CINEMA, TV, AND RADIO IN THE EU ? STATISTICS ON ...

D E T A I L E D T A B L E S 

Cinema, TV and 

radio in the EU 

Statistics on 

audiovisual services 

EUROPEAN 

COMMISSION 

Data 1980–2002 

2003 EDITION 

4THEME 4 

Industry, 

trade 

and services

Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union 

A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. 

It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). 

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003 

ISSN 1725-4515 

ISBN 92-894-5709-0 

© European Communities, 2003 

New freephone number: 

00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11

PREFACE 

Cinema, radio and television are entering a new era. 

Digital technology is reshaping broadcasting, programming, 

production, delivery and payment systems and has 

an impact on cultural issues worldwide. The EU is playing 

a leading role in addressing these issues and promoting 

the European audiovisual sector, with the primary aims 

of: 

Pursuing key public interests objectives in such areas 

as the cultural and linguistic diversity, the pluralism, 

the free circulation of audiovisual services, the protection 

of copyright, the protection of minors, the 

publicity, the right of reply. 

Encouraging the distribution of European works, the 

innovation capacity and the competitiveness of the 

industry as a whole. 

This is done through regulatory measures, in particular 

the Television without Frontiers directive and the recommendation 

on the protection of minors, or through funding, 

in particular with the Media Plus programme. 

13 European countries have submitted applications for 

accession to the EU. The main link between audiovisual 

policy and the enlargement process is through alignment 

with the Community acquis (mainly the Television 

Without Frontiers Directive) as well as through participation 

in Community programmes. 

The audiovisual sector directly employs about half a million 

people in the European Union. In addition to its economic 

importance, it also plays a key social and cultural 

role: television is the most important source of information 

and entertainment in European societies, with 97% 

of homes having a television, and the average European 

watching 210 minutes television per day. 

This publication "Cinema, TV and Radio in the EU, data 

1980 - 200 2" 

is the new renamed edition of the publication 

"Statistics on audiovisual services" and is, as 

before, based on the data collected via the AUVIS questionnaire 

from EU Member States, Candidate countries 

and EFTA countries (the results of the 2002 enquiry have 

been taken into consideration) and is divided into 8 main 

parts, which cover the following aspects: 

A 

overview of the audiovisual market 

structural business statistics on audiovisual 

services 

cinema market, 

DVD and video market, 

TV broadcasting market, 

sound recordings, 

radio and 

video games. 

It also includes other related information that enables 

currency conversion and calculation of ratios. 

The structure of the publication has been changed in the 

way that the cinema production and distribution and cinema 

exhibition become one chapter. The chapter about 

the TV market has been merged with cable operating 

and satellite market chapter into TV broadcasting chapter, 

as we believe that those markets are closely linked 

together. 

The aim of this publication is to provide a statistical 

overview on the audiovisual sector based on the statistical 

work carried out at Eurostat in co-operation with EU 

Member States, Candidate countries and EFTA countries 

and some sectoral organisations. 

The publication covers 32 countries (i.e. 15 EU countries, 

12 Candidate countries (Turkey not included), Iceland, 

Norway, Switzerland, United States and Japan). 

Comprehensive statistical data are needed in order to 

monitor developments in this complex and rapidly 

changing sector. To meet the needs for statistical data, a 

Council Decision (1999/297/EC) on audiovisual statistics 

has been adopted on 26 April 1999 aiming to establish a 

Community statistical information infrastructure relating 

to the industry and markets of the audiovisual and related 

sectors. 

Over the past few years, Eurostat, the Statistical Office of 

the European Communities has been elaborating a statistical 

information system on Audiovisual Services, called 

AUVIS (i.e. AUdioVisual Information System). The system 

is based on the AUVIS overall methodological manual 

currently developed in co-operation with the EU Member 

States, Candidate countries and EFTA countries, and is 

used for collecting and disseminating existing statistics. 

The AUVIS system aims to include quantitative and qualitative 

information on 14 AUVIS sections and market segments: 

Structural Business Statistics (SBS) for audiovisual 

activities; General Data on Audiovisual Markets; 

Audiovisual Production (Cinema, TV); Audiovisual 

Distribution (Cinema, Video); Cinema Exhibition; Video 

Market; Television (TV Broadcasters); Sound Recordings; 

Radio Market; Cable Network Operating; Terrestrial 

Hertzian Transmission of Radio- and TV-signals; Satellite 

Transmission (for TV and Radio Broadcasting); Offline 

Multimedia (Video Games); Online Multimedia for TV 

and Radio. 

Developing statistics on the audiovisual market requires 

expertise in several fields and takes considerable time. In 

2000, 2001 and 2002, AUVIS data collection has been 

extended and an AUVIS section has been integrated progressively 

in Eurostat’s reference database "New 

Cronos". 

