middle East: Akbarzadeh et. al. (2015)<br />
North America generally: Whitworth (2006)<br />
Eastern Canada specifically: Marshall et.al. (2011)<br />
Key to calliphorid genera<br />
1 Stem vein with long hairs above along rear edge (hairs pale in Stomorhina so<br />
easily overlooked) (Fig 1). Lower calypters with inner edge diverging away from<br />
the sides of the scutellum (Figs 3 & 4)….................................................................2<br />
- Stem vein bare above. Lower calypters with inner edge usually hugging the sides<br />
of the scutellum (Fig 5)……...........................................………………...………..5<br />
2 A non-metallic species with lower face strongly produced (Fig 2) and mesonotum<br />
strongly striped with grey and black. Male second and third tergites with large<br />
orange patches laterally...………..............……………………..Stomorhina lunata<br />
- Metallic blue or green species without a strongly produced lower face.<br />
Mesonotum not dusted as above….......................…………..……………….……3<br />
3 Acrostichals barely differentiated from the hairs of the mesonotum. Calypters<br />
smoky grey-brown with darker brown rims. Body dark metallic blue in both sexes<br />
without any obvious dusting..……………………….…Protophormia terraenovae<br />
- Acrostichals well differentiated. Calypters whitish or yellowish-grey, usually<br />
without much darker rims (though the hair fringe these give rise to may be<br />
darker). Mesonotum usually with obvious pale dusting, at least at the front when<br />
viewed from behind, the body either dark metallic blue or with green-turquoise<br />
reflections…………………………………………....…………………………….4<br />
4 Inner edge of lower calypters diverging strongly from scutellum when viewed<br />
from above (Fig 3). Acrostichals longer, mostly equal to the length of the<br />
scutellum. Antennae, basicostae and anterior thoracic spiracles blackish or<br />
brownish. Male eyes separated by about 1.5 times the width of a third antennal<br />
segment…….….............................................................…..Protocalliphora azurea<br />
- Inner edge of lower calypter not diverging so strongly from the scutellum when<br />
viewed from above (Fig 4). Acrostichals shorter, mostly about half the length of<br />
the scutellum. Basicostae and anterior thoracic spiracles pale brown or orange, the<br />
16
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
antennae also partly reddish. Male eyes separated by about half the width of a<br />
third antennal segment.……………………........….…………..….Phormia regina<br />
5 Final section of vein M with a conspicuous sharp bend of about 70-110 degrees<br />
within the basal third of its length, the final section either straight, or curved so as<br />
to create a concavity within cell R4+5 (Figs 6 & 7). Species robustly built, some<br />
with tergites metallic green, blue or bronze….........................................................6<br />
- Final section of vein M with a more gently curved or obtuse bend of about 130<br />
degrees, which is near the middle (Fig 8). Slim, non-metallic, small or very small<br />
species.…......................................................................................................….....13<br />
6 Tergites obviously metallic green or blue...……...............………...……………...7<br />
- Tergites not obviously metallic but always strongly patterned by dusting............11<br />
7 Both thorax and abdomen strongly metallic green, bronze or turquoise with any<br />
dusting weak and barely obscuring the underlying coloration. Suprasaquamal<br />
ridge with a sclerite bearing a tuft of setae (Fig 9, best seen when wings are<br />
open)…................……………………………….........……………………..Lucilia<br />
- At least thorax with some obvious dusting and never strongly reflective. Tergites<br />
either undusted (Cynomya) or with shifting areas of dusting. Suprasquamal ridge<br />
without such a tuft of setae..............................................................................….....8<br />
8 Lower calypters bare above. Depth of genae no more than one-third the height of<br />
an eye (Fig 10). Face, frons, genae and antennae (excluding any dusting) always<br />
dark. Tergites metallic blue…………............…..............…………..……..Melinda<br />
- Lower calypters with long hairs on upper surface (Figs 5 & 16). Depth of genae<br />
usually at least two-fifths the height of an eye (Figs 11 & 12). Antennae, face,<br />
frons and genae often extensively yellow, orange or reddish. Tergites metallic<br />
blue or green............................................................................................….....……9<br />
9 Only one pair of postsutural acrostichals, the prescutellar pair (Fig 13). Tergites<br />
entirely undusted and brightly shining blue or turquoise. Face, genae and much of<br />
frons yellow or orange. Male genitalia large with long curved surstyli (Fig 15).<br />
Female with hind margin of tergite 4 and entire surface of tergite 5 bearing very<br />
strong bristles.…………………………….…..............……..Cynomya mortuorum<br />
- Three pairs of postsutural acrostichals (Fig 14). Tergites in most species with<br />
obvious dusting (in Calliphora stelviana best seen when viewing abdomen from<br />
behind)…………………………….............................................................….…..10<br />
10 Tergites metallic-blue. Parafacialia only hairy on upper part (hairs not extending<br />
much lower than a level equivalent to the aristal insertion point, Fig 11). Lower<br />
calypters often hairy over most of their upper surface (Fig 5). Third antennal<br />
segment 3-5 times as long as wide and often extensively red or orange. Face, frons<br />
and genae often extensively yellow, orange or reddish…..................…..Calliphora<br />
- Tergites metallic-green, turquoise or bronze. Parafacialia hairy over much of<br />
length (hairs extending down to a level equivalent to the mid point of the third<br />
antennal segment or beyond (Fig 12). Lower calypters only hairy over about onethird<br />
of their upper surface, broadly bare around their margins (Fig 16). Third<br />
antennal segment 2-2.5 times as long as wide, at most red at extreme base. Face,<br />
frons and genae entirely or mainly dark.......................Bellardia (ex B. pubicornis)<br />
11 Thorax with wavy golden or straw-coloured hairs somewhere on its surface, often<br />
rubbed off the dorsal surface but in this instance visible somewhere on the<br />
sides.....…………..……….........................................................…...……...Pollenia<br />
- Thorax never with such hairs……………………………...........………………..12<br />
17
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
12 Lower part of parafacialia with some very long and strong bristles (Fig 17).<br />
Mesonotum and tergites with exceptionally long and strong bristles. Costal bristle<br />
barely differentiated. Closely resembling a Sarcophaga<br />
species….............................................................................…..Eurychaeta palpalis<br />
- Lower part of parafacialia without long and strong bristles. Bristles of mesonotum<br />
and tergites not exceptionally long or strong. Costal bristle much longer than cross<br />
vein r-m…......................................................................……..Bellardia pubicornis<br />
13 Two pairs of strong scutellar marginal bristles in addition to the apicals (Fig 18).<br />
Propleural depression and lunula setulose. Notopleuron with fine hairs in addition<br />
to the two bristles. Larger (wing length 4.5-6mm)………...…..Eggisops pecchiolii<br />
- Only one pair of scutellar marginals in addition to the apicals, these being much<br />
longer than the apicals (Fig 19). Propleural depression and lunula without setae.<br />
Notopleuron bare apart from the two bristles. Smaller species (wing length up to<br />
4mm)……...........................................………………………………..............….14<br />
14 Arista plumose. Parafacialia finely setulose. Prealar bristle much stronger than the<br />
hind notopleural. Halteres dark…….........................……………Melanomya nana<br />
- Arista pubescent. Parafacialia bare. Prealar no longer than the hind notopleural.<br />
Halteres yellow……................……..................................……………Angioneura<br />
18
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Angioneura – least blowflies<br />
Small, non-metallic, somewhat muscid-like blowflies with an obtuse bend about half<br />
way along vein M (as in Melanomya and Eggisops). The aristae are pubescent rather<br />
than plumose and the parafacialia bare. The scutellum has a pair of rather short<br />
apicals flanked by a pair of much longer marginals. This is a holarctic genus with<br />
perhaps 8 species worldwide depending on how the limits of the genus are defined.<br />
Some are known to be oviparous snail parasitoids. Represented in Britain by two very<br />
rare species, with a third species, A. fimbriata, known from the near continent.<br />
Key to species<br />
- Prosternum (the narrow chitinous plate between the base of the front coxae)<br />
usually setulose (Fig 1). Lower calypters viewed from above broadening<br />
posteriorly with their inner edges hugging the sides of the scutellum (Fig 2).<br />
Parafacialia with a few setulae in upper half. Tergites completely dusted. Anal<br />
vein only extending about half way to the wing margin. Male eyes separated by<br />
about the width of a third antennal segment (Fig 4). A grey species with<br />
completely dusted tergites................................................................……..….acerba<br />
- Prosternum bare. Lower calypters viewed from above with their inner edge<br />
diverging away from the scutellum (Fig 3). Parafacialia bare. Anal vein almost<br />
extending to the wing margin. Male frons about one-quarter the width of the head<br />
(Fig 5). A darker species with tergites mostly (male) or entirely (female)<br />
blackish….............................................................................................cyrtoneurina<br />
Angioneura acerba (Meigen, 1838)<br />
Pale Least Blowfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 3-3.5mm. A tiny greyish species that could easily<br />
be overlooked as a small anthomyiid or muscid until the upturned vein M is spotted.<br />
The mesonotum and tergites have inconspicuous shifting markings with the humeri a<br />
little paler. The lower calypters broaden posteriorly, their inner edge hugging the side<br />
of the scutellum. The male frons is about the width of a third antennal segment. That<br />
of the female is about one-third the width of the head.<br />
Variation The prosternum can occasionally lack bristles.<br />
Flight season May to October in Fennoscandia, with British records for June, July<br />
and August.<br />
19
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Habitat & biology Clearly associated with wetlands, perhaps especially spring- or<br />
seepage-fed marsh with shallow calcareous water. Presumed to be a parasitoid of<br />
snails.<br />
Status & distribution Rare, with records confined to Oxford, Oxfordshire (1966),<br />
Kennet Floodplain, Berkshire (2003), Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire (2007) and<br />
Stoney Moors, New Forest (2008). Quite numerous at the last-mentioned site.<br />
Male Angioneura acerba (left, Photo: Hedy Van Pratternburg) and pinned female (right). Notice the<br />
narrow frons of the male.<br />
Angioneura cyrtoneurina (Zetterstedt, 1859)<br />
Dark Least Blowfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 3-3.5mm. The blackish thorax and abdomen and<br />
smaller, strongly divergent lower calypters allow easy separation from A. acerba and<br />
it could be confused with Melanomya nana though the pubescent rather than plumose<br />
aristae, clearer wings and less elongate build should allow ready distinction. Males<br />
have grey dust patches on the sides of tergites 3-5 and the frons is about one-quarter<br />
the width of the head. That of the female is about one-third the width of the head.<br />
Pinned male Angioneura cyrtoneurina (left) with detail of head and thorax (right). Photos: Ian<br />
Andrews. Notice the broad frons of the male.<br />
20
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Variation None noted.<br />
Flight season June to August.<br />
Habitat & biology A species of marshy areas such as water meadows and seepagefed<br />
marsh, usually whewre base-rich waters are present. Reared from the snail<br />
Oxyloma sarsii (= Succinea elegans of older literature).<br />
Status & distribution Rare, with records from Wick, Hampshire (1945), Westbere,<br />
Kent (1966), Horning Ferry, Norfolk (1928-1952), Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire<br />
(1983), Minsmere RSPB Reserve, Suffolk (2001), Kennet Floodplain, Berkshire<br />
(2003) and a site in the Yorkshire Wolds (2015). Also rare in Europe.<br />
21
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Bellardia – emerald-bottles<br />
Medium-sized, rather robustly-built blowflies, usually with the tergites glossy<br />
greenish (sometimes bronze or turquoise-blue) but with a shifting dust pattern that<br />
mutes the colour. The thorax is more heavily grey-dusted with shifting stripes on the<br />
mesonotum but usually retains a trace of metallic colour. The lower calypters of most<br />
species have long upright hairs on basal section of the upper surface. The head<br />
capsule and antennae typically have an entirely dark ground colour (a little red can be<br />
present on the antennae) and never exhibit the extensive reddish or orange areas of<br />
many Calliphora species, and the antennae are much shorter. B. pubicornis (formerly<br />
Pseudonesia puberula) is aberrant in various respects, lacking metallic reflections,<br />
lacking hairs on the top of the lower calypters and having a rather protruding<br />
mouthedge.<br />
The biology is only known for a few species. Females are viviparous and the larvae<br />
develop as internal parasitoids of earthworms. B. bayeri appears to specifically select<br />
earthworms under loose bark of fallen trees and other dead wood. Most other species<br />
occur in a variety of habitats but B. pubicornis is strongly boreal and only found in the<br />
north and west of Scotland. Adults are occasional flower-visitors but are more likely<br />
to be seen on foliage.<br />
This is a Palaearctic genus with over 50 described species. A number of further<br />
species occur on the near continent (see Rognes, 1991 and Huijbregts, 2002) and B.<br />
bayeri is a fairly recent discovery in Britain. In addition to the potential for further<br />
Bellardia species to turn up, attention should also be drawn to Onesia floralis (also<br />
found on the near continent). It looks almost identical to a Bellardia in the field but<br />
has a no presutural intra-alar bristle but three postsutural ones (Bellardia species have<br />
a presutural one and two postsutural ones) and broader parafacialia.<br />
Male Bellardia are relatively easy to identify using genitalia (safer than using<br />
chaetotaxy) and checking genitalia is the best way to spot any extra species, including<br />
O. floralis.<br />
Key to species<br />
1 Tergites not obviously metallic-green, turquoise or bronze (at most a hint of<br />
bronze). Lower calypters usually without erect hairs on upper surface. Viewed<br />
from side, mouth edge clearly protruding further than the frons (Fig 1). Upcurved<br />
section of vein M relatively straight. Male genitalia Fig 6.......................pubicornis<br />
- Tergites obviously metallic-green, turquoise or bronze. Lower calypter with erect<br />
dark hairs on upper surface, at least basally. Viewed from side, mouth edge not,<br />
or barely, protruding further the frons (Fig 2). Upcurved section of vein M usually<br />
distinctly curved................. …………………………………………………….....2<br />
2 Front tibiae with two strong posteroventral bristles. Section of costa between the<br />
end of the subcosta and R1 with some ventral-facing hairs on lower surface (best<br />
seen by viewing the wing directly from the front). Male genitalia Fig 7…...pandia<br />
- Front tibiae with one posteroventral bristle. Section of costa between the end of<br />
the subcosta and R1 without anyventral-facing hairs on lower surface.…………..3<br />
22
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
3 Upper part of parafacialia with a dark spot that does not disappear when viewed<br />
tangentially from above (Fig 5). Calypters brownish-grey. Male genitalia Fig<br />
8….................................................……………………………………...……bayeri<br />
- Any dark mark on the upper part of parafacialia disappears with angle of view.<br />
Calypters yellowish-white………………..……….....................................……….4<br />
4 Tergite 4 viewed from the side with numerous upright or semi-upright bristly hairs<br />
most of which are almost as long as the marginals of tergite 3 and 4 (males) or<br />
clearly longer than the normal hairs of tergite 4 (females) (Fig 3). Basal wing<br />
veins usually blackish or dark brown, including on underside. Male genitalia Fig<br />
9……….......…..................................................................................…….…viarum<br />
- Tergite 4 viewed from side with shorter hairs, those of the male mostly only about<br />
half as long as the marginals of tergite 3 and 4 (Fig 4), those of the female of<br />
uniform length, inclined and normally without any longer outstanding hairs. Basal<br />
wing veins usually yellowish-brown on underside (especially in females). Male<br />
genitalia Fig 10............………………………………...........................…..vulgaris<br />
Bellardia bayeri (Jacentkowský, 1937)<br />
Bayer’s Emerald-bottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-7mm (check). A small Bellardia with<br />
metallic-turquoise tergites, resembling small specimens of B. viarum and B. vulgaris.<br />
The top of the parafacialia have a dark spot that remains visible, even when the head<br />
is viewed tangentially from above, and the calypters are brownish-grey. In the limited<br />
material seen the upturned section of vein M is relatively straight as in B. pubicornis.<br />
The male has very small genitalia.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation.<br />
Flight season On the continent it is recorded mainly in July and August but has been<br />
found in winter months. British records (some from malaise traps) suggest it flies here<br />
from spring until at least late summer.<br />
23
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Bellardia bayeri male (right, Photo: Andreas Haselböck) and female head (right). Notice the brownish<br />
lower calypter of the male and the dark mark at the top of the parafrontalia of the female.<br />
Habitat & biology Several British records are from woods featuring mature and<br />
fallen Beech trees. The Coventry female was found in a suburban kitchen at night,<br />
seemingly attracted by artificial lighting. In Russia it has been reared from the<br />
earthworm Eisenia foetida. In Britain it has been reared from puparia found under the<br />
bark of Beech whilst in Denmark it has been reared from a puparium found under elm<br />
bark.<br />
Status & distribution Known in Britain from Mark Ash Wood in the New Forest,<br />
Hampshire (1984), Newbattle Abbey, Midlothian (1994, pupa found under loose bark<br />
of a fallen Beech), Buckingham Palace Garden, London (several specimens from<br />
malaise trap samples in 1995), Burnham Beeches, Buckinghamshire (one male from a<br />
malaise trap in 1995 and another reared from a puparium found under bark of a Beech<br />
log), and Coventry, West Midlands (one female found indoors in a suburban house in<br />
2000). John Bowden (pers. comm.) also flagged a possible female specimen taken in<br />
Colchester in 1995, noting the brownish calypters and persistent spot on the face, but<br />
the location of the specimen is not known.<br />
Bellardia pandia (Walker, 1849)<br />
Bisetose Emerald-bottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-8.5mm. A typical-looking Bellardia with<br />
metallic-green tergites that have a shifting pattern of dusting, and a dark-grey thorax<br />
with shifting stripes and very slight metallic reflections. The pair of strong<br />
Bellardia pandia male (left) and pinned female (right). You can just see the two posteroventral bristles<br />
on the front tibia if you zoom into the male photo.<br />
24
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
posteroventral bristles on the front tibiae, and the male genitalia allow easy separation<br />
from B. viarum and B. vulgaris under magnification, but separating them in the field<br />
should not be attempted. The hairy underside to the costa between the end of the<br />
subcosta and R1 is another useful feature, especially where the front tibiae have been<br />
damaged or lost.<br />
Variation Considerable size variation. The metallic reflections of the tergites vary<br />
from greenish to bluish-turquoise.<br />
Flight season Late April to early September.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a wide variety of habitats, especially damper ones,<br />
including coastal grazing, fens, damp woods and upland mires. Records from chalk<br />
downland may represent stragglers from damper habitats nearby. The biology is<br />
unconfirmed, though it is presumed to be an earthworm parasite.<br />
Status & distribution Found locally throughout Britain as far north as Ross &<br />
Cromarty and the Outer Hebrides.<br />
Bellardia pubicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838)<br />
Northern Bellardia<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-7mm. A small and rather aberrant Bellardia<br />
due to the lack of metallic coloration, the strongly produced mouthedge and<br />
(typically) the lack of any long hairs on the upper surface of the lower calypters. The<br />
mesonotum and tergites have a shifting pattern of grey and black, and the tergites can<br />
have a very slight hint of bronze. In the field, it could easily be overlooked as a<br />
tachinid.<br />
Variation Moderate size variation. The lower calypters occasionally have 1-2 hairs<br />
above.<br />
Flight season May to September.<br />
Habitat & biology Known from a range of upland habitats, especially moorland with<br />
exposed boulders among heather between 250-890 metres; also coastal dunes with<br />
dune heath. The biology is unknown. Adults characteristically rest on boulders and<br />
stones.<br />
Status & distribution A scarce species with records confined to the north and west of<br />
Scotland from Arran in the south to Elgin and Sutherland, also St Kilda.<br />
Bellardia pubicornis pinned female (left) and close up of abdomen (right)<br />
25
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Bellardia viarum (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)<br />
Dark-veined Emerald-bottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-8.5mm. Superficially resembling B. pandia<br />
and B. vulgaris. Separation, especially from B. vulgaris, is best based on male<br />
genitalia (the outwardly-splayed surstyli of B.viarum are very different to the surstyli<br />
of B. vulgaris) as the hairs and bristles of the tergite 4 can become damaged, though<br />
in good material the hairs of tergite 4 are clearly longer than in B. vulgaris. The basal<br />
wing veins are usually blackish or dark brown both above and below.<br />
Variation Much as for B. pandia.<br />
Flight season Late April September.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a similar range of habitats to B. pandia. The biology is<br />
unconfirmed, though it is presumed to be an earthworm parasite.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread and fairly frequent over much of Britain as far<br />
north as Easter Ross.<br />
Bellardia viarum male (left) and female (right). Notice the black rather than brown basal wing veins.<br />
Bellardia vulgaris (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)<br />
Pale-veined Emerald-bottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-8.5mm. Closely resembling B. viarum and<br />
best distinguished using the male genitalia, though the basal wing veins are usually<br />
paler and the hairs on the disc of tergite 4 much shorter.<br />
Variation Much as for B. pandia.<br />
Flight season late April to October.<br />
Bellardia vulgaris pinned male (left) and female (right). Notice the brown rather than black basal wing<br />
veins.<br />
26
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a similar range of habitats to B. pandia and B. viarum<br />
and often flying alongside it. The biology is unconfirmed, though it is presumed to be<br />
an earthworm parasite.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread and fairly frequent over much of Britain as far<br />
north as the Inverness area and the Western Isles.<br />
27
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Calliphora – true bluebottles<br />
In a British context, these are the familiar bluebottles that often enter buildings and<br />
buzz about noisily. All of our species have metallic-blue tergites with a shifting dust<br />
pattern and a non-metallic, grey-dusted thorax, sometimes with shifting stripes. The<br />
upper surface of the lower calypters has long upright hairs which can cover most of<br />
the surface in species like C. vicina, C. vomitoria and C. uralensis, but rather less in<br />
the other three species. The face and antennae can be extensively reddish or orange.<br />
The antennae are longer than other metallic species except Cynomya and the aristae<br />
plumose. Non-metallic species occur abroad, notably in Australasia where some<br />
species are partially orange, reddish or golden-furred (some are termed ‘golden<br />
bottles’). The British species are relatively easily identified on external morphology<br />
alone but male genitalia can be useful when dealing with wet samples. Very small<br />
Calliphora individuals can be confused with Melinda species in the field but have<br />
longer antennae, usually an extensively orange face and, in species such as C. vicina<br />
and C. vomitoria, dark calypters.<br />
All species lay eggs on carrion and several species are important in forensic<br />
entomology. Different Calliphora species show subtly different preferences in the<br />
carrion they use and this has been studied in northern Britain (Davies 1990, 1999).<br />
Climate and temperature regimes also affect Calliphora assemblages, and diversity is<br />
higher in the north, notably in areas like the Cairngorms and Pennines where 5 of the<br />
6 British species can coexist. The only species unrecorded here, C. uralensis, is<br />
strongly associated with northern seabird colonies. All Calliphora species seem to be<br />
avid flower visitors and are also attracted to fresh excrement and Stinkhorn fungus.<br />
The synanthropic species such as C. vicina and to a lesser extent C. vomitoria and C.<br />
uralensis will also attempt to land on food and can be a nuisance and health hazard.<br />
They can also breed in garbage and poorly stored food containing meat and dairy<br />
products.<br />
This is one of the largest blowfly genera (about 150 species) with an occurrence<br />
centred on the Holarctic plus Australasian regions. C. genarum seems to be the only<br />
further species found on the near continent and resembles C. stelviana but has shorter<br />
aristal hairs, a dark face and a non-enlarged male postabdomen (see Marshall et. al.<br />
2011, which is available online, for images). However, synanthropic North American<br />
species such as C. livida (which resembles C. uralensis but has 3 postsutural intraalars)<br />
could easily be bought over and would be easy to overlook. See Marshall et. al.<br />
(loc. cit.) for a full account of the Calliphora species of Eastern Canada.<br />
Key to species<br />
1 Basicostae mostly pale brown, at least on apical half. Anterior thoracic spiracle<br />
orange. Genal dilation pale brown on anterior two-thirds, dark grey on posterior<br />
third, and entirely covered with black hairs. Male genitalia Fig 11.................vicina<br />
- Basicostae blackish and anterior thoracic spiracle brownish or blackish. Genal<br />
dilation usually entirely darkened (except some C. uralensis)............................…2<br />
2 Calypters white or very pale grey, the upper calypter with a whitish or pale grey<br />
rim. Build relatively slim, the abdomen clearly longer than wide in males, as long<br />
28
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
as wide in females. Tip of male abdomen bulbous in side view with sternite 5<br />
produced into two large projecting lobes (Fig 1)…….............................................3<br />
- Calypters infuscated grey or brownish, the upper calypter with a dark grey or<br />
blackish rim. Build more robust, the abdomen as wide as long, or wider (except<br />
male loewi where it can be a little longer then wide). Male genitalia not noticeably<br />
enlarged, the lobes of sternite 5 small (Fig 2)…………….................................….4<br />
3 Scutellum with 4-5 pairs of strong marginals in addition to the apicals (Fig 7).<br />
Mesonotum with distinct stripes (very obvious when viewed from behind). Male<br />
mid tibiae without a ventral bristle; the eyes separated by about the width of a<br />
third antennal segment, the interfrontalia narrower than the parafrontalia (Fig 3).<br />
Averaging larger (wing length to 10mm) and without an orbital bristle on each<br />
side of the ocellar triangle. Male genitalia Fig 9…....................…...…….subalpina<br />
- Scutellum with only 2-3 pairs of strong marginals in addition to the apicals (Fig<br />
8). Mesonotum without distinct stripes (only weak ones appearing when viewed<br />
from behind). Male mid tibiae with a ventral bristle; the eyes separated by about<br />
29
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
1.5 times the width of a third antennal segment, the interfrontalia wider than the<br />
parafrontalia and with an orbital bristle on each side of the ocellar triangle (Fig 4).<br />
Averaging smaller (wing length to 9mm). Male genitalia Fig 10…......….stelviana<br />
4 Genae extensively orange-haired. Male genitalia Fig 12...........…..……..vomitoria<br />
- Genae black-haired..………………………......…………………………………..5<br />
5 Mesonotum with a dark median stripe running between the acrostichals and<br />
weaker shifting dark stripes running down the dorsocentral and intra-alar rows.<br />
Top of parafacialia with a black and silvery-white spot when viewed from certain<br />
angles, the genae blackish with light dusting and shining from some angles.<br />
Female tergite 5 deeply notched apically (Fig 5). Male genitalia Fig 13... …..loewi<br />
- Mesonotum without distinct stripes. Top of parafacialia never producing a silvery,<br />
reflective spot, the genae brown or blackish but dulled by thick dusting. Female<br />
tergite 5 not deeply notched apically (Fig 6). Male genitalia Fig 14……..uralensis<br />
Calliphora loewi Enderlein, 1903<br />
Long-horned Bluebottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 6-10 mm. The stripy mesonotum means that this<br />
species could be overlooked in the field as C. subalpina, so care should be taken to<br />
check for the darker squamae and less swollen male genitalia. Males of C. loewi also<br />
have a narrower frons (about 0.75 the width of a third antennal segment). Their build<br />
is slimmer than species such as C. vicina and C. vomitoria but a little stouter than C.<br />
subalpina. Females are readily identified under the microscope by the deep cleft along<br />
the hind margin of tergite 5 (much deeper than any other Calliphora). They have the<br />
longest third antennal segment of any Calliphora, about five times as long as wide<br />
and only ending a little short of the mouth edge. Both sexes have a shifting silverywhite<br />
mark at the top of the parafacialia and the genal dilations are entirely dark with<br />
rather light dusting that allows them to shine from some angles.<br />
Variation The ground colour of the face and frons varies from entirely dark to having<br />
the front of the frons, much of the parafacialia and the parts of genae surrounding the<br />
dark genal dilation orange a female - check if this applies to both sexes.<br />
Flight season May to September.<br />
Calliphora loewi male (left) and female (right) showing the striped thorax combined with dark<br />
calypters. Notice the silvery mark at the top of the female's parafacialia and her particularly long<br />
antennae.<br />
30
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Habitat & biology Typically moorland and upland woods, between 455 and 740<br />
metres in Wales but some lowland sites further north (e.g. Davies & Laurence, 1992).<br />
The larvae develop in assorted carrion. It is not particularly synanthropic.<br />
Status & distribution A northern and western species with records concentrated in<br />
the Scottish Highlands (where fairly frequent and occuring north to Orkney) but<br />
extending south to the Peak District and the Black Mountains of Breconshire.<br />
Calliphora stelviana (Brauer & von Bergenstamm, 1891)<br />
Little Bluebottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 5-9mm. A relatively small, slimly-built<br />
Calliphora without conspicuous striping on the mesonotum and with white calypters.<br />
The genal dilations are mostly dark but the face extensively yellow. The scutellum<br />
only has 2-3 strong marginals (4-5 in all other Calliphora). Males resemble C.<br />
subalpina in having an enlarged abdominal tip with expanded lobes arising from<br />
sternite 5, though these lobes are not quite as large as in C. subalpina. The male eyes<br />
are separated by about twice the width of a third antennal segment, resulting in a<br />
wider frons than other male Calliphora.<br />
Variation Check more material<br />
Flight season British records extend from early June to late September.<br />
Habitat & biology Upland and montane areas mostly between 530 to 1070 metres,<br />
including tall Calluna heath, Racomitrium moss-heath and the subalpine zone where<br />
scattered trees are present (Horsfield, 2002). Larvae mostly develop in the carcasses<br />
of small mammals such as shrews, voles and mice. Horsfield (loc. cit.) had<br />
considerable success in recording adults throughout the Scottish Highlands using<br />
water bowl traps.<br />
Status & distribution A scarce species with records confined to the Scottish<br />
Highlands and a few sites in the northern Pennines. Even in areas where it occurs with<br />
the related C. subalpina, C. stelviana clearly prefers higher altitudes (Davies &<br />
Laurence, loc. cit.).<br />
Calliphora stelviana pinned males showing the widely separated eyes (left) and swollen tip to the<br />
abdomen (right image: Knut Rognes)<br />
31
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Calliphora subalpina (Ringdahl, 1931)<br />
Woodland Bluebottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 7-10mm. A rather slimly-built Calliphora,<br />
especially males, and one of two species with a distinctly striped mesonotum.<br />
Distinguished from the other, C. loewi (alongside which it can occur), by the whitish<br />
calypters, predominantly orange ground colour to the face, much expanded tip to the<br />
male abdomen (with greatly enlarged lobes arising from sternite 5), and lack of a deep<br />
cleft on the hind margin of the female’s tergite 5. The male eyes are separated by<br />
about the width of a third antennal segment.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. The interfrontalia and third antennal segments of<br />
both sexes can vary from mostly reddish to mostly dark.<br />
Flight season May to October.<br />
Habitat & biology Strongly attached to woods over much of its range, especially<br />
damp/humid ones but recorded from moorland as high as 500 metres in area such as<br />
the Derbyshire Peaks and North Wales (Davies & Laurence, loc. cit.). It visits flowers<br />
such as Hogweed, Angelica and brambles, also Stinkhorn fungus. It also sunbathes on<br />
foliage along the edges of rides and clearings. The larvae develop in assorted carrion.<br />
It has been recorded in gardens and urban greenspace of various sorts but is not<br />
particularly synanthropic.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread in the north and west but extending to lowland<br />
areas as far south as Herefordshire and Warwickshire. Fairly frequent in the Scottish<br />
Highlands. Almost completely absent from SE England (there is a single Colchester<br />
record from John Bowden).<br />
Calliphora subalpina male (left) and female (right) showing the striped thorax combined with whitish<br />
calypters<br />
Calliphora uralensis Villeneuve, 1922<br />
Seabird Bluebottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 6-10mm. Resembling C. vicina in the field<br />
(alongside which it usually flies) but the dark basicostae and dark anterior thoracic<br />
spiracles allow ready separation under a microscope or a strong hand lens, and the<br />
genae are more extensively darkened. The male eyes are separated by the width of a<br />
third antennal segment.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. The interfrontalia can be entirely dark or<br />
partially reddish. The tip of the scutellum can be brownish.<br />
Flight season May to October, but mainly in June and July.<br />
32
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Habitat & biology Mostly found on cliffs and beaches, especially in the vicinity of<br />
seabird colonies, also around rabbit burrows on dunes. Adults can often be seen<br />
basking on rocks and walls close to the shore or on short turf on clifftops (Macdonald,<br />
2014). It will visit roadside flowers and especially umbellifers (Laurence, 1991). It<br />
seems to be primarily associated with bird carrion in Britain and has been reared in<br />
large numbers from a Gannet at Ailsa Craig, together with C. vicina (Laurence, 1987).<br />
It occurs less frequently in upland and montane areas of Britain, but is frequent in<br />
non-coastal montane areas of Scandinavia. In Scandinavia it will also use the remains<br />
from reindeer slaughters. It can be synanthropic, regularly entering houses in the<br />
Hebrides and Shetland but is generally less frequent than C. vicina. It is apparently<br />
mostly synanthropic in arctic Scandinavia and Russia where it can be associated with<br />
human latrines rather than carrion.<br />
Status & distribution Our most boreal Calliphora with records mostly concentrated<br />
in the north of Scotland (Ross & Cromarty, Sutherland, Caithness, Orkney, Shetland<br />
and the Western Isles) extending as far south as Ailsa Craig in the west and the Isle of<br />
May in the east. The distribution is most recently summarised by Macdonald (loc.<br />
cit.). In Shetland, it can be the commonest bluebottle in coastal areas, but becomes<br />
outnumbered by C. vicina in built up areas and further away from the coast. It was<br />
added to the Irish list by Irwin (1976).<br />
Calliphora uralensis male (left) and female (right) showing the dark basicosta, dark-haired genae and<br />
relatively unstriped thorax. Images: Roger Thomason.<br />
Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830<br />
Common Bluebottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 5-11mm. Very easily distinguished from other<br />
Calliphora species by the pale brown basicostae and orange anterior thoracic<br />
spiracles. Over much of Britain it can be found alongside C. vomitoria and has a<br />
similar broad build but looks paler in the field, with bluer reflections on the tergites,<br />
and it lacks the orange beard and entirely dark genal dilations of that species. Males of<br />
C. vicina also have the eyes more widely separated (by the width of a third antennal<br />
segment) with the black interfrontalia is as wide as the silvery parafrontalia.<br />
Variation Considerable size variation. The extent of red at the base of the third<br />