I

Acknowledgments 

This publication was prepared under the responsibility 

of Bettina Knauth, Head of Unit D5 (Information 

Society and Tourism Statistics), Eurostat 

Publication Editor 

Andreas Dollt, Eurostat 

Consultants 

Peter Lindmark, Anite Belgium 

Zuzana Fabianova, Anite Belgium 

Roland Erixon, Anite Belgium 

National Statistical Authorities 

We would like to thank the participants from the 

National Statistical Institutes and other national authorities 

that contributed with information. 

For further information 

For further information please contact Eurostat: 

Andreas Dollt, Eurostat 

Tel: (352) 4301 - 33286 

Fax (352) 4301 - 34359 

E-mail Andreas.Dollt@cec.eu.int 

The views expressed in this publication are those of the 

authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of 

the European Commission. 

II 

A

Introduction 

A 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. Overview of the audiovisual market 

2. Structural Business Statistics on audiovisual services .................... 

3. Cinema market 

4. DVD and video market 

5. TV broadcasting market 

6. Sound recordings market 

7. Radio market 

8. Video games market 

9 Other related information 

Appendix 

.................... 

.................... 

.................... 

.................... 

.................... 

1 

5 

21 

31 

65 

87 

.................... 105 

.................... 

119 

.................... 131 

.................... 145 

.................... 149 

III

IV 

Index of tables 

T. 1.1a: Turnover by audiovisual markets by country in 2000 

T. 1.1b: Turnover by audiovisual markets by country in 2000 

T. 1.2a: Turnover by audiovisual markets by country per capita in 2000, EUR 

T. 1.2b: Turnover by audiovisual markets by country per capita in 2000, EUR 

T. 1.3: Turnover by audiovisual markets in the EU-15 

T. 1.4: Turnover by audiovisual markets in the United States 

T. 1.5: Average time spent per day on entertainment in 2001 

T. 1.6: Use of audiovisual media in 2001 

T. 1.7: Total advertising expenditure 

T. 1.8: TV advertising expenditure 

T. 1.9: Radio advertising expenditure 

T. 1.10: Cinema advertising expenditure 

T. 1.11: Internet advertising expenditure 

T. 2.1: Ranking by audiovisual turnover of the 50 leading audiovisual enterprises worldwide, in 2001 

T. 2.2: Publishing of sound recordings (NACE 22.14) in 2000 

T. 2.3: Turnover: Motion picture and video activities, total (NACE 92:1) 

T. 2.4: Turnover: Motion picture and video activities, (NACE 92:11, 92:12 & 92:13) 

T. 2.5: Turnover: Radio and television activities, (NACE 92:2) 

T. 2.6: Number of persons employed: Motion picture and video activities, total (NACE 92:1) 

T. 2.7: Number of persons employed: Motion picture and video activities, (NACE 92:11, 92:12 & 92:13) 

T. 2.8: Number of persons employed: Radio and television activities, (NACE 92:2) 

T. 2.9: Number of enterprises: Motion picture and video activities, total (NACE 92:1) 

T. 2.10: Number of enterprises: Motion picture and video activities, (NACE 92:11, 92:12 & 92:13) 

T. 2.11: Number of enterprises: Radio and television activities, (NACE 92:2) 

T. 3.1: Main European film studios 

T. 3.2: Market share for American film studios in 2002 


T. 3.4: Films released in 2001 that grossed more than 100 million USD, by film studio 

T. 3.5: Films produced and production costs in selected countries, latest available year 

T. 3.6: Top 10 world admissions per capita 

T. 3.7: Top 20 world admissions 

T. 3.8: Top 20 of film admissions in the EU in 2001 

T. 3.9: Top 20 of admissions to European films in the EU in 2001 

T. 3.10: Top 20 of film admissions to European films in the US in 2001 

T. 3.11: Cinema audience profile 

T. 3.12: Top 20 gross box office revenues 

T. 3.13: The top grossing films of all time at the worldwide box office (WBO) as of 9 March 2003 

T. 3.14: Top 20 countries with the highest number of cinema screens 

T. 3.15: Top 20 countries by number of new feature films released 

T. 3.16: Cinematographic full-length films produced (3.2 + 3.3) 

T. 3.17: National films 

T. 3.18: International co-productions of cinematographic full-length films with national origin producers 

T. 3.19: Majority international co-productions 


T. 3.21: Cinematographic short length films produced 

T. 3.22: Film producers with at least one film produced during the year 

T. 3.23: Film distributors with at least one first release 

T. 3.24: Number of admissions 

T. 3.25: Admissions per inhabitant 

T. 3.26: Gross box office 

T. 3.27: Share of gross box office receipts from national films 

T. 3.28: Share of gross box office receipts from US films 

T. 3.29: Share of gross box office receipts from British films 

T. 3.30: Share of gross box office receipts from German films 

T. 3.31: Share of gross box office receipts from French films 

T. 3.32: Share of gross box office receipts from Italian films 

T. 3.33: Share of gross box office receipts from Spanish films 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

12 

16 

17 

18 

18 

19 

19 

20 

24 

25 

26 

26 

27 

27 

28 

28 

29 

29 

30 

34 

34 

34 

35 

36 

39 

39 

39 

40 

40 

41 

41 

43 

44 

47 

48 

48 

49 

49 

50 

50 

51 

51 

52 

52 

53 

53 

54 

54 

55 

55 

56 

56 

A

T. 3.34: Number of cinemas 

T. 3.35: Number of screens 

T. 3.36: Number of seats 

T. 3.37: Screens per cinema 

T. 3.38: Cinemas per 100 000 inhabitants 

T. 3.39: Screens per 100 000 inhabitants 

T. 3.40: Admissions per screen 

T. 3.41: Admissions per seat 

T. 3.42: Seats per screen 

T. 3.43: Average ticket price 

T. 3.44: New feature films released for the first time 

T. 3.45: New feature films of national origin released for the first time 

T. 3.46: New feature films of national origin released for the first time, share of total in % 

T. 3.47: New feature films of US origin released for the first time 

T. 3.48: New feature films of US origin released for the first time, share of total in % 

T. 4.1: Household expenditure on DVD players 

T. 4.2: DVD player households 

T. 4.3: DVD sales and rentals (total) 

T. 4.4: DVD sales and DVD disc rentals 

T. 4.5: DVDs sold 

T. 4.6: DVDs rented 

T. 4.7: Average prices and releases for DVD sales 

T. 4.8: Average prices and releases for DVD rentals 

T. 4.9: VCR households 

T. 4.10: Home video sales and rental turnover 

T. 4.11: Home video sales turnover 

T. 4.12: Home video rental turnover 

T. 4.13: Share of home video sales in home video sales and rental 

T. 4.14: Home videos sold 

T. 4.15: Home videos sold per VCR household 

T. 4.16: Home video rental transactions 

T. 4.17: Home video rental transactions per VCR household 

T. 4.18: Average home video consumer price 

T. 4.19: Average overnight home video rental charge 

T. 4.20: Home video titles released for sales 

T. 4.21: Home video titles released for rental 

T. 4.22: Number of outlets selling videos 

T. 4.23: Number of outlets selling videos per 100 000 inhabitants 

T. 4.24: VCR households per outlet selling videos 

T. 4.25: Number of outlets renting videos (video shops) 

T. 4.26: Number of outlets renting videos (video shops) per 100 000 inhabitants 

T. 4.27: VCR households per outlet renting videos (video shop) 

T. 5.1: The 25 leading European television enterprises 

T. 5.2: Main mode of TV reception among TV households in 2001 

T. 5.3: Top 5 leading EU television production enterprises by activity 

T. 5.4: Television households 

T. 5.5: Share of private households with TV set 

T. 5.6: Number of TV licence fee accounts 

T. 5.7: Annual TV licence fee 

T. 5.8: Turnover of public TV broadcasters of national origin 

T. 5.9: Turnover of private TV broadcasters of national origin 

T. 5.10: Receipts from public subsidies and other public revenues, excluding licence fees 

T. 5.11: Receipts from public TV commercial income, including advertising and sponsorship 

T. 5.12: Total number of TV programme services (TV channels) 

T. 5.13: Number of public TV programme services with nationwide distribution 

T. 5.14: Number of private TV programme services with nationwide distribution 

A 

57 

57 

58 

58 

59 

59 

60 

60 

61 

61 

62 

62 

63 

63 

64 

68 

74 

74 

75 

75 

76 

76 

77 

77 

78 

78 

79 

79 

80 

80 

81 

81 

82 

82 

83 

83 

84 

84 

85 

85 

86 

86 

90 

93 

95 

96 

96 

97 

97 

98 

98 

99 

99 

100 

100 

101 

V

VI 

T. 5.15: Daily TV viewing time 

T. 5.16: Households subscribing to cable networks 

T. 5.17: Cable TV households in % of all TV households 

T. 5.18: Cable operators 

T. 5.19: Number of digital TV households (CATV + DTT + DTH) 

T. 5.20: Satellite TV households 

T. 5.21: Satellite TV households in % of all TV households 

T. 6.1: Top 20 music sales ranking in 2001 

T. 6.2: Turnover from sound recordings sales 

T. 6.3: Total sound recordings sold 

T. 6.4: Singles sold 

T. 6.5: Share of singles sold (of total sound recordings sold) 

T. 6.6: Music Cassettes sold 

T. 6.7: Share of Music Cassettes sold (of total sound recordings sold) 