antennal segment varies. The interfrontalia of both sexes can be partially (female) or<br />
entirely (male) reddish rather than black. The scutellum can be brown-tinged apically.<br />
Flight season Most active between April and October, though it can be found indoors<br />
throughout winter and can be active outside on mild winter days, especially around<br />
buildings and rabbit warrens.<br />
33
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Calliphora vicina male (left) and female (right) showing the brownish basicosta<br />
Habitat & biology Found in many settings but abundance greatest in urban, pastoral<br />
and rabbit-occupied settings. The larvae develop in fresh carrion of many sorts, from<br />
bird nestlings to large mammals. Myiasis has been recorded in assorted mammals<br />
(including humans), also birds and reptiles and it is an occasional sheep-strike species.<br />
It will also exploit meat, meat and dairy-based products and garbage. It is the main<br />
blowfly responsible for fly-blown food. Adults visit many sorts of flowers, including<br />
spring-blossoming shrubs, umbellifers and Ivy; also Stinkhorn fungus and faeces.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread and common over most of the British Isles<br />
extending north to Shetland. Our commonest bluebottle, though sometimes<br />
outnumbered by C. vomitoria, and occasionally other species in wooded, upland and<br />
northern areas.<br />
Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Orange-bearded Bluebottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 7-11mm. Readily distinguished from all other<br />
Calliphora species by the orange-haired genae. The ground colour of the genae, face<br />
and interfrontalia is usually dark. In the field it tends to look darker than C. vicina and<br />
the tergites produce deeper blue reflection, often with a hint of turquoise. Males have<br />
the eyes separated by about 0.75 times the width of a third antennal segment, with the<br />
interfrontalia narrower than the parafrontalia.<br />
34
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Calliphora vomitoria male (left) and female (right) showing the orange 'beard'. Notice the narrowly<br />
separated the male eyes.<br />
Variation Considerable size variation. The face and interfrontalia can occasionally be<br />
extensively reddish.<br />
Flight season Mostly March to November – overwintering predominantly as a larva.<br />
Habitat & biology Very similar to C. vicina, though less strongly synanthropic and<br />
more shade and humidity-loving in the south and often commoner than C. vicina in<br />
southern woods of such areas. However, C. vomitoria can also be the dominant<br />
bluebottle in moorland areas to altitudes of up to 700 metres in areas such as the<br />
Pennines and Wales, where it clearly capitalises on dead sheep (e.g. Davies &<br />
Laurence, 1991, Davies, 1999). It seems to prefer larger carrion than C. vicina. It has<br />
also been implicated in myiasis, including sheep fly-strike.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread and common over most of the British Isles<br />
extending north to Shetland.<br />
35
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Cynomya – dog-headed blowflies<br />
A small holarctic genus (6 species) related to Calliphora but with only 1 or 2<br />
postsutural acrostichals, no presutural intra-alars, no dusting of tergites 1+2 to 5<br />
(resulting in particularly glossy tergites), and greatly enlargened male genitalia that<br />
are armed with long and strongly-muscled surstyli. The biology is broadly similar to<br />
Calliphora, and both C. mortuorum and the North American C. cadaverina (which<br />
resembles a dark-faced C. mortuorum) can be used in forensic entomology.<br />
Cynomya mortuorum (Linnaeus, 1761)<br />
Yellow-faced Blowfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 7-13mm. Abundantly different from other<br />
metallic-blue calliphorids with the face and front of the frons bright yellow. The<br />
antennae are mostly reddish except for a dark anterior edge to the third antennal<br />
segment. The mesonotum has shifting stripes (rather like Calliphora loewi and C.<br />
subalpina), though there is only a single (prescutellar) pair of postsutural acrostichals.<br />
Tergites 1+2 to 5 are a stunning reflective blue or turquoise without any dusting.<br />
Males have exceptionally large genitalia with a long, curved surstyli and a pair of<br />
large squarish lobes arising from sternite 5. Females have very strong bristles towards<br />
the tip of the abdomen. Large males are arguably our most impressive blowflies.<br />
Variation Tremendous size variation. The metallic colour of the abdomen can vary<br />
from pure blue through turquoise to greenish (females more prone to show the latter<br />
state). The extent of darkening on the third antennal segment varies from about 50%<br />
to barely evident.<br />
Flight season April to October.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a wide range of habitats from the coast to montane areas<br />
and with a preference for open, expansive settings. It is not synanthropic. Larvae<br />
develop in carrion of various sorts (especially small mammals) but also apparently<br />
fish. It has been implicated in myiasis of a Brown Hare. Adults visit flowers such as<br />
umbellifers, thistles and Devil’s-bit Scabious; also Stinkhorn fungus.<br />
Status & distribution Recorded from most parts of Britain from the south coast to<br />
Shetland but most frequent in the north and west. It is rarely ever abundant,<br />
suggesting a more specialised biology than the commoner Calliphora species.<br />
Cynomya mortuorum male (left) and female (right)<br />
36
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Eggisops – false woodlouse-flies<br />
A small Palaearctic genus (just two species) of rather small, slim, grey-dusted and<br />
strongly bristled blowflies that more closely resemble certain rhinophorids than other<br />
calliphorids. The biology is poorly understood but females are known to be viviparous<br />
(because gravid ones contain larvae rather than eggs) and larvae are suspected to<br />
develop in snails.<br />
Eggisops pecchiolii Rondani, 1862<br />
False Woodlouse-fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-6mm. A slim, dark-greyish, bristly fly with<br />
vague shifting markings on the mesonotum and tergites. Vein M has a bend of about<br />
130 degrees. Superficially resembling a rhinophorid of the genus Phyto rather than<br />
any other blowfly, but with cell R4+5 narrowly open, plumose aristae, and lower<br />
calypters hugging the edge of the scutellum. The head is also relatively small and<br />
broader than high in front view. The male frons is about 1.5 times the width of a third<br />
antennal segment, whilst that of the female is just under one-third the width of the<br />
head.<br />
Variation Moderate size variation.<br />
Flight season May to August.<br />
Habitat & biology Typically found in scrubby grassland and scrub edge, especially<br />
that on calcareous soils. This includes post-industrial sites such as old cement quarries<br />
and disused railway lines; occasionally in woodland. Larvae are thought to develop in<br />
snails and the females are known to be viviparous.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread but very local in southern England north to<br />
Warwickshire plus an isolated 1936 record from Glen Shin, Sutherland.<br />
Eggisops pecchiolii pinned male (left) and living female (right, Photo: Christophe Quintin)<br />
37
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Eurychaeta – false fleshflies<br />
Another blowfly genus containing species that do a good impersonation of flies of<br />
another family, in this case Sarcophaga fleshflies (Sarcophagidae). In fact, these flies<br />
were classified as sarcophagids until relatively recently and E. palpalis is the<br />
Helicobosca distinguenda of van Emden’s 1954 sarcophagid key and Kloet & Hincks<br />
(1976). The resemblance in the field is quite uncanny though numerous differences<br />
are revealed under magnification. However, transfer of the genus from the<br />
Sarcophagidae to the Calliphoridae by Rognes (1986) was strongly refuted by Lehrer<br />
(2007) and it is treated as part of the sarcophagid subfamily Paramacronychiinae in<br />
The Flesh-Flies of Central Europe (Povolný, & Verves 1997). The treatment here as a<br />
calliphorid follows the NBN checklist and GBIF.<br />
Eurychaeta species are snail scavengers. A single large larva is deposited on a dead or<br />
dying pulmonate snail and the larva devours the entire shell contents before either<br />
pupating within the shell or in soil nearby. Adults will visit flowers.<br />
This is a small Palaearctic genus (4 species) with two European representatives. The<br />
other, E. muscaria is a central and southern European species with much broader<br />
parafacialia that only bear a single strong bristle (3-4 present in E. palpalis).<br />
Eurychaeta palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)<br />
False fleshfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 7.5-10mm. A fairly large, strongly-bristled, black<br />
and grey marked species most likely to be overlooked as a female Sarcophaga,<br />
though the abdomen is not quite as neatly tessellated, the bristles are much stronger,<br />
the parafacialia much narrower (with several very strong bristles), the proepisternal<br />
depression (in front of the anterior thoracic spiracle) hairy and the palpi bright orange.<br />
The aristae are densely short-plumose. The male frons is about one-quarter the width<br />
of the head, that of the female about one-third.<br />
Variation Moderate size variation.<br />
Flight season May to August.<br />
Habitat & biology Mostly recorded in scrubby calcareous grassland, the rides and<br />
sunny margins of woodland, and alongside hedges. Adults visit flowers such as Wood<br />
Eurychaeta palpalis pinned male (left) and living female (right)<br />
38
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Spurge and Wild Parsnip. The larvae develop in helicid snails such as Cepaea species.<br />
Females are viviparous.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread but localised in southern England north to<br />
Warwickshire (mostly in chalk and limestone districts) with some outlying records in<br />
Yorkshire.<br />
39
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Lucilia – true greenbottles<br />
These are the familiar greenbottles that quickly arrive at a fresh kill and often come<br />
indoors. All the British species are metallic-green, turquoise or coppery (the last<br />
usually representing older individuals). No other British genus of blowfly is as<br />
metallic as Lucilia, and confusion in the field is most likely with muscids of the genus<br />
Neomyia. These muscid look-alikes have a glossy green frons and straighter upturned<br />
section of vein M. Another common green muscid, Eudasyphora cyanella, is<br />
somewhat less convincing due to the dust stripes on the thorax and the more gently<br />
curved vein M. The metallic-green tachinid Gymnocheta viridis is a more strongly<br />
bristled, slimmer fly with longer legs and a more strongly produced frons.<br />
One species, L. caesar is particularly synanthropic and is the greenbottle most often<br />
seen indoors. L. sericata can be abundant in pastoral settings and around farmsteads<br />
and is the species most implicated in sheep fly-strike here, though other species have<br />
been reported doing this, and most British Lucilia will attempt opportunistic myiasis<br />
on a range of mammals.<br />
However, the typical life cycle involves the laying of eggs on fresh carrion and<br />
maggots devouring soft tissue, often as the dominant component of the first wave of<br />
decomposition. As such, they can be important in forensic entomology and also in<br />
medicinal maggot therapy. L. bufonivora is rather more specialised, developing<br />
internally within the head of toads as an obligate parasite. L. silvarum will also attack<br />
living toads but in a more generalised manner, and also uses fresh toad corpses plus<br />
mammal corpses in damp settings. Adult greenbottles are keen flower visitors and are<br />
also attracted by fresh faeces and Stinkhorn fungus.<br />
Lucilia is a large genus (about 250 species) with diversity highest in temperate zones,<br />
though a number of species thrive in subtropical conditions e.g. Lucilia cuprinus. In<br />
warmer climes, other metallic-green calliphorids become the familiar greenbottles,<br />
notably Chrysomyia and Hemipyrellia species, and there is always the chance that<br />
individuals of these could arrive in Britain with imports. Several further Lucilia<br />
species occur on the near continent (notably L. pilosiventris and L. regalis) and can be<br />
keyed out using Rognes (1991) and Mihályi (1977).<br />
The British species can mostly be identified on external morphology alone but male<br />
genitalia can be useful when dealing with wet samples and for screening for non-<br />
British species. Females of L. caesar and L. illustris can only be separated by<br />
checking the base of the ovipositor. The taxonomy of the British Lucilia fauna is now<br />
well understood, but it is worth reading Richards (1926) to see just how much<br />
confusion over names and species limits existed at that time.<br />
Key to species<br />
1 Basicosta creamy-white. Subcostal sclerite (at base of stem vein on underside of<br />
wing) covered in microscopic yellow hairs (Fig 1, good magnification and lighting<br />
required)………………………........................................................…………..….2<br />
- Basicosta black or brown. Subcostal sclerite with black hairs, either long and<br />
obvious (Fig 2) or microscopic.....……………………............................…….…..3<br />
40
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
2 Mid tibiae with a single anterodorsal bristle. Palpi orange, sometimes darker at tip.<br />
Gap between male eyes almost twice the width of a third antennal segment (Fig<br />
3). Genitalia viewed from side with relatively few straight black hairs between the<br />
surstyli and aedeagus (Fig 9). Female with black interfrontalia less than twice as<br />
wide as the silvery parafrontalia on either side and with the parafacialia broader<br />
than the width of a third antennal segment (Fig 16). Female tergites with<br />
conspicuous pale grey dusting from some angles…........................…….....sericata<br />
- Mid tibae with 2 strong anterodorsals. Palpi usually entirely dark brown or<br />
blackish. Gap between male eyes slightly wider than the width of a third antennal<br />
segment (Fig 4). Genitalia viewed from side with a mass of curled black hairs<br />
between the surstyli and aedeagus (Fig 10). Female with black interfrontalia more<br />
than twice as wide as the silvery parafrontalia on either side and with the<br />
parafacialia narrower than the width of a third antennal segment (Fig 17). Female<br />
tergites inconspicuously dusted…..…................................................…….richardsi<br />
3 Subcostal sclerite pale brown or yellowish with numerous long black hairs.<br />
Tergite 1+2 metallic green as in tergite 3, at least from some angles. Tergite 3<br />
with median marginals about half as long as the length of tergite 4 in male (Fig 6)<br />
and about one-quarter as long in female.....................................................…….....4<br />
- Subcostal sclerite dark brown or blackish with a covering of microscopic black<br />
hairs. Tergite 1+2 blackish and contrasting markedly with the metallic green<br />
tergite 3 in all angles of view. Tergite 3 with median marginals nearly as long as<br />
the length of tergite 4 in male (Fig 7) and half as long in female..................……..6<br />
4 Coxopleural streak missing (angle of view and lighting critical). Male genitalia<br />
viewed from side with a mass of curled black hairs between the surstyli and<br />
aedeagus and with the surstyli broad and blunt (Fig 12). Female third antennal<br />
segment almost as long as the width of the frons. Male eyes separated by about<br />
half the width of a third antennal segment, the whitish orbits almost touching (Fig<br />
5).............................................................................................................ampullacea<br />
- A greyish coxopleural streak present (Fig 8, indicated by red stripe). Male<br />
genitalia viewed from side without a mass of curled black hairs between the<br />
surstyli and aedeagus and with the surstyli slimmer and more pointed (Figs 11 &<br />
13). Female third antennal segments length about 0.75 the width of the frons........5<br />
5 Male eyes very narrowly separated, the whitish orbits almost touching (Fig 5).<br />
Male genital capsule large and bulbous, even when in normal folded position (Fig<br />
18). Male genitalia Fig 11. Female tergite 6 (the base of the ovipositor) with a<br />
convex dorsal edge when viewed from the side and apically with some long<br />
bristles laterally but much shorter ones dorsally in the middle (Fig 19 - the<br />
ovipositor needs to be extracted to see this)….......................................…….caesar<br />
- Gap between male eyes about the width of a third antennal segment, the whitish<br />
orbits clearly separated by a black interfrontalia (Fig 4). Male genital capsule<br />
smaller. Male genitalia Fig 13. Female tergite 6 with a straight dorsal edge when<br />
viewed from the side and apically with a complete row of long bristles (Fig<br />
20).............................................................................................................….illustris<br />
6 Three postsutural acrostichals present. Male surstyli relatively long and narrow<br />
(Fig 14). Female frons at least one-third the width of the head………..….silvarum<br />
- Usually only two postsutural acrostichals. Male surstyli short and blunt (Fig 15).<br />
Female frons slightly less than one-third the width of the head.....…….bufonivora<br />
41
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Lucilia ampullacea Villeneuve, 1922<br />
Streakless Greenbottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 5-10 mm. The lack of a coxopleural streak allows<br />
ready separation from all other Lucilia species under the microscope (good lighting<br />
and correct angle of view vital to check this). Both sexes look superficially like L.<br />
caesar in the field, and males share with L. caesar the possession of a very narrow<br />
42
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Lucilia ampullacea female (left) and close up of hind thoracic spiracle area (right) showing the lack of<br />
a coxopleural streak and the strong bluish tint and brownish cuticle that is typical of this species<br />
frons (about half the width of a third antennal segment) with the silvery orbits almost<br />
touching (males of all other Lucilia have the frons at least equal to the width of a third<br />
antennal segment with orbits clearly separated by a dark interfrontalia). However,<br />
males lack the large genital capsule of L. caesar and have different genitalia with a<br />
mass of curly black hairs, a character shared with L. richardsi. A further field clue to<br />
L. ampullacea is its bluish, teneral-looking appearance. It does not readily acquire the<br />
very green metallic appearance of other Lucilia species and often retains brown-tinted<br />
areas on the sides of the thorax and base of the abdomen.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation.<br />
Flight season May to October.<br />
Habitat & biology Strongly associated with woodland - it seems to like shaded and<br />
humid conditions. It is presumed to develop in woodland carrion and is a species used<br />
in forensic entomology but is also implicated in myiasis of Hedgehog, cats and toads.<br />
Adults visit woodland flowers such as Angelica; also Stinkhorn fungus.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread and fairly frequent in woods of southern Britain<br />