T. 6.8: LPs sold 

T. 6.9: Share of LPs sold (of total sound recordings sold) 

T. 6.10: CDs sold 

T. 6.11: Share of CDs sold (of total sound recordings sold) 

T. 6.12: CDs sold per CD player household 

T. 6.13: Share of private households with CD player 

T. 6.14: Price of CD 

T. 7.1: Radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin 

T. 7.2: Public radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin 

T. 7.3: Private radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin 

T. 7.4: Radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin with local or regional distribution 

T. 7.5: Public radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin with local or regional distribution 

T. 7.6: Private radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin with local or regional distribution 

T. 7.7: Turnover of public radio broadcasters of national origin 

T. 7.8: Turnover of private radio broadcasters of national origin with nationwide programme services 

T. 7.9: Daily listening time of adults, minutes 

T. 7.10: Audience share of the biggest radio programme service (radio station), % 

T. 7.11: Hours of radio programmes broadcasted per year by public radio program services of national origin 

T. 7.12: Hours of music programmes broadcasted by public radio program services of national origin 

T. 7.13: Number of EU web radio stations listed on the Internet 

T. 8.1: Turnover from video game software and video game hardware 

T. 8.2: PC sales value, PC sales volume, Computer peripheral sales value 

T. 8.3a: Turnover from video game hardware and from 32/64 bit console hardware 

T. 8.3b: Turnover from 128 bit console hardware and from handheld hardware 

T. 8.4a: Turnover from video game software, from 32/64 bit console software and from 128 bit console software 

T. 8.4b: Turnover from handheld software and from PC-CD-ROM software 

T. 8.5: Video game software and hardware units sold 

T. 8.6a: Video game hardware units sold and 32/64 bit console hardware sold 

T. 8.6b: 128 bit console hardware and handheld hardware units sold 

T. 8.7a: Video game software units sold, 32/64 bit software units and 128 bit software units sold 

T. 8.7b: Handheld software and PC-CD-ROM software units sold 

T. 8.8: Top 20 video game publishers in the world 

T. 8.9: Top 20 video game publishers in the EU 

T. 8.10: Top 20 video game developers in Europe 

T. 8.11: Top 10 Video Game Titles in US in January 2003, sorted by units 

T. 9.1: Number of households 

T. 9.2: Population 

T. 9.3: Gross domestic product at market prices 

T. 9.4: Exchange rate, 1 ECU/EUR = 

101 

102 

102 

103 

103 

104 

104 

108 

112 

112 

113 

113 

114 

114 

115 

115 

116 

116 

117 

117 

118 

124 

124 

125 

125 

126 

126 

127 

127 

128 

128 

129 

129 

130 

136 

136 

137 

137 

138 

138 

139 

139 

140 

140 

141 

141 

142 

142 

143 

147 

147 

148 

148 

A

A 

Index of figures 

F. 1.1: Turnover from audiovisual activities (Moving picture + TV broadcasting + radio + music + video games) 

F. 1.2: Comparison between EU-15 and US turnover by audiovisual markets, 2000 

F. 1.3: Share of turnover in 2000 by main audiovisual markets 

F. 1.4: Breakdown of turnover by type of cinema exhibition, video and DVD in EU-15 

F. 1.5: Turnover from TV broadcasting in EU-15 and the United States, broken down by public and private TV 

F. 1.6: Main mode of reception among households in the EU-15 and the US, 1995 - 2001 

F. 1.7: Total advertising expenditure, 1980 - 2002 

F. 1.8: Advertising in the EU-15 broken down by type of media, 1995 - 2001 

F. 1.9: Total advertising expenditure in EU MS and Candidate countries, latest available year 

F. 1.10: Media consumption in United States, 2001, based on minutes per person and day 

F. 1.11: Average time spent per day watching TV in 2001 

F. 2.1: Turnover from motion picture, video, radio and television activities in EU MS, latest available year 

F. 2.2: Turnover in selected EU MS in 2000 

F. 2.3: Employment in motion picture, video, radio and television activities in EU MS 

F. 2.4: Number of enterprises in motion picture, video, radio and television activities in EU MS 

F. 2.5: Breakdown of audiovisual turnover of the 50 leading world enterprises in 2000 

F. 3.1: Cinematographic full-length films produced, 1980 - 2002 

F. 3.2: Cinematographic full-length films produced in the EU MS, of which national films in 2001 

F. 3.3: Cinematographic full-length films produced in the Candidate countries, of which national films in 2001 