with records extending more sparingly to Wester Ross.<br />
Lucilia bufonivora Moniez, 1876<br />
Toad Greenbottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 5.5-7mm. A small, rather slimly-built Lucilia, and<br />
one of a pair of species featuring the combination of a dark subcostal sclerite bearing<br />
microscopic black hairs, a blackish tergite 1+2 (which contrasts with the metallicgreen<br />
tergite 3), unusually long marginals on tergite 3, and blackish basicostae.<br />
Distinguished from the other species, L. silvarum, by having 2 rather than 3 pairs of<br />
postsutural acrostichals and different male genitalia. Females have a narrower frons<br />
than L. silvarum (less than one-third the head width). The male eyes are usually<br />
separated by just over the width of a third antennal segment.<br />
Variation Moderate size variation. The male frons can vary from 1.0 to 1.5 times the<br />
width of a third antennal segment. It can occasionally have 3 pairs of postsutural<br />
acrostichals.<br />
Flight season May to October.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in wet and damp habitats such as wet woodland, marshes<br />
and around ditches, ponds and lake margins. It is an obligate and specialised parasite<br />
of toads, the eggs being laid on the head or shoulders and the larvae then invading the<br />
43
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
nasal cavity via the nostrils. They initially feed within the nasal cavity including the<br />
rim of the nostrils and then consume the soft tissue inside the head, often including<br />
the eyes. This results in death within a few days and results in horrific injury to the<br />
host. Large toads are apparently preferred. Frogs are attacked to a lesser extent, and it<br />
has been reported developing in other parts of the body. The symptons of attack are so<br />
distinctive, that this may prove to be a reliable way of recording the fly.<br />
Status & distribution A scarce species with scattered records as far north as<br />
Anglesey, Shropshire and Nottinghamshire.<br />
Lucilia bufonivora pinned male (above left) and female (above right). Notce the rather slim build,<br />
blackish tergite 1+2 and presence of only 2 pairs of postsutural acrostichals. Below: an infected<br />
Common Toad showing typical symptoms of L. bufonivora attack (Photo: Marek Kozlowski).<br />
44
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Common Greenbottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 5-9.5 mm. Males are easily distinguished by the<br />
combination of a very narrow frons (about half the width of a third antennal segment)<br />
and a very large genital capsule. The male of L. ampullacea looks similar in the field<br />
but has a much smaller genital capsule and under the microscope will be seen to lack<br />
a coxopleural streak and have different genitalia. Females can only be confirmed<br />
under the microscope, and separation from L. illustris is notoriously difficult and<br />
requires detailed examination of tergite 6 which forms the base of the ovipositor and<br />
requires retraction.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. Old, worn individuals become bronze-coloured.<br />
Flight season April to October.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in most terrestrial habitats from the depths of woods to<br />
open coastal or upland settings. Often abundant in urban locations and fairly<br />
synanthropic, regularly entering houses/buildings and ovipositing on meat or dairybased<br />
products. The larvae develop on carrion of many sorts (it is often the first<br />
species to arrive on a dead bird or mammal) and have been implicated in myiasis of<br />
various mammals including humans. It is a major sheepstrike species in parts of<br />
Europe. Adults visit flowers of many sorts, but perhaps especially, umbellifers,<br />
brambles and Ivy. They are also attracted by fresh faeces and Stinkhorn fungus.<br />
Status & distribution Our commonest Lucilia, frequent and often abundant across<br />
much of Britain, though scarcer at high altitudes and possibly absent from Scottish<br />
Islands.<br />
Lucilia caesar male (left) and female (right). Notice the narrow separation of the male eyes and rather<br />
inflated tip to its abdomen.<br />
Lucilia illustris (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Illustrious Greenbottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 5.5-8 mm, averaging smaller than L. caesar. In<br />
males, the combination of dark basicostae and a relatively broad frons (as broad as the<br />
width of a third antennal segment) brings it out with L. silvarum and L. bufonivora,<br />
but tergite 1+2 is metallic-green like tergite 3 (blackish in the other two) and the<br />
subcostal sclerite of the wing base is pale brown and bears long hairs (dark and<br />
bearing minute black hairs in the other two). The male genitalia allows easy<br />
identification. Females can only be separated from those of L. caesar by examination<br />
of tergite 6 which requires pulling out of the ovipositor. In L. illustris, this has a fairly<br />
straight dorsal edge when viewed from the side (dorsal edge convex in L. caesar), and<br />
45
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
when viewed from above has a complete row of long bristles along the hind margin<br />
(much shorter hairs present in the middle of the hind margin in L. caesar).<br />
Distinguishing females of the two based on the number of ray hairs on the aristae or<br />
the relative length of the third antennal segment (as used by van Emden, 1954)<br />
appears to be unreliable.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation and in the tint of green on the body.<br />
Flight season April to October.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a variety of habitats but considered to be more<br />
themophilic and heliophilic than L. caesar. Females visit flowers and faeces much as<br />
L. caesar. Larvae develop in carrion but have also been implicated in myiasis,<br />
including sheepstrike.<br />
Status & distribution Found throughout the British Isles with records extending<br />
north to Caithness. Fairly frequent but considerably less common than L. caesar.<br />
Lucilia illustris pinned male (left) and female (right). It is only by having the base of the ovipositor<br />
exposed that the female could be distinguished from L. caesar.<br />
Lucilia richardsi Collin in Richards, 1926<br />
Richards’ Greenbottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 5-7mm. One of two Lucilia species with creamywhite<br />
basicostae. It can be separated from the other, L. sericata, by the presence of<br />
two anterodorsal bristles on the mid tibiae and the dark palpi. Compared with L.<br />
sericata, males have a narrower frons. Females have the silvery parafrontalia and<br />
parafacialia distinctly narrower than L. sericata, the tergites less heavily grey dusted,<br />
and the antennae proportionately longer (almost reaching the mouthedge). The male<br />
genitalia allows easy identification and features a mass of curly black hairs (a<br />
character shared with L. ampullacea).<br />
Variation Moderate size variation. The tint of green can vary to some degree.<br />
Flight season Late April to September.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a variety of habitats but possibly more thermophilic than<br />
L. sericata, with a particular liking for downland and open brownfield sites but not<br />
often recorded in wooded settings.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread but local in the southern half of Britain with<br />
records extending as far north as Lancashire. Described as new to science on the basis<br />
of British material by J.E. Collin In Richards (1926).<br />
46
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Sheep-strike Greenbottle<br />
Sheep-maggot Fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 5-7.5mm. The second of two Lucilia species with<br />
creamy-white basicostae. Formal separation from the other, L. richardsi, should be<br />
done using a microscope, though females of L. sericata can usually be spotted in the<br />
field because of the flashes of pale grey dusting on the tergites (more conspicuous<br />
than in any other Lucilia species) and the unusually broad white parafacialia, which<br />
gives them a ‘small-eyed, white faced’ appearance. This is a rather stocky-looking<br />
Lucilia. There is usually a trace of a darker median line on tergite 3.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. The orange palpi can be variably darkened at the<br />
tip. The tint of green can vary to some degree.<br />
Flight season April to October.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in wide range of habitats, but especially abundant in<br />
pastoral settings though it can be strongly synanthropic in some areas outnumbering<br />
L. caesar as the indoor greenbottle. Larvae typically develop in carrion but are also<br />
responsible for myiasis in mammals of various sorts including man and have also<br />
been reared from a toad. They can also develop in garbage, including decaying matter<br />
of vegetable origin. This species is the main agent of sheep fly-strike in Britain (hence<br />
their other name of ’sheep maggot fly’). Sterile larvae can be used medicinally for<br />
maggot therapy.<br />
Status & distribution Locally common over much of Britain, though scarce in the<br />
Scottish Highland and Western Isles. It has been accidentally introduced to most<br />
temperate regions of the world and is a sheep fly-strike problem in many places. In<br />
warmer regions it tends to be replaced by the closely-related, non-British L. cuprina,<br />
another important sheep fly-strike species that has spread far beyond its natural range<br />
(e.g. Stevens & Wall, 1996).<br />
Lucilia sericata male (left) and female (right). Notice the rather broad frons in both sexes, the very<br />
white face of the female and her grey-dusted abdomen. It is also a very solid-looking greenbottle.<br />
Lucilia silvarum (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Marsh Greenbottle<br />
Common Toad-fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-8.5mm. One of a pair of Lucilia species<br />
featuring the combination of a dark subcostal sclerites bearing microscopic black<br />
hairs, a blackish tergite 1+2 (which contrasts with the metallic-green tergite 3),<br />
unusually long marginals on tergite 3, and blackish basicostae. Distinguished from the<br />
47
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
other species, L. bufonivora, by the 3 pairs of postsutural acrostichals (normally only<br />
2 pairs in L. bufonivora) and different male genitalia. Females of have a broader frons<br />
than L. bufonivora (about one-third the head width). The male frons is about as wide<br />
as a third antennal segment.<br />
Variation Considerable size variation.<br />
Flight season April to September.<br />
Habitat & biology Like L. bufonivora, this is an important parasite of toads and frogs<br />
and it is typically recorded in and around wetlands, pools, ditches and other features<br />
supporting such amphibians. The parasitism is not as specialised as L. bufonivora in<br />
that the myiasis is facultative and does not target the nostrils. It will also use fresh<br />
amphibian corpses and can switch to mammalian carrion, including human corpses, in<br />
damp locations. This occasionally makes it a species of forensic value.<br />
Status & distribution Frequent over much of Britain Isles with records extending<br />
sparingly north to the Outer Hebrides and Sutherland.<br />
Lucilia silvarum pinned male (left, Photo: Yann Loscoat) and pinned emale (right)<br />
48
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Melanomya – little black blowflies<br />
In its strict sense, this is a monotypic Palaearctic genus, though GBIF lists 17 species<br />
by including Angioneura and the Nearctic genus Opsodexia, a classification that is not<br />
universally accepted. All these non-metallic species share much in common, notably<br />
the obtuse bend near the mid point of vein M. The plumose aristae allow ready<br />
separation from Angioneura species. Little is known of the biology, though its<br />
taxonomic affinity to Angioneura and Melinda suggests that it is a snail parasitoid. It<br />
is suprising that no hard evidence exists given its abundance in various countries.<br />
Morinia doronici, which occurs on the near continent, resembles an oversized M.<br />
nana but has a facial ridge between the antennae (like Pollenia) and darker wings.<br />
Melanomya nana (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Little Black Blowfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 3-4mm. A slim blackish species, usually with a<br />
rather darkened anterior edge to the wing and an obtusely curved vein M. This makes<br />
for a reasonably distinctive calliphorid, and it can be readily identified in the field<br />
with experience. Rhinophora lepida (Rhinophoridae) is a similar-sized dark species<br />
that can often be found alongside M. nana, but its long-stalked R4+5 and more<br />
conspicuously silvery parafrontalia and parafacialia allow easy separation under a<br />
hand lens. The male frons of M. nana is about half the width of a third antennal<br />
segment. That of the female is about one-third the width of the head.<br />
Variation Moderate size variation. The intensity of wing darkening can vary<br />
Flight season Mid-May to September.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a variety of open habitats including dunes, calcareous<br />
grassland, soft rock cliffs, heathland, field margins, brownfield sites, woodland rides<br />
and clearings and urban greenspace. The biology is entirely unknown and has been<br />
the debate of much speculation. Snails seem most likely, but this is not yet proven.<br />
Adults are usually found resting on low sunlit herbage in sheltered settings but will<br />
visit flowers such as umbellifers.<br />
Status & distribution Common over much of southern Britain with records<br />
extending sparingly north to Ross & Cromarty.<br />
Melanomya nana male (left, Photo: Lars Brunkman) and female (right, Photo: Jeremy Richardson)<br />
49
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Melinda – lesser bluebottles<br />
These are rather small, Calliphora-like blowflies with glossy blue tergites bearing<br />
shifting dust patterns, and a grey-dusted mesonotum with slight shifting stripes and<br />
feint metallic-blue reflections. The dark ground colour of the face, relatively narrow<br />
genae and rather short, black antennae are the more obvous differences of Melinda,<br />
and their closest relatives appear to be non-metallic species such as Eggisops and<br />
Melanomya. Melinda is an old world genus of some 66 species. Diversity is highest in<br />
the Oriental regions but with species extending to Western Europe, North Africa and<br />
even Samoa and Fiji within the Australasion regions. Some taxonomic confusion has<br />
affected the British species, with Melinda viridicyanea being placed in the genus<br />
Bellardia by Kloet & Hincks (1976). No further species occur on near continent.<br />
The biology of a few species is known and involves parasitism of snails and<br />
oviposition rather than larviposition. Adults are keen flower visitors.<br />
Key to species<br />
- Presutural intra-alar bristles usually strong (Fig 1). Palpi pale brown. Male eyes<br />
separated by about half the width of a third antennal segment (Fig 2). Male<br />
surstyli narrow and pointed in side view (Fig 3)………………… ..……….gentilis<br />
- Presutural intra-alar bristles usually absent (Fig 4). Palpi black. Male eyes<br />
separated by about the width of a third antennal segment (Fig 5). Male surstyli<br />
circular in side view (Fig 6)....….............................................…….….viridicyanea<br />
50
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Melinda gentilis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830<br />
Pale-palped Melinda<br />
Description & similar species WL 5-7mm. Superficially resembling a small<br />
Calliphora in the field (the completely dark face and genae and much shorter<br />
antennae will allow quick separation). Easily separable from M. viridicyanea under<br />
the microscope using the key but not easily in the field, though it has a slightly more<br />
robust build (with the abdomen not much longer than wide) and averages larger. The<br />
narrower male frons can be checked with a strong hand lens.<br />
Variation Moderate size variation. The presutural intra-alar can occasionally be<br />
weak.<br />
Flight season Late March to early October.<br />
Habitat & biology Usually found in and around woodland and dense scrub,<br />
especially (but not exclusively) that on calcareous soils. Males will often cluster in<br />
large numbers on sun-dappled foliage (in a similar manner to some muscids). Host<br />
snails include Cernuella virgata and Helicella itala.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread but rather local in most districts with records<br />
extending north to the Inverness area.<br />
Melinda gentilis living male (left) and pinned female (right). Notice the narrowly separated eyes and<br />
rather broad build of the male.<br />
Melinda viridicyanea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)<br />
Dark-palped Melinda<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-7mm. Easily separable from M. gentilis under<br />
the microscope but not easily in the field, though it has a slightly slimmer build (with<br />
the abdomen distinctly longer than wide) and averages smaller. The broader male<br />
frons can be checked with a strong hand lens.<br />
Variation Considerable size variation.<br />
Flight season Late March to mid-October.<br />
Habitat & biology It uses a much greater variety of habitats than M. gentilis,<br />
including woodland, wetlands, coastal dunes and shingle, plus brownfield sites,<br />
sometimes in base-poor heathland districts. Host snails include Cernuella virgata and<br />
Discus rotundatus, wth eggs being laid in the pulmonary cavity. Adults can be<br />
observed on a variety of flowers, including umbellifers, thistles, knapweeds,<br />
mayweeds, Oxeye Daisy, buttercups and Ivy.<br />
Status & distribution Frequent over much of Britain with records extending north to<br />
the island of Pabay (near Skye) and Rum.<br />
51
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Melinda viridicyanea male (left) and female (right). Notice the slightly greater separation of the eyes<br />
and rather narrow build of the male compared with M. gentilis.<br />
52
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Phormia – black blowflies<br />
A monotypic genus which is now widespread in warmer parts of the Palearctic and<br />
Nearctic, though scarce on the near continent. However, this is a species prone to<br />
being transported accidentally so should be looked out for here, though there is no<br />
evidence it has ever been a resident of Great Britain and Ireland.<br />
Phormia regina (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Black Blowfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 6-9mm. A metallic greenish or bluish species (the<br />
tergites usually bluer than the mesonotum) most resembling Protophormia<br />
terraenovae, but with whitish calypters (with short white hairs on the lateral parts of<br />
the upper surface) and a thin dusting of the mesonotum (but without the paler stripes<br />
at the front seen in Protocalliphora azurea). The acrostichals are weak but obvious<br />
(barely evident in P. terraenovae; much longer in P. azurea) and the antennae<br />
extensivly reddish (entirely or mostly dark in the other two species). The mesonotum<br />
has 1 presutural and 2 postsutural intra-alars. The anterior thoracic spiracles are<br />
orange. The male eyes are separated by less than half the width of a third antennal<br />
segment (much less than in males of the other two) and the head is rather large and<br />