F. 3.4: Global film production by world region 1997 

F. 3.5: Top 20 countries in number of films produced in 2000 

F. 3.6: Average production costs per film in selected countries, latest available year 

F. 3.7: Number of admissions in the EU-15, 1950-2002 

F. 3.8: Number of admissions in EU MS in 2001 and 2002 

F. 3.9: Number of admissions in Candidate countries in 2000 and 2001 

F. 3.10: Breakdown of total EU admissions by origin of film in 2002 

F. 3.11: Gross box office, 1980 - 2002 

F. 3.12: Gross box office in EU MS in 2001 

F. 3.13: Gross box office in Candidate countries in 2001 

F. 3.14: Share of gross box office receipts from national films in 2001 

F. 3.15: Share of gross box office receipts from US films in 2001 

F. 3.16: Average cinema ticket price in 2001 

F. 3.17: Average cinema ticket price in Candidate countries in 2001 

F. 3.18: Relationship between number of cinemas and admissions relative to the population in 2001 

F. 3.19: Number of screens in the EU and in the United States, 1990-2001 

F. 3.20: Annual growth in number of screens in EU-15 and United States, 1991-2001 

F. 3.21: Screens situated in multiplexes, as a percentage of the total number of screens 

F. 3.22: Screens and cinema sites in the EU-15, 1990 - 2001 

F. 3.23: Number of screens per cinema in 2001 

F. 3.24: Number of screens per cinema in Candidate countries in 2001 

F. 3.25: New feature films released for the first time in 2001 

F. 3.26: New feature films released in Candidate countries for the first time in 2001 

F. 4.1: Share of TV households owning DVD player in 2001 

F. 4.2: DVD player households, 1997 - 2002 

F. 4.3: Consumer spending on video cassettes and DVDs in the EU and in the US comparing 2000 with 2001 

F. 4.4: Turnover from DVD sales and rentals in EU MS in 2001 

F. 4.5: DVDs sold and rented in the EU and US in 2000 and 2001 

F. 4.6: DVD sold in EU MS in 2000 and 2001 

F. 4.7: DVDs rented in EU MS in 2000 and 2001 

F. 4.8: Number of DVDs sold and rented per DVD household in EU MS in 2001 

F. 4.9: Average DVD consumer price and overnight rental charge, 1998 - 2001 

F. 4.10: Average DVD consumer price and overnight rental charge in EU MS in 2001 

F. 4.11: Share of TV households owning VCR in 2001 

F. 4.12: Home video sales and rental in EU MS in 2001 

F. 4.13: Share of home video sales in home video sales and rental 

7 

7 

7 

13 

13 

13 

14 

14 

14 

15 

15 

23 

23 

23 

24 

24 

33 

33 

33 

35 

36 

37 

38 

38 

38 

39 

41 

42 

42 

42 

43 

44 

44 

45 

45 

45 

46 

46 

46 

46 

47 

47 

67 

67 

67 

68 

68 

69 

69 

69 

70 

70 

70 

71 

71 

VII

VIII 

F. 4.14: Home videos sold per VCR household in 2001 

F. 4.15: Home videos rented per VCR household in 2001 

F. 4.16: Average home video consumer price in 2001 

F. 4.17: Average overnight home video rental charge in 2001 

F. 4.18: Number of outlets selling and renting videos in the EU 

F. 4.19: Number of outlets selling videos per 100 000 inhabitants in 2001 

F. 4.20: Number of outlets renting videos per 100 000 inhabitants in 2001 

F. 5.1: Turnover of public and private TV broadcasters in EU-15 in 2000 

F. 5.2: Source of income for public and private TV broadcasters in EU-15 in 2000 

F. 5.3: Financing of public broadcasting in EU-15 in 2000 

F. 5.4: Turnover from public TV broadcasters of national origin in EU MS, 2000 

F. 5.5: Turnover from private TV broadcasters of national origin in EU MS, 2000 

F. 5.6: Share of private households with TV set, 2001 

F. 5.7: TV households in EU-15, 1980 - 2001 

F. 5.8: Public TV channels with nationwide distribution, 2001 

F. 5.9: Daily TV viewing time (annual average), 1980 - 2002 

F. 5.10: Daily audience market share of public TV in EU-15 and the Candidate countries, 1997 - 2001 

F. 5.11: Daily TV viewing time in European countries in 2001 

F. 5.12: Main mode of TV reception among TV households in 2001 

F. 5.13: Number of digital TV households (CATV + DTT + DTH) in 2001 

F. 5.14: Cable and satellite TV households as a share of TV households, 1990 - 2001 

F. 5.15: Number of cable TV households in 2001 

F. 5.16: Number of satellite TV households in 2001 

F. 6.1: Turnover from sound recordings sales, 1980 - 2002 

F. 6.2: Turnover from sound recordings sales in EU MS in 2001 and 2002 

F. 6.3: Turnover from sound recordings sales in Candidate countries in 2001 and 2002 

F. 6.4: Number of sound recordings sold in the EU, 1980 - 2002 

F. 6.5: CDs sold, 1985 - 2002 