globose, producing an overall body shape reminiscent of Pollenia amentaria. The<br />
female frons is slightly under one-third the head width.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation and some variation in the metallic tint.<br />
Flight season July, August check more data.<br />
Habitat & biology The larvae develop in carrion and it has been implicated in human<br />
and animal myiasis. It is a species of forensic value in hotter climes and is also used in<br />
maggot therapy.<br />
Status & distribution Only known as British from a very old Oxfordshire record.<br />
There is another old record from Dublin. It is not common on the near-continent<br />
check.<br />
Phormia regina male (left) and female (right). Photos: Tom Murray.<br />
53
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Pollenia – clusterflies<br />
Clusterflies are amongst our most numerous and universal blowflies. They most<br />
attract attention when they enter buildings in late summer and autumn to overwinter.<br />
They are broadly-built, rather flattened calliphorids that, when fresh, have a<br />
characteristic covering of yellow, crinkly hairs over the top and sides of the thorax.<br />
These hairs quickly get rubbed off, though it is rare to find an old one without some<br />
crinkly hairs still present on the sides of the thorax.<br />
Despite the superficial similarity of most of the British species, they are relatively<br />
straightforward to identify under a microscope on external morphology, and a single<br />
character state (e.g. the dark abdomen of P. amentaria, tuft of hairs under the wing of<br />
P. pediculata or reduced number of scutellar marginals or intra-alars in P.<br />
griseotomentosa) will often suffice. But even in the more challenging species, such as<br />
those most resembling P. rudis, a surprising number of microscopic characters are<br />
available. However, care should be taken to screen for extra species present on the<br />
near continent such as P. atramentaria and P. mayeri, and having the genitalia<br />
exposed on pinned material will assist.<br />
Like Bellardia, these are earthworm parasitoids, though relatively little is known<br />
about species-levels preferences. However, some niche differention can be detected as<br />
there are differences in the timing of peaks of different species. This is most<br />
noticeable in districts where several species occur together. P. griseotomentosa and P.<br />
labialis also show a rather strong attachment to wetlands.<br />
About 200 species are described globally and the genus is widespread in the<br />
Holarctic, Oriental and Australasian regions. There has bee much recent transfer of<br />
species between continents, with many of the commoner European species now well<br />
established in North America (Jewiss-Gaines et.al., 2012), and species like P.<br />
pediculata well established in New Zealand where is has become a pest (Heath et. al.,<br />
2004, as P. pseudorudis).<br />
Key to species<br />
1 Tergites blackish-grey without conspicuous dusting (a very faint pattern of<br />
tessellations can be made out if viewed obliquely from behind). Scutellum usually<br />
with 4-5 strong marginals in addition to the apicals (Fig 1). Mesonotum thinly<br />
dusted with some pale dusting behind the head but no hint of stripes. Broadbodied,<br />
the males ‘big-headed’ with the orbits of the frons virtually<br />
touching…………………………………………………….......………..amentaria<br />
- Tergites with a conspicuous shifting pattern of grey dusting (but beware<br />
specimens that have turned black due to grease or exposure to damp). Scutellum<br />
usually with only 2-3 strong marginals in addition to the apicals (Figs 2 & 3).<br />
Mesonotum often with more obvious stripes at the front. Males of most species<br />
smaller-headed, some with the orbits clearly separated by a black interfrontalia<br />
(Fig 7)…..............................................................................................................….2<br />
2 Node at the junction of the humeral cross-vein and subcosta on underside of wing<br />
with a tuft of yellowish hairs (Fig 9).................................……...……….pediculata<br />
54
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
- Node at the junction of the humeral cross-vein and subcosta without a tuft of<br />
yellowish hairs…………………….......................................…………….………..3<br />
3 Mesonotum in front of suture with a median dark stripe, the width and intensity of<br />
which varies according to angle of view, plus broader black stripes at the sides<br />
starting just inward of the humeri. Humeri with 2 or more anterior bristles in front<br />
of the main 3 bristles. Two presutural intra-alars present on each side of<br />
mesonotum. Third antennal segments only about 1.5 times as long as the second.<br />
Tessellation of the tergites rather weak with a distinct dark median stripe<br />
appearing on tergites 3-5 from some angles, plus slight bluish tints. Build<br />
unusually slim, long-legged and long-winged.........................................vagabunda<br />
- Mesonotum in front of suture without a median dark stripe (a pair of very weak<br />
stripes may run between the acrostichals and dorsocentrals). Humeri without<br />
anterior bristles in front of the main three bristles. Only one presutural intra-alar<br />
on each side of the thorax. Third antennal segments about twice as long as second.<br />
Tessellations of the tergites well formed in most species. Build stockier without<br />
noticeably long wings or long legs.…......................................................................4<br />
4 Outer posthumeral bristle missing (Fig 4). Facial keel barely extending below the<br />
antennal sockets. Scutellum with only two pairs of scutellar marginals in addition<br />
to the apicals. Males noticeably short-legged, the front tarsi and tibiae of equal<br />
length. Small (wing length rarely exceeding 6.5mm)...…….….…griseotomentosa<br />
- Outer posthumeral bristle usually present (Fig 5). Facial keel extending well<br />
below the antennal sockets (except labialis). Scutellum with three pairs of<br />
scutellar marginals in addition to the apicals. Males with the front tarsi longer than<br />
the front tibiae. Typically larger (wing length regularly to 8-8.5mm)....……...…..5<br />
5 Posterior thoracic spiracles brown. Basicostae coal-black. Facial keel weak,<br />
usually petering out before a point level with the mid point of the third antennal<br />
segment (Fig 14). Third antennal segments only red at their extreme base and<br />
usually slightly more than twice as long as the second segment.......….……labialis<br />
- Posterior thoracic spiracles yellowish. Basicostae usually brown, at least apically.<br />
Facial keel stronger, usually petering out at a point just short of the tip of the third<br />
antennal segment (Figs 12 & 13). Third antennal segments more extensively red<br />
and at most twice as long as the second segment.…...............................………….6<br />
6 Palpi reddish-orange for apical third or more. Facial ridge broad and flattened on<br />
its crest, about as wide as a third antennal segment in the male (Fig 13) or half as<br />
wide in the female. Both sexes with 2-3 anteroventrals on the mid tibiae. Male<br />
with eyes usually separated by slightly more than the width of a third antennal<br />
segment and male hind tibiae without long anteroventral hairs half way<br />
along................................................................................................................viatica<br />
- Palpi dark. Facial ridge narrow and ridged along its crest (Fig 12). If palpi slightly<br />
reddish at tip, either mid tibiae with only a single anterodorsal, or male eyes<br />
separated by only half the width of a third antennal segment (Fig 8), or male hind<br />
tibiae with long anteroventral hairs (Fig 17), or hind femora with short yellow<br />
hairs posteroventrally..………………………………………………….....7<br />
7 Mid tibiae with 2-3 anterodorsals. Hind femora entirely covered with black hairs.<br />
Male eyes typically separated by the width of a third antennal segment (Fig 7).<br />
Depth of male genae usually about 0.6x the height of an eye, the parafacialia<br />
wider, about 3 times the width of a third antennal segment (Fig 10). Male hind<br />
tibiae mid way along with many anteroventral hairs that are almost as long as the<br />
width of the tibia (Fig 17). Male abdomen, viewed from side ventrally with a<br />
55
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
dense fine pile of hairs that are mostly perpendicular to the tergite surface (Fig<br />
15)……….…...........................................................................……………..…rudis<br />
- Mid tibiae with only 1 anterodorsal. Hind femora yellow-haired posteroventrally<br />
(lighting and angle of view critical to see the hair colour clearly). Male eyes<br />
typically separated by half the width of a third antennal segment (Fig 8). Depth of<br />
male genae usually about 0.5x the height of an eye, the parafacialia only about<br />
twice the width of a third antennal segment (Fig 11). Male hind tibiae with any<br />
anteroventral hairs much shorter than the width of the tibia (Fig 18). Male<br />
abdomen viewed from side ventrally with a sparser pile of hairs that are somewhat<br />
inclined with respect to the tergite surface (Fig 16)....…..................….angustigena<br />
Pollenia amentaria (Scopoli, 1763)<br />
Black-bellied Clusterfly<br />
Description & similar species WL mm. WL 4.5-8.5mm. Our most distinctive<br />
Pollenia due to the dark abdomen and broad build. Fresh specimens look particularly<br />
striking, with the fine yellow hairs of the mesonotum contrasting strongly with the<br />
dark tergites. The extra marginals on the scutellum is another distinction, and males<br />
have a particularly large and globose head with a very narrow frons (eyes separated<br />
by about half the width of a third antennal segment).<br />
Variation Considerable size variation. The number of pairs of scutellar marginals<br />
varies between 3 and 5, but is usually 4 or 5.<br />
56
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Flight season March to October.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a wide variety of habitats but often in the vicinity of<br />
damp habitats. Adults will visit a variety of flowers including umbellifers, thistles,<br />
Heather and Ivy. The larvae are presumed to be earthworm parasites but the host is<br />
unknown.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread but local in the south, becoming more abundant in<br />
Wales and Scotland, and common in the Scottish Highlands except the far north.<br />
Pollenia amentaria male (left, Photo: Nigel Jones) and female (right, Photo: Ian Andrews) showing the<br />
blackish tergites and large eyes of the male.<br />
Pollenia angustigena Wainwright, 1940<br />
Narrow-cheeked Clusterfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-8 mm, averaging smaller than P. rudis (on par<br />
with P. pediculata) with yellowish hairs on the posteroventral surface of the hind<br />
femora, as in P. viatica (hairs black in P. rudis). Otherwise resembling P. rudis<br />
(formerly considered a variety of rudis) but with a host of microscopic differences.<br />
The mid tibiae only have a single anterodorsal bristle (a character only shared with P.<br />
griseotomentosa and P. vagabunda) and the male eyes are only separated by about<br />
half the width of a third antennal segment. In side view, the male genae and<br />
parafacialia are rather narrower than P. rudis. Further distinctions of P. rudis are<br />
given under that species.<br />
Pollenia angustigena male (left) and female (right). Notice the very narrowly separated eyes of the<br />
male.<br />
57
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Variation Substantial size variation and a little variation in the width of the male<br />
frons. Some specimens can have just a single outer posthumeral bristle (as in P.<br />
griseotomentosa).<br />
Flight season Active from March until October, and overwintering as an adult. It can<br />
be especially abundant in spring and late summer-early autumn.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in many habitats without any clear preferences and often<br />
clustering in large numbers on sunlit foliage. It visits a wide range of flowers,<br />
including spring-blossoming shrubs and Ivy. The larvae are presumed to be<br />
earthworm parasites but the host is unknown.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread and common in many areas – often the most<br />
abundant Pollenia over large areas during certain weeks of the year. Scarcer in the<br />
Scottish Highlands.<br />
Pollenia griseotomentosa (Jacentkowský, 1944)<br />
Little Clusterfly<br />
Description & similar species WL4-7 mm. Averaging as our smallest Pollenia and<br />
the only one lacking an outer posthumeral bristle and having only 2 pairs of marginals<br />
on the scutellum (all other Pollenia have at least 3 pairs). The facial keel is very short.<br />
Males are relatively distinctive due to their very short tarsi and proportionately large,<br />
globose heads with very narrowly separated eyes. This creates a somewhat dumpy<br />
appearance. Females are less distinctive and care needs to be taken with small<br />
individuals of other species, particularly P. angustigena which shares with P.<br />
griseotomentosa the possession of only one anterodorsal on the mid tibiae.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation.<br />
Flight season Active from March until October, and overwintering as an adult.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a variety of damp habitats including fen, damp<br />
woodland and other marshy areas. The larvae are presumed to be earthworm parasites<br />
but the host is unknown.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread but local in most areas extending north to the<br />
Moray Firth and the island of Raasay, near Skye. Never attaining the abundance of the<br />
commonest Pollenia species.<br />
Pinned male (left) with details of the head and thorax (right)<br />
58
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Pollenia labialis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863<br />
Dark-based Clusterfly<br />
Description & similar species WL4.5-8.5 mm. Resembling P. rudis but with the<br />
unique combination of coal-black basicostae and brown (rather than yellowish)<br />
posterior thoracic spiracles. It also has a short and weak facial ridge and the third<br />
antennal segments are longer (usually over twice as long as the second segment) and<br />
darker (only red at the extreme base). The mid tibiae have 2-3 anterodorsals and the<br />
male eyes are separated by just under the width of a third antennal segment. The<br />
female hind femora are entirely black-haired. It looks a little darker in the field than<br />
other rudis-like species, particularly about the wing bases.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation.<br />
Flight season Active from April until October, and overwintering as an adult.<br />
Habitat & biology Usually associated with damp habitats such as coastal levels, dune<br />
slacks, fens and valley mire and sometimes quite common in these locations. The<br />
larvae are presumed to be earthworm parasites but the host is unknown.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread but rather local, with records extending north to<br />
East Ross.<br />
Pollenia labialis male (left) and female (right). Notice the coal-black basicosta. Photos: Tom Murray.<br />
Pollenia pediculata Macquart, 1834)<br />
Tufted Clusterfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-8 mm. Superficially resembling species such<br />
as P. rudis (but averaging smaller and slightly slimmer) and P. angustigena. Under<br />
the microscope it is readily separated from these and other Pollenia species by a tuft<br />
of yellowish hairs on the underside of the wing where the humeral crossvein meets the<br />
subcosta (angle of view and lighting critical to see these). The mid tibiae have 2-3<br />
anterodorsals and the male frons is about the width of a third antennal segment i.e.<br />
wider than P. angustigena and within the range of P. rudis. The facial keel is long and<br />
sharp as in P. rudis and P. angustigena.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. The basicostae can be quite dark in some which<br />
can lead to initial confusion with P. labialis (which has dark posterior thoracic<br />
spiracles and weaker facial keel).<br />
Flight season Active from March until October, and overwintering as an adult. It can<br />
be especially abundant in spring and late summer-early autumn and is of the main<br />
clustering species in buildings.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a similar range of habitats to P. rudis and P. angustigena<br />
and usually found flying alongside these species. The earthworm Eisenia rosea is a<br />
known host.<br />
59
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Status & distribution Widespread and common – often outnumbering other Pollenia<br />
species during certain weeks of the year, though scarce in the Scottish Highlands.<br />
Pollenia pediculata male (left,) and female (right)<br />
Pollenia rudis (Fabricius, 1794)<br />
Awkward Clusterfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-8.5 mm. Our best known Pollenia but<br />
superficially very similar to P. angustigena, P. labialis, P. pediculata and P. viatica.<br />
Males have two characters that set them apart from the others: the hind tibiae have<br />
numerous outstanding hairs along the anteroventral surface of the middle section (the<br />
longest of which are almost as long as the thickness of the tibia) and the ventralfacing<br />
surfaces of tergites 3 and 4 have a particularly dense covering of fine hairs that<br />
are mostly perpendicular to the surface of the tergite (hairs sparser and/or more<br />
inclined in the other four species). Other characters shared by both sexes that assist in<br />
identification include: entirely black-haired hind femora (ruling out P. angustigena<br />
and P. viatica), 2-3 anterodorsals on the mid tibiae (ruling out P. angustigena), a<br />
fairly long and sharp facial ridge (ruling out P. labialis and P. viatica), yellowish hind<br />
thoracic spiracles and brownish basicostae (ruling out P. labialis), dark palpi (ruling<br />
out P. viatica) and no tuft of hairs on the underside of the wings where the humeral<br />
cross-vein meets the subcosta (ruling out P. pediculata). The male eyes are separated<br />
by about the width of a third antennal segment (ruling out P. angustigena).<br />
Pollenia rudis male (left,) and female (right)<br />
60
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. The palpi can be dark or narrowly reddish at the<br />
tip. The basicostae can be rather dark in some but never the coal-black of P. labialis.<br />
The mid tibiae occasionally only have a single anterodorsal.<br />
Flight season Most active from March until October (with pronounced peaks of<br />
abundance within this), but often recorded as adults overwintering within buildings.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a wide range of habitats, and common in urban settings.<br />
The larvae have been reared from earthworms of the genera Aporrectoda, Eisenia and<br />
Lumbricus. Adults visit a variety of flowers. They generally start to enter houses in<br />
late summer or early autumn and can form large clusters which can create a nuisance.<br />
It is not uncommon to find many dead clusterflies on a floor or window pane (though<br />
having checked many such samples, it is clear that P. angustigena and P. pediculata<br />
can also be involved in clustering). Infestations can pose a potential health risk,<br />
especially if large numbers of dead flies end up in water tanks.<br />
Status & distribution Seemingly widespread and common over much of Britain to<br />
northern Scotland (the commonest Pollenia of the Scottish Highlands). NBN records<br />