F. 6.6: CDs sold in EU MS in 2001 and 2002 

F. 6.7: CDs sold in Candidate countries in 2001 and 2002 

F. 6.8: Sound recordings sold by format in 2002 

F. 6.9: 2001 repertoire origin as % of market value 

F. 7.1: Turnover of public and private radio broadcasters in the EU-15, 1997-2001 

F. 7.2: Turnover of public radio broadcasters per capita in 2001 

F. 7.3: Turnover of private radio broadcasters per capita, latest available year 

F. 7.4: Radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin in the EU, latest available year 

F. 7.5: Share of public and private radio programme services, latest available year 

F. 7.6: Daily listening time of adults, latest available year 

F. 7.7: Audience share of radio programme services (daily cumulated audience), latest available year 

F. 7.8: Share of music programmes broadcasted per year by public radio program services, latest available year 

F. 7.9: Share of speech programmes broadcasted per year by public radio program services 

F. 8.1: Turnover from video game console hardware in the EU-15, 1998-2001 

F. 8.2: Turnover from video game software in the EU-15, 1998-2001 

F. 8.3: Breakdown of the turnover from video game console hardware in 2001 

F. 8.4: Breakdown of the turnover from video game software in 2001 

F. 8.5: Video game software and hardware units sold in the EU-15, 1998-2001 

F. 8.6: Video game console hardware units sold in 2001 

F. 8.7: Video game console software units sold in 2001 

F. 8.8: World market share of video games sold, March 2003 

F. 8.9: Share of 32/64 bit, 128 bit, handheld video game console hardware by units sold 

F. 8.10: Share of 32/64 bit, 128 bit, handheld and PC-CD-ROM software by units sold 

71 

72 

72 

72 

73 

73 

73 

89 

89 

89 

90 

90 

91 

91 

91 

92 

92 

92 

93 

94 

94 

94 

95 

107 

107 

107 

108 

109 

109 

109 

110 

111 

121 

121 

121 

122 

122 

123 

123 

123 

123 

133 

133 

133 

134 

134 

134 

135 

135 

135 

135 

A

Introduction

For the fourth year in a row, Eurostat presents a publication 

on audiovisual statistics. The change of title 

reflects the core activities of the NACE classification 

of which can be considered audiovisual services. 

(NACE Rev. 1 is a 4-digit activity classification which 

was drawn up in 1990. It is a revision of the "General 

Industrial Classification of Economic Activities within 

the European Communities", known by the acronym 

NACE and originally published by Eurostat in 1970.) 

In reality, it does not only constitute those activities 

included in the NACE groups 92.1 and 92.2. There 

are other activities that are recognised as audiovisual. 

For that reason, Eurostat developed the AUVIS 

methodological framework and its AUVIS questionnaire. 

One of the difficulties in analysing the audiovisual 

market lies in the very definition of the audiovisual 

market itself. NACE 92.1 and 92.2 is a good start for 

the ‘core business’ of the audiovisual sectors in the 

NACE breakdown: 

92.11 Motion picture and video production; 

92.12 Motion picture and video distribution; 

92.13 Motion picture projection; 

92.2 Radio and television activities. 

There are other activities that are part of NACE 52 

activities (Retail trade) and NACE 51 (Wholesale 

trade) but cannot be distinguished by simply using a 

NACE breakdown: 

Sales and distribution of video cassettes, DVD 

discs, CDs, video games. 

Furthermore, NACE 21.14 Publishing of sound 

recordings and 72.21 Publishing of software also 

make a part of the audiovisual market. 

The data collection framework can distinguish at 

least two dimensions to allocate enterprises by its 

main activities: 

By audiovisual market; 

By production, distribution and exhibition/retail; 

Audiovisual services shall also be seen from the consumer 

side. CDs purchased by each household own- 

A 

Introduction 

ing a CD player bought per capita and number of 

cinema tickets bought per capita are two examples 

of audiovisual indicators seen from the user side. 

Audiovisual markets would be: cinema, DVD, video, 

television, music, radio, video games. Production can 

include all audiovisual markets. Distribution can 

include film and TV rights, but also wholesale of 

audiovisual products. Exhibition can include film, TV 

and radio transmission, but also retail trade of audiovisual 

products. 

The AUVIS data collection framework takes most of 

this into account. The AUVIS system aims to include 

quantitative and qualitative information on 14 AUVIS 

market segments. 

The data collected are published in Eurostat’s New 

Cronos database (http:europa.eu.int/newcronos/). 

This publication takes into account the AUVIS data 

collection. In order to give a coherent and more complete 

coverage, some additional data as reference 

from other sources have been added. 

Eurostat gratefully acknowledges the valuable contribution 

of all National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) and 

other professional bodies. The special effort to fill in 

data gaps has enabled Eurostat to create EU-15 estimates 

for most variables presented. In most cases, 

Eurostat gave priority to national official sources 

(mainly NSIs and ministries or other governmental 

bodies, often in close co-operation with other public 

bodies). In some cases, Eurostat contacted the NSIs 

and discussed single data when coverage was different. 

Thanks are due to these organisations and sources 

that provided or published information on various 

topics: 

The OECD, Unesco, the European Audiovisual 

Observatory, Media Salles, the European 

Broadcasting Union, the International Video 

Federation, Screen Digest, the International 

Federation of the Phonographic Industry, the Motion 

Picture Association of America, the US Bureau of 

Labour Statistics, the Motion Picture Producers 

Association of Japan, McCann Erickson, Dentsu Inc., 

International Recording Media Association, Adams 

Media Research, Nielsen Media Research, Video 

Software Dealers Association, International Trade 

Administration of US, Japanese Regional 

3

Broadcasting Division at the Ministry, Japan 

Broadcasting Corporation, SES/ASTRA, Economist 

Intelligence Unit, Trade Administration of the US 

Department of Commerce, McGraw-Hill Companies, 

International Telecommunication Union, Oliver & 

Ohlbaum, the European Leisure Software Publishers 

Association (ELSPA), Interactive Digital Software 

Association (IDSA), NPDFunworld, Gartner Dataquest 

and the following Internet based services: boxofficemojo.com, 

surfmusic.de, real.com, web-radio.fm and 

ituner.com. 

The data presented cover the following aspects: enterprise 

related economic data, structural information on 

markets, supply side data, prices, demand structure, 

technical infrastructure and basic information from 

other domains. 

The publication "Cinema, TV and Radio in the EU, data 

1980 - 2002" 

is divided into 8 main parts, which cover 

the following aspects: 

4 

Overview of the audiovisual sector and advertising: 

The chapter 1 provides the overview of the different 

audiovisual markets, shows advertising expenditure 

and media consumption frequency. 

Structural business statistics on audiovisual services: 

The chapter 2 shows the main SBS data on 

audiovisual services (turnover, number of persons 

employed and number of enterprises). 

Cinema market: this chapter includes the information 

on the cinema production, distribution and 

exhibition. 

DVD and video market: The chapter 4 provides the 

analysis of DVD and video market. 

TV broadcasting market: this chapter includes the 

information on public and commercial TV, cable 

and satellite market. 

Sound recordings: This chapter provides the information 

about the music market. 

Radio: this chapter includes the information on 

public and commercial radio programme services. 

Video games: This chapter provides with the information 

about the entertainment software and 

hardware. 

The EU as a whole, the EU Member States, 12 

Candidate countries (Turkey not included), three EFTA 

countries, the United States and Japan are covered. 

Introduction 

Throughout the publication, data with monetary values 

are expressed in euro. For indices and time series current 

prices were used. 

Methodological work to harmonise statistics is currently 

undertaken by Eurostat in co-operation with 

National Statistical Institutes. Nevertheless in view of 

the fact that the methods and concepts used by primary 

sources to collect the data are different, care 

should be taken when attempting to make comparisons. 

The information presented, especially methodological 

footnotes help to show discrepancies in data 

availability and comparability among Member States. 

List of symbols: 

: data not available 

I break in series 

bn billion 

CC Candidate countries 

EU-15 European Union 

BE Belgium 

DK Denmark 

DE Germany 

EL Greece 

ES Spain 

FR France 

IE Ireland 

IT Italy 

LU Luxembourg 

NL Netherlands 

AT Austria 

PT Portugal 

FI Finland 

SE Sweden 

UK United Kingdom 

CZ Czech Republic 

EE Estonia 

CY Cyprus 

LV Latvia 

LT Lithuania 

HU Hungary 

MT Malta 

PL Poland 

SI Slovenia 

SK Slovakia 

BG Bulgaria 

RO Romania 

IS Iceland 

NO Norway 

CH Switzerland 

JP Japan 

US United States 

CA Canada 

A

1. Overview of the audiovisual market

Turnover from audiovisual markets: The average 

American spends more than the average 

person in EU-15 

In 2001, EU-15 citizens spent 98 billion euro or 

259 euro per capita on audiovisual services, which 

include: films, TV and radio broadcasting, music 

and video games. This is a growth of 6.5% compared 

to 2000. 