are likely to include misidentifications.<br />
Pollenia vagabunda (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Vagabund Clusterfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 7-7.5mm. An aberrant Pollenia in various<br />
respects, with a slimmer, longer-legged and longer-winged build than our other<br />
species, a dark median stripe at the front of the mesonotum, a very short third<br />
antennal segment, and shifting markings on the tergites that are less tessellated than<br />
most other Pollenia. The humeri have 2-3 small bristles anteriorly in addition to the<br />
three main ones and there are two presutural intra-alars on each side of the<br />
mesonotum. The tergites also produce slight blue tints from some angles.<br />
Variation Little noted.<br />
Flight season Most active from April to October, but hibernating as an adult and<br />
recorded in most winter months.<br />
Habitat & biology Recorded from a variety of habitats, with no obvious preference.<br />
The larvae are presumed to be earthworm parasites but the host is unknown.<br />
Status & distribution Our scarcest Pollenia, with relatively few records (mostly old)<br />
extending from the south coast of England to the Inverness area. The largest cluster of<br />
modern records is from the Scottish Highlands.<br />
Pollenia vagabunda living (left, Photo: Tom Murray) and pinned (left) showing the median stripe of<br />
the thorax and rather slim, leggy build<br />
61
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Pollenia viatica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1944<br />
Orange-palped Clusterfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5 – 8.5 mm. Resembling P. rudis and matching<br />
its size but usually readily separable from this and other rudis-like species by the<br />
broadly orange tips to the palpi (the orange usually occupying at least the apical third<br />
or more). Where doubt exists (some of the other species can have the extreme tip of<br />
the palpi reddish) males of P. labialis have a very broad, flat-topped facial ridge<br />
between the antennae (almost as wide as the width of a third antennal segment) and<br />
there are further differences from P. rudis discussed under that species. Females also<br />
have a broad facial ridge but not to the extent shown by the male. In both sexes the<br />
hind femora are yellowish haired posteroventrally, as in P. angustigena (black-haired<br />
in P. rudis) There are 2-3 anterodorsals on the mid tibiae and the basicosta is pale<br />
brown. The male frons is about the width of a third antennal segment.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. Some variation in the extent of orange at the tip<br />
of the palpi.<br />
Flight season Reliable records seem to be from June to August, without the very long<br />
flight period and spring plus autumn peaks of other species. This suggests a different<br />
ecological strategy may be at play.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a variety of habitats. It can be particularly abundant on<br />
coastal levels, dunes, chalk downland and at sandy Breckland sites. The larvae are<br />
presumed to be earthworm parasites but the host is unknown.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread but rather local in southern Britain with records<br />
extending to south Scotland.<br />
Pollenia viatica pinned female (left) and close up of haad showing the pale palpi (right)<br />
62
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Protocalliphora – bird blowflies<br />
These are blue or greenish, rather flattened blowflies with distinct dust stripes on the<br />
mesonotum, at least on the front immediately behind the head. All species are obligate<br />
external parasites of bird nestlings, periodically attaching themselves to the skin of the<br />
nestling with a crown of setae and then sucking the blood of the bird. A badly infested<br />
nest may harbour several hundred larvae, and in such instances, the nestlings will<br />
probably all die. However, a small infestation may not result in mortality. If the<br />
maggot enters the nasal cavity it can cause the beak to become deformed (‘shovelbeaked’).<br />
Protocalliphora diversity is particularly high and well-studied in North<br />
America, and a paper by Bennett & Whitworth (1992 reveals how different species<br />
show different host preferences and different degrees of host specificity.<br />
This is a holarctic genus with about 45 species but only a single one occurs here.<br />
However, several further species occur on the continent (see Rognes, 1991) and any<br />
specimens with pure white calypters or where the parafrontalia and parafacialia are<br />
brown will need to be checked carefully. The closely related genus Trypocalliphora<br />
(represented by a single species, T. braueri) also occurs in NW Europe but has bright<br />
yellow basicostae, calypters and thoracic spiracles. It is a subcutaneous bird nestling<br />
parasite.<br />
Protocalliphora azurea (Fallén, 1817)<br />
Bird Blowfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 5.5-9.5mm. A medium-large, rather flattened<br />
blowfly with rather different-looking sexes. Males are deep blue-black, usually with a<br />
pair of paler ‘dorsocentral’ dust stripes at the front of the mesonotum (best seen from<br />
behind). Females are greener with pronounced shifting dust stripes on the mesonotum<br />
and grey-dusted humeri. In both sexes, the ground colour of the head capsule and<br />
antennae are black, with pale grey dusting on parafrontalia and parafacialia. The<br />
acrostichals are well formed and the calypters are pale yellowish-grey but not usually<br />
pure white. The male eyes are seprated by about the width of a third antennal<br />
segment; the female frons is about one-quarter the width of the head. When resting,<br />
the wings are normally held tightly over the abdomen in the same fashion as<br />
Protophormia terraenovae rather than the delta-winged fashion of Calliphora and<br />
Cynomya.<br />
Protocalliphora azurea male (left) and female (right)<br />
63
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. The female reflections can vary from turquoiseblue<br />
to decidedly greenish. In some males, the pale dust marks at the front of the<br />
mesonotum are barely detectable. The calypters can occasionally be white (a feature<br />
that characterises some non-British species).<br />
Flight season April to October, as two generations. Overwintering is apparently as an<br />
adult.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a variety of habitats, but usually in the vicinity of<br />
woodland, trees or shrubs. The larvae mostly seem to develop in the nests of smaller<br />
passerines. Adults visit flowers such as umbellifers and Ivy. Females also like to feed<br />
on human sweat and fresh bird droppings. They have a particular liking for basking<br />
on tree trunks and fence posts. They will occasionally enter houses, possibly<br />
searching for nests, as they are not attracted by food or carrion.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread and fairly frequent in most areas with records<br />
extending north to Ross & Cromarty.<br />
64
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Protophormia – blackbottles<br />
A genus of deep-blue, rather flattened blowflies resembling Protocalliphora species<br />
but with the thorax undusted and acrostichals barely distinguished from the<br />
surrounding hairs. The lower calypters are also less divergent and darker, with a<br />
covering of tiny black hairs on the upper surface. The larvae develop in carrion and<br />
seem to prefer corpses in cool, boreal conditions. Indeed, subfossil puparia of P.<br />
terraenovae have been found in large numbers associated with the remains of tundradwelling<br />
European Bison and Woolly Rhinoceros dated at 75,000 years old and also<br />
the remains of Mammoth. The only other species, P. atriceps, has a strongly<br />
protruding lower face, aristae almost bare below and an entirely black third antennal<br />
segment. It is an alpine and boreo-montane species with lavae that can take two years<br />
to develop. Both species show a Holarctic distribution.<br />
Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)<br />
Blackbottle<br />
Description & similar species WL 6-9mm. Resembling Protocalliphora azurea but a<br />
deep blue-black throughout without any obvious dusting on the mesonotum, smokygrey<br />
calypters with dark rims, and acrostichals that are barely differentiated from the<br />
normal hairs of the mesonotum. The parafacialia are dusted grey-white. The male<br />
frons is about 1.5 times the width of a third antennal segment, the female frons just<br />
over one-third the width of the head. The tip of second antennal segment and base of<br />
the third are reddish. When resting, the wings are normally held tightly over the<br />
abdomen in the same fashion as P. azurea rather than the delta-winged fashion of<br />
Calliphora and Cynomya.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. The interfontalia can occasionally be partially<br />
reddish<br />
Flight season Adults have been recorded in all months of the year but are most<br />
evident from May to September, representing two generations.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a range of habitats and very exposure tolerant, so can<br />
occur in montane areas, exposed moorland and exposed coastal areas, and overwinter<br />
as an adult. The larvae develop in carrion of various sorts and mature much more<br />
rapidly then those of other carrion-exploiting blowflies. It has been implicated in<br />
myiasis of grazing stock, reindeer and other wild animals. It is also one of the main<br />
blowfly species used in maggot therapy and can be useful in forensic entomology. It<br />
Protophormia terraenovae male (left, Photo: Jan Zwaaneveld) and female (right)<br />
65
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
is strongly synathropic under some circumstances, often reaching nuisance levels in<br />
slaughter houses, poultry farms and refuse dumps, and then entering nearby houses.<br />
Status & distribution Frequent in northern and western areas extending north to<br />
Shetland but becoming scarce in south-east England.<br />
66
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Stomorhina – locust blowflies<br />
Medium-sized calliphorids with strongly projecting lower faces, banded eyes, and<br />
tergites that can be strongly marked or even entirely orange. There can be fairly<br />
strong sexual dimorphism affecting the abdomen in particular and some species<br />
resemble hoverflies more than other blowflies. The stem vein of the wing bases has<br />
long hairs on the hind edge of its upper part side, and the lower calypters diverge<br />
away from the sides of the scutellum. The larvae of some species develop in the egg<br />
pods of locusts and larger grasshoppers. Other species are associated with ant nests.<br />
This is an Old World genus that is well represented in Africa, south Asia and<br />
Australia. Over 60 species have been described. There are no further species known<br />
from the near continent.<br />
Stomorhina lunata (Fabricius, 1805)<br />
Locust Blowfly<br />
Description & similar species WL 5-7mm. A very distinctive fly, with rather<br />
different-looking sexes. In both, the strongly projecting, partially shiny-black lower<br />
face provides a unique character amongst British calliphorids. The mesonotum is<br />
greyish with three broad greyish-bronze stripes. When alive, the eyes have about 6<br />
horizontal stripes. In the male, tergites 3 and 4 have large orange patches at the sides<br />
(creating an appearance rather like male Musca autumnalis). The eyes virtually touch<br />
on the top of the head and the genae and sides of the thorax have a rather dense<br />
yellow pile. In females, the yellow patches are usually weak or missing and the sides<br />
of tergites 3-5 have grey dust patches with black spots coinciding with the hair<br />
sockets. The female frons is about one-third of the head width and the genae and sides<br />
of the thorax have a less conspicuous whitish pile. Vein M is rather curved in its<br />
apical upturned section making cell r-m convex apically.<br />
Variation Female can have a variable amount of yellow ground colour at the sides of<br />
tergites 3 and 4. Moderate size variation in both sexes.<br />
Flight season June to October.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a variety of warm, open, flowery habitats. The larvae<br />
develop in the egg pods of various locusts e.g. Locusta migratoria. Adults visit a<br />
variety of flowers, including umbellifers, mints, ragworts, Fleabane, thistles and<br />
Michaelmas daisies.<br />
Stomorhina lunata male (left, Photo: Tim Ransom) and female (right)<br />
67
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Status & distribution Formerly regarded as a rarity (e.g. Wainwright, 1949), it is<br />
now quite frequent in SE England with records extending as far north as the<br />
Newcastle area (check). Given that it appears unable to use any British grasshoppers,<br />
it is likely that all records relate to vagrants that have flown in from the continent.<br />
Like many migratory insects it has periodic eruptions and 'good years'. 1901 was the<br />
first of these noted by entomologists (Perry, 2006), and the period 2004-2006 also<br />
saw an unusually high number of records (see Dipterists Digest 2006 for a batch of<br />
papers).<br />
68
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
References & further reading (Calliphoridae)<br />
Akbarzadeh, K, Wallman, J.F., Sulakova, H. & Szpila, K. (2015) Species<br />
identification of Middle Eastern blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of forensic<br />
importance. Parasitology Research 114(4): 1463–1472.<br />
Bennett, G.F. & Whitworth, T.L. (1992) Host, nest, and ecological relationships of<br />
species of Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Canadian Journal of<br />
Zoology, 70(1): 51-61.<br />
Brisbane Insects website: Calliphoridae section:<br />
http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_muscoid/Calliphoridae.htm<br />
Chandler, P.J. (Ed.) (1998) Checklist of insects of the British Isles (new series) part 1:<br />
Diptera. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 12. 234 pp.<br />
Chandler, P. & Denton, J. (2004) Recent records of some rare wetland snail-killing<br />
flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from Berkshire. Dipterists Digest 11: 111-113.<br />
Clemons, L. (1998) Some personal records of Melinda (Dip.: Calliphoridae) from<br />
Kent. Entomologist's Record 10:131.<br />
Davies, L. (1987) The distribution in Scotland and Ireland of Calliphora uralensis and<br />
its occurence and separation from C. vicina (Insecta: Diptera). The Irish<br />
Naturalists' Journal 22: 241-244.<br />
Davies, L. (1990) Species composition and larval habitats of blowfly (Calliphoridae)<br />
populations in upland areas in England and Wales. Medical and Veterinary<br />
Entomology 4:1(1990): 61-68.<br />
Davies, L. (1999) Seasonal and spatial changes in blowfly production from small and<br />
large carcasses at Durham in lowland northeast England. Medical and Veterinary<br />
Entomology 13:3: 245-251.<br />
Davies L & Laurence BR 1972. The distribution of Calliphora species in Britain and<br />
Ireland (Dipt., Calliphoridae). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 128: 207-213.<br />
Diptera.Info: Calliphoridae gallery:<br />
http://www.diptera.info/photogallery.php?album_id=6<br />
Erzinçlioglu, Z. (1989) The orogin of parasitism in blowfliess. British Journal of<br />
Entomology and Natural History 2: 125-127.<br />
Erzinçlioglu, Z. (1996) Blowflies. Naturalists’ Handbooks 23. 71pp. Richmond<br />
Publishing.<br />
Fauna Europaea: Calliphoridae section:<br />
http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=10892<br />
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF): Calliphoridae section, checklist<br />
view: http://www.gbif.org/species/3335<br />
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF): Rhinophoridae section, checklist<br />
view: http://www.gbif.org/species/5589<br />
Heath, A.C.G, Marris J.W.M. & Harris, A.C. (2004) A cluster fly, Pollenia<br />
pseudorudis Rognes, 1985 (Diptera: Calliphoridae): Its history and pest status in<br />
New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 31:4: 313-318. (available online:<br />
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03014223.2004.9518384)<br />
Horsfield, D. (2001) Melinda gentilis Robineau-Desvoidy new to Scotland with notes<br />
on Melinda viridicyanea (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in<br />
Scotland. Dipterists Digest 8: 133-134.<br />
Horsfield, D (2002). Calliphora stelviana (Brauer & Bergenstamm) (Dipt:<br />
Calliphoridae) in Scotland. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 138: 117-118.<br />
69
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Huijbregts, H. (2002) Nederlandse bromvliegen (Diptera: Calliphoridae)<br />
Entomologische Berichten 62 (3-4): 82-89. (availbale online:<br />
http://www.nev.nl/pages/publicaties/eb/nummers/2002/62-3-4/82-89.pdf)<br />
Irwin, A. G. (1976) Calliphora uralensis (Villeneuve) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) new to<br />
Ireland. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 111 (1975): 62.<br />
Jewiss-Gaines, A, Marshall, S.A. & Whitworth, T.L. (2012). Cluster Flies<br />
(Calliphoridae: Polleniinae: Pollenia) of North America. Canadian Journal of<br />
Arthropod Identification 19: 119.<br />
Knut Rognes publication list: https://knutrognes.wordpress.com/publications-inzoology/<br />
(hyperlinks to various key papers)<br />
Laurence, B.R. (1991). Calliphora uralensis Vill. (Dipt., Calliphoridae) in the<br />
Northern Isles. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 127: 139-143.<br />
Lehrer, A.Z. (2007) La fausse théorie de Rognes sur la position systématique du genre<br />
Eurychaeta B.B. et établissement d'une nouvelle espèce asiatique (Diptera:<br />
Sarcophagidae). Fragmenta Diperologica 10: 8-12. (available online:<br />
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Rognes_-_Eurychaeta.pdf)<br />
Macdonald, M. (2014). Observation of Calliphora uralensis Villeneuve (Diptera,<br />
Calliphoridae) in Scotland. Dipterists Digest 21: 197-200.<br />
Marshall, S. A., Whitworth, T. & Roscoe, L. (2011) Blow flies (Diptera;<br />
Calliphoridae) of eastern Canada with a key to Calliphoridae subfamilies and<br />
genera of eastern North America, and a key to the eastern Canadian species of<br />
Calliphorinae, Luciliinae and Chrysomyiinae. Canadian Journal of Arthropod<br />
Identification. (available online:<br />
http://cjai.biologicalsurvey.ca/mwr_11/mwr_11.pdf)<br />
Mihályi, F. (1977). A new key for Hungarian Lucilia species (Diptera, Calliphoridae).<br />
Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarica 69: 181-184 (available<br />
online:<br />
http://publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/annHNHM/Annals_HNHM_1977_Vol_69_181.p<br />
df)<br />
National Biodiversity Network (NBN), Calliphoridae section:<br />
https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000159565<br />
National Biodiversity Network (NBN), Rhinophoridae section:<br />
https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000160889<br />
PBase photo gallery (Tom Murray's images from New England & New York),<br />
Calliphoridae gallery: http://www.pbase.com/tmurray74/blow_flies_calliphoridae<br />
Perry, I. (2006) The Jenkinson records of Stomorhina lunata (Fabricius, 1805)<br />
(Diptera, Calliphoridae) Dipterists Digest 13:132.<br />
Pont, A.C. (1976) In: Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D. (eds) A checklist of British Insects,<br />
Diptera and Siphanoptera. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 11<br />
part 5. 139 pp.<br />
Povolný, D. & Verves, Y. (1997) The Flesh-Flies of Central Europe: Insecta, Diptera,<br />
Sarcophagidae. Spixiana: Zeitschrift für Zoologie, Supplement 24. 264 pp.<br />
Richards, O.W. (1926) Notes on the British Species of Lucilia (Diptera) With a<br />
Supplementary Note by J.E. Collin. Transaction of the Entomological Society of<br />
London 74: 255-263.<br />
Rognes, K. (1986) The systematic position of the genus Helicosbosca Bezzi with a<br />
discussion of the monophyly of the calypterate families Calliphoridae,<br />
Rhinophoridae, Sarcophagidae and Tachinidae (Diptera). Entomologica<br />
Scandinavica: 17: 75-92.<br />
70
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Rognes, K. (1991) Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark.<br />
– Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, Vol. 24. E. Brill, Leiden. (1991). 272pp.<br />
(sections available online, search using genera)<br />
Rognes, K. (1997) The Calliphoridae (Blowflies) (Diptera: Oestroidea) are Not a<br />
Monophyletic Group. Cladistics 13: 27-66.<br />
Rognes, K. (undated) Norwegian Calliphoridae web feature (Store Norske Leksikon):<br />
https://snl.no/spyfluer/<br />
Rotheray, G.E., Horsfield, D, Ismay, J.E., Chandler, P.J. Bellardia bayeri (Diptera:<br />
Calliphoridae) new to Britain and a description of the puparium. Dipterists Digest<br />
5, 30-33.<br />
Shewell, G.E. (1987) 106 Calliphoridae, pp 1133-1145 In: MacAlpine, J.F. et. al.<br />
(eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera 2. Reasearch Branch Agriculture Canada,<br />
Monograph 28. vi + pp 675-1332. Ottowa.<br />
Steven Falk Flickr photo gallery: Calliphoridae section:<br />
https://www.flickr.com/photos/63075200@N07/collections/72157658686275806/<br />
Stevens, J. & Wall, R. (1996) Species, sub-species and hybrid populations of the<br />
blowflies Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae).<br />
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 263: 1335-1342.<br />
Szpila, K. (undated) Key for identification of European and Mediterranean blowflies<br />
(Diptera, Calliphoridae) of forensic importance. Adult flies. Nicolaus Copernicus<br />
University. (available online but Norton untested)<br />
Szpila, K. (2010) Key for the Identification of Third Instars of European Blowflies<br />
(Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Forensic Importance. In: Amendt et al. (eds) Current<br />
concepts in forensic entomology. Springer. (available online:<br />
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226946269_Key_for_the_Identification<br />
_of_Third_Instars_of_European_Blowflies_Diptera_Calliphoridae_of_Forensic_I<br />
mportance)<br />
Systema Dipterorum website: http://www.diptera.org/ClassificationNotes.php<br />
Van Emden, F.I. (1954) Diptera Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) section (a). Tachinidae<br />
and Calliphoridae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. X part<br />
(4a). 133 pp.<br />
Wainwright, C.J. (1949) Stomorhina lunata Fabr. (Diptera) in Britain. Journal of the<br />
Entomological Society of Britain, 3: 97-98.<br />
Whitworth, T. 2006. Keys to the Genera and Species of the Blow Flies (Diptera:<br />
Calliphoridae) of America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological<br />
Society of Washington 108(3), 699-708) (available online:<br />
http://www.blowflies.net/images/Publications/Keys.pdf)<br />
Zumft, F. (1956): Calliphoridae In: Lindner, E. (ed.) : Die Fliegender<br />
Palaearktischen Region, Stuttgart, 11: 1-140.<br />
71
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
<strong>RHINOPHORIDAE</strong> – <strong>WOODLOUSE</strong>-<strong>FLIES</strong><br />
A small family of about 150-250 described species (depending on how the family is<br />
defined) found in most parts of the world. There are affinities to both the<br />
Calliphoridae and Tachinidae and it has been included in both at various points prior<br />
to it becoming recognised as a distinct and probably monophylitic family (Crosskey,<br />
1977). As well as historic changes to the ranking of the family, the boundaries have<br />
always been unstable and van Emden (1954) included the calliphorid genera<br />
Angioneura and Melanomya and the tachinid genera Cinochira and Litophasia. The<br />
first two genera were still listed as rhinophorids in the 1976 British checklist (Pont,<br />
1976). Today, there remains disagreement over whether the Australian genus Axinia<br />
should be included or placed within its own family, the Axiniidae.<br />
The British fauna was subject of a classic PhD study by Bedding (1965 - summarised<br />
in Bedding, 1973) which examined thousands of woodlice collected from some 50<br />
localities in southern England and reared most of the British species. Where the<br />
biology is known, it involves endoparasitism of woodlice.<br />
Key to rhinophorid species<br />
1 R5 either without a stalk or with a short one that is shorter than cross vein r-m<br />
(Figs 1 & 2)……………………………………...............................…………...…2<br />
- R5 with a stalk that is much longer than cross-vein r-m (Figs 3 & 4)…….......…..4<br />
2 Femora and tibiae partially reddish. Scutellum yellowish apically with only a<br />
single pair of strong marginal bristles in addition to the strong, crossed apicals<br />
(Fig 5). Vein M usually ending on the wing margin leaving the radial cell<br />
narrowly open (Fig 1). Male sternite 5 produced into two large projecting,<br />
partially orange lobes Fig 6), the sides of tergite 1+2 & 3<br />
orange…...............................................................................…Tricogena rubricosa<br />
- Legs black, at most narrowly orange at the knee joints. Scutellum with 2-3 strong<br />
marginals in addition to the strong, crossed apicals, the tip never orange. Vein M<br />
usually joining the end of vein R4+5 leaving a short stalk (Fig 2). Mesonotum and<br />
scutellum not so strongly dusted...........................……………….......................…3<br />
3 Tergites 3 and 4 with some strong discals as well as marginals (Fig 7).<br />
Mesonotum with three broad black stripes, the middle ‘acrostichal stripe’ fairly<br />
solid in top view and separated from the lateral ones by broad pale grey stripes<br />
aligned with the dorsocentrals (Fig 9). Palpi orange-brown. Male with strong<br />
marginals on tergite 1+2 and frons nearly one-third head width (Fig<br />
11)...........................................................................................Phyto melanocephala<br />
- Tergites 3 and 4 without discals, only marginals (Fig 8). Mesonotum with three<br />
narrow black stripes down the middle (the middle one weak from some angles),<br />
separated from the lateral black patches by less conspicuous pale grey stripes<br />
aligned with the dorsocentrals. Palpi blackish. Male without marginals on tergite 1<br />
and frons only about one-tenth head width (Fig 10).................….Phyto discrepans<br />
4 Parafacialia bare (Fig 11). Apical half of wing, especially fore section and<br />
membrane around the other veins, conspicuously darkenened and contrasting with<br />
the milky-white membrane and yellow veins of the basal half (this character can<br />
be poorly expressed in teneral specimens). Third antennal segment conspicuously<br />
orange on basal half..……….......................................….......…Paykullia maculata<br />
72
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
- Parafacialia with hairs, bristles or both (Figs 12 & 13). Wings either relatively<br />
clear, or entirely darkened, or darkened with a conspicuously milky-white wing<br />
tip. Third antennal segment dark..............................................................................5<br />
5 Halteres with dark knobs. Body shining black without any obvious pale dusting.<br />
Wings conspicuously darkened, entirely in male but with a milky white apical<br />
spot in female (Fig 3); the stalk of R4+5 longer then the upturned section of M.<br />
Small species (wing length to 3.5 mm)……...............…….…Melanophora roralis<br />
- Halteres with yellow knobs. Body with at least the parafacialia and genae with<br />
pale dusted. Wings not conspicuously darkened; the stalk of R4+5 clearly shorter<br />
than than the upturned section of M (Fig 4)...……………........................………..6<br />
6 In side view, mouth edge projecting beyond the level of the frons (Fig 12).<br />
Tergites 3 and 4 without discals. Mesonotum without pale dust stripes. Small<br />
species (wing length to 4 mm)………….......................…….....Rhinophora lepida<br />
- In side view, frons projecting much further than the mouthedge (Fig 13). Tergites<br />
3 and 4 with discals. Mesonotum with pale dust stripes. Typically larger (wing<br />
length to 6 mm)……………................................................................……………7<br />
7 Palpi and antennae completely dark. A darker species with thorax, tergites and<br />
occiput rather inconspicuously dusted. Male tergite 3 without orange patches at<br />
sides. Female femora black to tip…….…...….……….……Stevenia atramentaria<br />
- Palpi and tip of second antennal segment reddish. Thorax, tergites and occiput<br />
conspicuously dusted. Male tergite 3 with orange marks at sides basally. Female<br />
femora usually reddish at tip, especially below…................….Stevenia deceptoria<br />
Melanophora roralis (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Smoky-winged Woodlouse-fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 3-3.5mm. A small, shiny black species with<br />
smoky wings – entirely so in males but with a milky-white apical spots in females that<br />
73
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
can be very conspicuous against a dark background, making for a very distinctive<br />
insect. The venation is also unusual with the stalk of R4+5 longer than the upturned<br />
section of M, and cell R4+5 unusually narrow and small for a calypterate. The<br />
similar-sized Catharosia pygmaea (Tachinidae) has a very similar venation and also a<br />
milky white wing tip, though the wing is darker at the front than the rear, and it also<br />
has a broader, shorter-legged build and an obvious subscutellum. The male frons of<br />
M. roralis is about two-fifths the width of the head, the female frons nearly one-half.<br />
Variation A little size variation. The intensity of wing darkening varies and can be<br />
less evident in teneral individuals.<br />
Flight season Mid-May to September.<br />
Habitat & biology This is our most synanthropic rhinophorid and used to be fairly<br />
frequent in houses and gardens. However, it can also occur well away from<br />
settlements along upper shores, soft rock cliffs and in woods associated with dead<br />
wood and old trees. Hosts include Porcellio scaber (especially those under loose<br />
bark) and P. spinicornis in a dry stone wall (Irwin, 1985). Further hosts have been<br />
used under laboratory conditions (Sassaman & Pratt, 1992). Adults have been<br />
observed vibrating their wings when walking. It does not seem to visit flowers.<br />
Status & distribution Scattered records as far north as the Edinburgh area. It is the<br />
only rhinophorid to have shown a substantial decline, and is now rare in houses – no<br />
doubt linked to the reduced abundance of woodlice here due to central heating and<br />
modern building techniques.<br />
Melanophora roralis male (left, Photo: Patrick Derennes) and female (right, Photo: Pierre Duhem).<br />
Only the female has a white wing tip but the male's broad frons makes it look like a female.<br />
Paykullia maculata (Fallén, 1815)<br />
Picture-winged Woodlouse-fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 4.5-6mm. A shiny-black species with distinctive<br />
dark markings in the apical half of the wing, which combined with the long-stalked<br />
R4+5 make for an easily distinguished species. The male frons is about one-quarter<br />
the width of the head, the female frons about one-third.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. Teneral individuals lack conspicuous wing<br />
markings and can be confused with Stevenia species but the orange bases to the third<br />
antennal segments and bare parafacialia of P. maculata allow easy separation.<br />
Flight season Mid-June to early October.<br />
74
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Habitat & biology Our most shade- and tree-loving rhinophorid. It can be<br />
encountered in woodland, scrub, hedges and gardens. Recorded hosts include<br />
Porcellio scaber (particularly those beneath loose bark) and Oniscus asellus. Adults<br />
have been observed running up tree trunks waving their wings in a similar manner to<br />
the Dipogon spider-wasps (which also have shiny-black bodies and marked wings).<br />
They will visit flowers of umbellifers such as Angelica and Wild Parsnip.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread with records extending as far north as the<br />
Cromarty Firth area of Scotland. Once regarded as rare though it is probably<br />
overlooked. Bedding (1965) regarded it as the commonest parasite of P. scaber.<br />
Paykullia maculata pinned male (left) and living female (right, Photo: Jeremy Richardson) - showing<br />
the distinctive wing markings<br />
Phyto discrepans Pandellé, 1896<br />
Five-striped Woodlouse-fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 4-6mm. A medium-sized rhinophorid with a very<br />
short stalk to R4+5 and three narrow stripes down the ‘acrostichal midline’ of the<br />
mesonotum at the front (the middle one less obvious from some angles) which are<br />
separated by broad pale stripes of varying intensity from the dark lateral stripes. The<br />
mesonotum thus lacks the bold striping of P. melanocephala. Tergite 1+2 lacks<br />
marginals (present in male P. melanocephala) and tergites 3 and 4 lack discals<br />
(present in both sexes of P. melanocephala. The male frons is only about one-tenth<br />
the width of the frons, the female frons about one-third. The palpi are blackish<br />
(orange-brown in P. melanocephala). Eggisops pecchiolii (Calliphoridae) looks rather<br />
similar but has cell R4+5 narrowly open, plumose aristae and lower calypters hugging<br />
the edge of the scutellum.<br />
Variation Moderate size variation. The markings on the mesonotum can vary in<br />
intensity.<br />
Flight season May to September.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a variety of habitats including coastal grassland and<br />
heathland, brownfield sites, woodland rides and clearings, and occasionally gardens.<br />
Adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of umbellifers such as Rock Samphire,<br />
Hogweed and Wild carrot; also Rosebay Willowherb. Recorded hosts include<br />
Porcellio scaber (especially those under loose bark) and Oniscus asellus.<br />
Status & distribution Scarce and localised with records extending north to Cumbria<br />
(check).<br />
75
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Phyto discrepans male (left) and female (right). Photos: Jeremy Richardson.<br />
Phyto melanocephala (Meigen, 1824)<br />
Three-striped Woodlouse-fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 3.5-7.5 (typically 5-6mm). The very short stalk to<br />
R4+5 combined with the boldly striped mesonotum (three broad dark stripes<br />
separated by two broad grey stripes) make this a fairly easily-recognised rhinophorid,<br />
and further differences from P. discrepans are given in the key. The male frons is<br />
about one-quarter the width of the head, the female frons about one-third.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. Big individuals qualify as our largest<br />
rhinophorids but the smallest are no larger than a typical Rhinophora lepida. Vein M<br />
occasionally meets vein R4+5 on the wing margin, leaving the latter without a stalk.<br />
Flight season Late April into October, presumably as two or more generations.<br />
Habitat & biology A clear preference is shown for warm, open sites with short or<br />
sparse vegetation. Particularly strong populations can form on brownfield land and<br />
coastal shingle, and it will also use chalk downland, coastal dunes, saltmarsh edge,<br />
sea walls, gardens and woodland clearings. Adults visit flowers such as umbellifers,<br />
Yarrow, Sea-kale, Sea Mayweed and Elder. They will also bask on tree trunks.<br />
Recorded hosts include Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellio scaber.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread and frequent (sometimes common) in southern<br />
Britain with records extending as far north as Yorkshire.<br />
Phyto melanocephala male (left) and female (right)<br />
76
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Rhinophora lepida (Meigen, 1824)<br />
Pouting Woodlouse-fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 2.5-4mm. A small blackish species vying with<br />
Melanophora roralis for the title as our smallest rhinophorid, and the smallest<br />
individuals probably are. Easily distinguished from other rhinophorids and most other<br />
calypterates by the combination of the projecting upper mouth edge, the long stalk to<br />
R4+5 and the yellow halteres. Both sexes have the lower parafrontalia, parafacialia<br />
and gena silvery-white. The back of the head and sides of the thorax (including the<br />
humeri and notopleuri) are grey-dusted. The male additionally has conspicuous grey<br />
dust patches at the front corners of tergites 3 and 4, though this feature is much<br />
weaker in females. The male frons is about one-quarter the width of the head, with a<br />
matt black interfontalia that is about the same width as the silvery parafrontalia on<br />
either side. The female frons is about one-third the width, with the interfrontalia<br />
narrower than the parafrontalia. R. lepida often occurs alongside the superficially<br />
similar Melanomya nana (Calliphoridae) in the field, but the different venation and<br />
face profile will quickly separate the two even under a hand lens.<br />
Variation Considerable size variation.<br />
Flight season Late June into September.<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a wide variety of warm, flowery habitats, including dry<br />
grasslands, the drier parts of wetlands, assorted coastal habitats, brownfield sites,<br />
heathland edge, arable margins and larger rides and clearings of woods. Adults like to<br />
visit flowers such as mayweeds, chamomiles, Oxeye Daisy, Tansy and umbellifers<br />
such as Wild Carrot, Fennel and Hogweed. Porcellio scaber seems to be the main<br />
host.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread and locally common in the southern half of<br />
lowland Britain extending north to Fife.<br />
Rhinophora lepida male (left) and female (right)<br />
Stevenia atramentaria (Meigen, 1824)<br />
Black Woodlouse-fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 5-6mm. A shiny black species with a long stalk<br />
on R4+5 and two pale grey ‘dorsocentral’ dust stripes on the front of the mesonotum<br />
separated by a black ‘acrostichal’ stripe of similar width (best seen from behind).<br />
Tergites 3 and 4 have inconspicuous dusting at the basal corners. The palpi, antennae<br />
and legs are entirely dark and the arista long-pubescent. Males lack any red patches<br />
77
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
on the side of tergite 3 and have a particularly slim build. The male frons is about onefifth<br />
the width of the head, the female frons about one-third.<br />
Variation Moderate size variation. The wing can have the fore margin somewhat<br />
darkened but not conspicuously so.<br />
Flight season May to August.<br />
Habitat & biology British records include field margins, damp grassland, brownfield<br />
sites and clearings in damp woodland. Recorded hosts include Oniscus asellus and<br />
Trachelipus rathkei. It will visit flowers such as umbellifers.<br />
Status & distribution Scarce and localised in southern England north to<br />
Cambridgeshire.<br />
Stevenia atramentaria male (Photo: Jeremy Richardson) and pinned female (right)<br />
Stevenia deceptoria (Loew, 1847)<br />
Grizzled Woodlouse-fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 4-6mm. A medium-sized rhinophorid, the most<br />
heavily dusted of the species with a long stalk on R4+5. Easily separable from S.<br />
atramentaria by reddish palpi and tip of the second antennal segment and heavily<br />
dusted thorax, tergites and occiput. Males have orange patches at the sides of tergite 3<br />
basally. The male frons is about one-quarter the width of the head, that of the female<br />
nearer one-third. Females usually have the tip of the femora broadly reddish,<br />
especially below.<br />
Variation Substantial size variation. The length of the stalk on R4+5 varies from<br />
almost as long as the upturned section of M in some to only about as half as long in<br />
others. The wing membrane varies from fairly clear to slightly darkened along the<br />
fore margin and alongside the veins, but is never darkened to the extent of Paykullia<br />
maculata, and never with a milky-white basal section with yellow veins. In males, the<br />
extent of red at the side of tergite 3 varies somewhat. In females, the extent of red on<br />
the tip of the femora varies and in some females the femora are black virtually to the<br />
tip.<br />
Flight season Late May to mid-August.<br />
Habitat & biology The Kent sites are mainly chalk grassland plus one damp<br />
meadow. The Tide Mills site is vegetated shingle with scattered bramble, scrub<br />
grassland and tall herb. Adults visit the flowers of umbellifers such as Wild Carrot<br />
and also like to bask on bramble foliage. The host woodlouse does not seem to be<br />
known.<br />
Status & distribution Recently added to the British list from several sites in Kent<br />
(Clemons, 2006), the oldest record coming from 2000. A very strong population was<br />
78
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
then discovered at Tide Mills, Sussex in 2010, and it can be adundant here throughout<br />
summer. Considered a recent colonist in Britain capable of exploiting woodlice on<br />
boats or cargo. It was recently added to the South American list (Mulieri et. al., 2010).<br />
A number of very similar species occur on the continent.<br />
Stevenia deceptoria male (left) and female (right)<br />
Tricogena rubricosa (Meigen, 1824)<br />
Red-shinned Woodlouse-fly<br />
Description & similar species WL 3-4mm. A smallish, heavily-dusted species that is<br />
abundantly distinct from other rhinophorids through its rather stocky build, wing<br />
venation (with cell R4+5 usually narrowly open), yellow-tipped scutellum, and<br />
partially red legs (more extensively so in females than males). Males have the sides of<br />
tergites 1+2 and 3 reddish, and large, projecting lobes arising from sternite 5 which<br />
make the tip of the abdomen appear swollen. Both sexes have the frons about onethird<br />
the width of the head, that of the female slightly broader and with the<br />
parafacialia slightly wider. Females have the second antennal segment reddish but in<br />
males it is mostly dark. More likely to be confused with a small tachinid than other<br />
rhinophorids in the field.<br />
Variation The tibiae are variably darkened basally and the extent of red varies on the<br />
femora. Moderate size variation.<br />
Flight season Late May into September.<br />
Tricogena rubricosa male (left, Photo: Dick Belgers) and female (right, Photo: P. Walter). Notice the<br />
orange tip to the scutellum of both sexes and the protruding lobe of sternite 5 in the male.<br />
79
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Habitat & biology Found in a variety of open grassy habitats, including heathland,<br />
chalk downland, acid grassland, marshy grassland, coastal dunes, brownfield sites and<br />
larger rides and clearings of woods. No flower visits noted. Reared from Porcellio<br />
scaber.<br />
Status & distribution Widespread but local over much of Britain with records<br />
extending north to Moray.<br />
80
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
References & further reading (Rhinophoridae)<br />
Bedding, R.A. (1965) Parasitism of British Terrestrial Isopoda by Diptera.<br />
Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Imperial Cololege fo Science and Technology. London.<br />
234 pp.<br />
Bedding, R.A. (1973) The immature stages of Rhinophorinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae)<br />
that parasitise British woodlice. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society<br />
of London 125: 27-44.<br />
Clemons, L. (2001) The woodlouse flies (Diptera: Rhinophoridae) of Kent.<br />
Transactions of the Kent Field Club 15(3): 151-169.<br />
Clemons, L. (2006) Stevenia deceptoria (Loew, 1847) (Diptera, Rhinophoridae) new<br />
to Britain. Dipterists Digest 13: 119-122.<br />
Clemons, L. (2010) Progress with recording the Woodlouse flies (Diptera,<br />
Rhinophoridae) of Watsonian Kent. Newsletter of the Kent Field Club 72: 4-16.<br />
(available online:<br />
http://www.kentfieldclub.org.uk/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view<br />
&gid=18&Itemid=16&limitstart=5)<br />
Cerretti, P. & Pape, T. (2007) Two new species of European Stevenia Robineau-<br />
Desvoidy (Diptera: Rhinophoridae) and a key to the Palaearctic species. Zootaxa<br />
1634: 31-41.<br />
Ceretti, P. & Pape, T. (2009). Phylogeny and re-definition of the genus Melanophora<br />
(Diptera: Rhinophoridae), with description of a new species from Sardinia. In:<br />
Cerretti P., Mason F., Minelli A., Nardi G. & Whitmore D. (eds). Research on the<br />
Terrestrial Arthropods of Sardinia. Zootaxa 2318: 552–565.<br />
Chandler, P.J. (Ed.) (1998) Checklist of insects of the British Isles (new series) part 1:<br />
Diptera. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 12. 234 pp.<br />
Crosskey, R.W. (1977) A review of Rhinophoridae (Diptera) and a revision of the<br />
Afrotropical species. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History<br />
(Entomology) 36: 1-66.<br />
Diptera.Info: Rhinophoridae gallery:<br />
http://www.diptera.info/photogallery.php?album_id=69<br />
Falk, S.J. (1993) Paykullia maculata (Fallén) (Dipt: Rhinophoridae) – not so rare and<br />
probably mimetic. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 129: 203-204.<br />
Herting, B. 1961. 64e. Rhinophorinae. - ln: Lindner, E. (ed.), Die Fliegen der<br />
Palaearktischen Region 9 (Lieferung 216): I - 36.<br />
Herting, B. (1993) Family Rhinophoridae, In Soós, Á. & Papp, L (eds.) Catalogue of<br />
Palaearctic Diptera 13: 102-117.<br />
Horsfield, D. (2015) Scottish records of Rhinophora lepida (Meigen) (Diptera;<br />
Rhinophoridae). Dipterists Digest 23: 68.<br />
Irwin, A.G. (1985) First record of Rhinophoridae (Dipt.) in Porcellio spinicornis Say<br />
(Isopoda, Porcellionidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 121: 38.<br />
Mulieri, P.R., Patitucci, L.D., Mariluis, J.C. & Thomas, T. (2010). Long-distance<br />
introduction: first New World record of Stevenia deceptoria (Loew) and a key to<br />
the genera of New World Rhinophoridae (Diptera). Zootaxa. 2524: 66–68.<br />
Nash, R. (1985) the Irish species of Rhinophoridae (Diptera). Irish Naturalists’<br />
Journal 21: 463-464.<br />
Pont, A.C. (1976) In: Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D. A checklist of British Insects,<br />
Diptera and Siphanoptera. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 11<br />
part 5. 139 pp.<br />
81
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Rognes, K. (1986) The Rhinophoridae or woodlouse-flies (Diptera) of Norway.<br />
Fauna Norvegica. Series B. 33: 64-68. (available online:<br />
http://www.entomologi.no/journals/nje/old/V33/NJE_33_02_1986.pdf)<br />
Sassaman, C. & Pratt, G. (1992) Melanophora roralis (L.) (Diptera: Rhinophoridae),<br />
a parasite of isopod crustaceans, in laboratory culture. The Entomologist 111 (4):<br />
178-186.<br />
Smith, K.G.V. (1992) How rare is Paykullia maculata (Fallén)<br />
(Dipt.,Rhinophoridae)? Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 128: 46.<br />
Steven Falk Flickr: Rhinophoridae section:<br />
https://www.flickr.com/photos/63075200@N07/collections/72157629345084836/<br />
Van Emden, F.I. (1954) Diptera Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) section (a). Tachinidae<br />
and Calliphoridae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. X part<br />
(4a). 133 pp.<br />
Wood, D.M. (1987) 109 Rhinophoridae, pp 1187-1191 In: MacAlpine, J.F. et. al.<br />
(eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera 2. Reasearch Branch Agriculture Canada,<br />
Monograph 28. vi + pp 675-1332. Ottowa.<br />
Zeegers T. & Veen M. Van (1993) Pissebedvliegen (Rhinophoridae) in Nederland:<br />
een voorlopig overzicht. De Vliegenmepper 2(2): 1-10.<br />
82
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Checklist and classification of British species<br />
<strong>CALLIPHORIDAE</strong><br />
<strong>BLOW<strong>FLIES</strong></strong><br />
CALLIPHORINAE<br />
Bellardia bayeri (Jacentkowský, 1937)<br />
Bayer’s Emerald-bottle<br />
Bellardia pandia (Walker, 1849)<br />
Bisetose Emerald-bottle<br />
Bellardia pubicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838)<br />
Northern Bellardia<br />
Bellardia viarum (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Dark-veined Emerald-bottle<br />
Bellardia vulgaris (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Pale-veined Emerald-bottle<br />
Calliphora loewi Enderlein, 1903<br />
Long-horned Bluebottle<br />
Calliphora stelviana (Brauer & von Bergenstamm, 1891) Little Bluebottle<br />
Calliphora subalpina (Ringdahl, 1931)<br />
Woodland Bluebottle<br />
Calliphora uralensis Villeneuve, 1922<br />
Seabird Bluebottle<br />
Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 Common Bluebottle<br />
Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Orange-bearded Bluebottle<br />
Cynomya mortuorum (Linnaeus, 1761)<br />
Yellow-faced Blowfly<br />
CHRYSOMYIINAE<br />
Phormia regina (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Black Blowfly<br />
Protocalliphora azurea (Fallén, 1817)<br />
Bird Blowfly<br />
Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Blackbottle<br />
HELICOBOSCINAE<br />
Eurychaeta palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)<br />
LUCILIINAE<br />
Lucilia ampullacea Villeneuve, 1922<br />
Lucilia bufonivora Moniez, 1876<br />
Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Lucilia illustris (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Lucilia richardsi Collin in Richards, 1926<br />
Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Lucilia silvarum (Meigen, 1826)<br />
False fleshfly<br />
Streakless Greenbottle<br />
Toad Greenbottle<br />
Common Greenbottle<br />
Illustrious Greenbottle<br />
Richards’ Greenbottle<br />
Sheep-strike Greenbottle<br />
Marsh Greenbottle<br />
MELANOMYINAE<br />
Angioneura acerba (Meigen, 1838)<br />
Pale Least Blowfly<br />
Angioneura cyrtoneurina (Zetterstedt, 1859) Dark Least Blowfly<br />
Eggisops pecchiolii Rondani, 1862<br />
False Woodlouse-fly<br />
Melanomya nana (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Little Black Blowfly<br />
Melinda gentilis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 Pale-palped Melinda<br />
Melinda viridicyanea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Dark-palped Melinda<br />
POLLENIINAE<br />
Pollenia amentaria (Scopoli, 1763)<br />
Pollenia angustigena Wainwright, 1940<br />
Pollenia griseotomentosa (Jacentkowský, 1944)<br />
Pollenia labialis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863<br />
Pollenia pediculata Macquart, 1834)<br />
Black-bellied Clusterfly<br />
Narrow-cheeked Clusterfly<br />
Little Clusterfly<br />
Dark-based Clusterfly<br />
Tufted Clusterfly<br />
83
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Pollenia rudis (Fabricius, 1794)<br />
Pollenia vagabunda (Meigen, 1826)<br />
Pollenia viatica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1944<br />
RHINIINAE<br />
Stomorhina lunata (Fabricius, 1805)<br />
Awkward Clusterfly<br />
Vagabund Clusterfly<br />
Orange-palped Clusterfly<br />
Locust Blowfly<br />
<strong>RHINOPHORIDAE</strong><br />
Melanophora roralis (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Paykullia maculata (Fallén, 1815)<br />
Phyto discrepans Pandellé, 1896<br />
Phyto melanocephala (Meigen, 1824)<br />
Rhinophora lepida (Meigen, 1824)<br />
Stevenia atramentaria (Meigen, 1824)<br />
Stevenia deceptoria (Loew, 1847)<br />
Tricogena rubricosa (Meigen, 1824)<br />
<strong>WOODLOUSE</strong>-<strong>FLIES</strong><br />
Smoky-winged Woodlouse-fly<br />
Picture-winged Woodlouse-fly<br />
Five-striped Woodlouse-fly<br />
Three-striped Woodlouse-fly<br />
Pouting Woodlouse-fly<br />
Black Woodlouse-fly<br />
Grizzled Woodlouse-fly<br />
Red-shinned Woodlouse-fly<br />
Name change navigator<br />
Black - Calliphoridae (Rhinophorinae*) (Sarcophaginae*)<br />
Red - Rhinophoridae<br />
Blue - Sarcophagidae<br />
Brown - Oestridae<br />
Green - Tachinidae<br />
Van Emden (1954) Kloet & Hincks Chandler (1998) NBN (2016)<br />
(1976)<br />
n/a Angioneura acerba Angioneura acerba Angioneura acerba<br />
Angioneurilla<br />
cyrtoneurina*<br />
Angioneura<br />
cyrtoneurina<br />
Angioneura<br />
cyrtoneurina<br />
Angioneura<br />
cyrtoneurina<br />
n/a n/a Bellardia bayeri Bellardia bayeri<br />
Onesia biseta Bellardia biseta Bellardia pandia Bellardia pandia<br />
Pseudonesia puberula Pseudonesia puberula Bellardia pubicornis Bellardia pubicornis<br />
Onesia aculeata Bellardia pusilla Bellardia viarum Bellardia viarum<br />
Onesia agilis Bellardia agilis Bellardia vulgaris Bellardia vulgaris<br />
Calliphora loewi Calliphora loewi Calliphora loewi Calliphora loewi<br />
Acrophaga alpina Calliphora alpina Calliphora stelviana Calliphora stelviana<br />
Acrophaga subalpina Calliphora subalpina Calliphora subalpina Calliphora subalpina<br />
Calliphora uralensis Calliphora uralensis Calliphora uralensis Calliphora uralensis<br />
Calliphora<br />
Calliphora vicina Calliphora vicina Calliphora vicina<br />
erythrocephala<br />
Calliphora vomitoria Calliphora vomitoria Calliphora vomitoria Calliphora vomitoria<br />
Cynomya mortuorum Cynomya mortuorum Cynomya mortuorum Cynomya mortuorum<br />
Eggisops pecchiolii Eggisops pecchiolii Eggisops pecchiolii Eggisops pecchiolii<br />
Helicobosca<br />
Helicobosca<br />
Eurychaeta palpalis Eurychaeta palpalis<br />
distinguenda* distinguenda<br />
Lucilia ampullacea Lucilia ampullacea Lucilia ampullacea Lucilia ampullacea<br />
Lucilia bufonivora Lucilia bufonivora Lucilia bufonivora Lucilia bufonivora<br />
Lucilia caesar Lucilia caesar Lucilia caesar Lucilia caesar<br />
Lucilia illustris Lucilia illustris Lucilia illustris Lucilia illustris<br />
Lucilia richardsi Lucilia richardsi Lucilia richardsi Lucilia richardsi<br />
Lucilia sericata Lucilia sericata Lucilia sericata Lucilia sericata<br />
84
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Lucilia silvarum Lucilia silvarum Lucilia silvarum Lucilia silvarum<br />
Morinia nana* Melanomya nana Melanomya nana Melanomya nana<br />
Melinda anthracina Melinda gentilis Melinda gentilis Melinda gentilis<br />
Melinda caerulea Bellardia cognata Melinda viridicyanea Melinda viridicyanea<br />
Phormia regina Phormia regina Phormia regina Phormia regina<br />
Pollenia vespillo Pollenia vespillo Pollenia amentaria Pollenia amentaria<br />
Pollenia rudis f. Pollenia rudis f. Pollenia angustigena Pollenia angustigena<br />
angustigena<br />
angustigena<br />
Pollenia varia Pollenia varia Pollenia<br />
griseotomentosa<br />
Pollenia<br />
griseotomentosa<br />
Pollenia excarinata Pollenia intermedia Pollenia labialis Pollenia labialis<br />
n/a n/a Pollenia pediculata Pollenia pediculata<br />
Pollenia rudis rudis Pollenia rudis rudis Pollenia rudis Pollenia rudis<br />
Pollenia vagabunda Pollenia vagabunda Pollenia vagabunda Pollenia vagabunda<br />
Pollenia carinata Pollenia pallida Pollenia viatica Pollenia viatica<br />
Protocalliphora Protocalliphora Protocalliphora Protocalliphora azurea<br />
sordida<br />
azurea<br />
azurea<br />
Protocalliphora Protocalliphora Non-British<br />
Non-British<br />
sordida<br />
sordida<br />
Phormia terrae-novae Phormia terraenovae Protophormia<br />
terraenovae<br />
Protophormia<br />
terraenovae<br />
Stomorhina lunata Stomorhina lunata Stomorhina lunata Stomorhina lunata<br />
Melanophora roralis* Melanophora roralis Melanophora roralis Melanophora roralis<br />
Parafeburia maculata* Paykullia maculata Paykullia maculata Paykullia maculata<br />
Styloneura discrepans* Phyto discrepans Phyto discrepans Phyto discrepans<br />
Phyto melanocephala* Phyto melanocephala Phyto melanocephala Phyto melanocephala<br />
Rhinophora lepida* Rhinophora lepida Rhinophora lepida Rhinophora lepida<br />
Stevenia atramentaria* Stevenia atramentaria Stevenia atramentaria Stevenia atramentaria<br />
n/a n/a n/a Stevenia deceptoria<br />
Stevenia umbratica* ?Stevenia umbratica Misident, Non-British Non-British<br />
Frauenfeldia<br />
Tricogena rubricosa Tricogena rubricosa Tricogena rubricosa<br />
rubricosa*<br />
Cephenemyia<br />
auribarbis<br />
Cephenemyia<br />
auribarbis<br />
Cephenemyia<br />
auribarbis<br />
Cephenemyia<br />
auribarbis<br />
Pharyngomyia picta Pharyngomyia picta Pharyngomyia picta Pharyngomyia picta<br />
Cinochira atra* Cinochira atra Cinochira atra Cinochira atra<br />
Litophasia<br />
hyalinipennis*<br />
Litophasia<br />
hyalinipennis<br />
Litophasia<br />
hyalinipennis<br />
Litophasia<br />
hyalinipennis<br />
Remaining<br />
Sarcophagidae*<br />
Sarcophagidae Sarcophagidae<br />
Its is also worth noting that Pollenia pediculata has been referred to as P. pseudorudis<br />
in some foreign literature.<br />
85
Draft key to British Calliphoridae and Rhinophoridae Steven Falk 2016<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
In assembling this account I have been reminded of the various entomologists who<br />
have provided me with information, advice and specimens relating to calliphorids and<br />
rhinophorids over the years: John Bowden, Peter Chandler, Laurence Clemons,<br />
Jonathan Cole, Lewis Davies, Murdo Macdonald and Knut Rognes. I am also<br />
extremely grateful to Duncan Sivell (the Natural History Museum (NHM), London)<br />
and Darren Mann (Oxford University Museum) for allowing me to examine and<br />
borrow specimens from their collections. The gathering of nearly 40 dipterists at the<br />
Dipterists Forum/Field Studies Council calliphorid, sarcophagid and rhinophorid<br />
workshop at Preston Montford in February 2016 provided valuable feedback for the<br />
first draft, and I am grateful to all who attended and especially to Duncan Sivell for<br />
organising it. Mike Pugh very kindly proof read the final draft.<br />
Photo credits<br />
All photos are by the author unless stated. Many thanks to the other photographers<br />
who contributed images:<br />
Ian Andrews (Yorkshire) https://www.flickr.com/photos/52163027@N02/<br />
Dick Belgers (Netherlands)<br />
http://www.nederlandsesoorten.nl/linnaeus_ng/app/views/search/nsr_search_pictu<br />
res.php?photographer=Dick<br />
Lars Brunkman (Sweden): http://www.bruphoto.com/<br />
Patrick Derennes (France)<br />
Pierre Duhem<br />
Andreas Haselböck (Germany) http://www.naturspaziergang.de/<br />
Nigel Jones (Shropshire) https://www.flickr.com/people/54028555@N00<br />
Marek Kozlowski (Poland)<br />
Yann Loscoat (France)<br />
Tom Murray (Massachusetts) http://www.pbase.com/tmurray74<br />
Hedy Van Prattenburg (Netherlands)<br />
Christophe Quintin (France) https://www.flickr.com/photos/34878947@N04/<br />
Tim Ransom (Jersey) https://www.flickr.com/people/23111015@N04/<br />
Chris Raper (NHM)<br />
Olga Retka (NHM)<br />
Jeremy Richardson (Hertfordshire) https://www.flickr.com/photos/124453649@N07/<br />
Knut Rognes (Norway) https://knutrognes.wordpress.com/publications-in-zoology/<br />
Roger Thomason (Shetland) https://www.flickr.com/photos/telefunken_u_47/<br />
P. Walter (Hungary) - non-delivery message (Tricogena rubricosa male)<br />
Jan Zwaaneveld (Netherlands) https://www.flickr.com/photos/lekkervogelen/<br />
86