The US, however, spent more on audiovisual services: 

182 billion euro or 638 euro per capita. 

Measured in USD, this is a decline of 0.9% compared 

to 2000. From 1997 to 2001, the US 

turnover increased by 32.5% (measured in USD), 

while the growth in EU-15 was 32.8%. 

A breakdown of the turnover for EU-15 and 

United States is available on page 12. 

There is only one sector where the EU-15 market 

is larger than the US: public TV, mainly because of 

the low public funding of TV broadcasting in the 

US. There are nevertheless 357 public TV channels 

in the United States. All other audiovisual markets 

are smaller in the EU. The video games market in 

the EU-15 catches up closest with the US: 80.0% 

of the US turnover. The music market follows next 

with 66.7% and the cinema exhibition with 

54.4%. The largest difference between the EU-15 

and the US is found in the DVD market, where the 

EU-15 turnover only amounts to 32.9% of the US 

turnover. The TV broadcasting market in the EU-15 

only amounts to 51.2% of the US turnover. 

TV broadcasting is the type of audiovisual media 

that takes the largest portion of the audiovisual 

market’s turnover: 58.5% in the EU and 59.2% in 

the US. Films, radio, music (sound recordings) and 

video games take up shares from 13% down to 

7% in EU-15. 

A detailed breakdown for 2000 is available on the 

next four pages. The UK accounted for the highest 

turnover in the EU-15 on films, TV and radio 

broadcasting, music and video games: 25.3 billion 

euro or 424 euro per capita. Germany and France 

followed with a turnover of 22.7 and 14.8 billion 

euro respectively. Their turnover per capita (276 

and 249 euro) was above the EU average (245 

euro). Denmark spent a relatively high amount per 

capita: 324 euro (excluding video games). On the 

other end of the scale was Portugal with 86 euro 

per capita. 

A 


F. 1.1: Turnover from audiovisual activities (moving picture 

+ TV broadcasting + radio + music + video games) 

(bn euro) 

200.0 

175.0 

150.0 

125.0 

100.0 

75.0 

50.0 

25.0 

0.0 

Audiovisual Services 

Cinema 

Video 

DVD 

TV broadcasting 

Radio 

Music 

Video games 

108.5 

73.8 

US 

EU-15 

121.6 

78.7 

32.9 

138.7 

(%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 

EU-15 turnover as a percentage of US turnover using average exchange rate 

of USD/EUR in 2000 

37.5 

84.3 

46.4 

51.7 

54.4 

51.2 

178.1 

91.8 

66.7 

80.0 

182.0 

97.8 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

See explanations of terms used on the next page. 

F. 1.2: Comparison between EU-15 and US turnover by 

audiovisual markets, 2000 

F. 1.3: Share of turnover in 2000 by main audiovisual 

markets 


Moving picture TV broadcasting Radio Music Video games 

USA 

13.0 

16.0 

58.5 

59.2 

10.5 

11.7 

11.0 

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 

8.6 

7.0 

4.5 

7

T. 1.1a: Turnover by audiovisual markets by country in 2000, million EUR 

8 

Audiovisual 

services 

(A) 

Audiovisual 

services 

excl. 

video 

games 

(B) 

Moving 

picture 

(C) 

Cinema (D) 

Gross box 

office 


Video (E) DVD (F) 

Total Sales Rental Total Sales Rental 

TV Broad- 

casting & 

radio 

(G) 

EU-15 91 848 85 440 11 930 4 577 5 962 3 840 2 122 1 392 1 306 85 63 619 

BE : : 337 126 143 75 68 68 63 6 : 

DK : 1 725 247 74 154 84 70 19 17 2 1 224 

DE 22 655 21 148 1 772 825 764 424 340 183 170 13 16 747 

EL : : 95 69 20 9 11 6 3 4 : 

ES 6 529 6 146 958 536 352 166 186 70 69 1 4 563 

FR 14 773 13 713 2 457 891 1 186 964 222 380 372 8 10 132 

IE : : 192 76 109 30 79 7 6 1 : 

IT 7 644 7 127 1 163 545 545 377 168 73 72 1 5 597 

LU : : : 8 : : : : : : : 

NL 2 892 2 705 398 128 209 104 105 61 53 8 1 813 

AT : 1 603 190 103 77 52 25 11 9 1 1 099 

PT 857 793 114 66 44 32 12 4 4 0 525 

FI : 996 129 47 70 45 25 12 10 1 742 

SE 1 992 1 884 344 136 180 96 83 28 25 4 1 317 

UK 25 251 23 486 3 524 947 2 107 1 379 728 469 433 36 16 901 

CZ : : : 6 : : : : : : : 

EE : : : 3 : : : : : : 120 

CY : : 45 17 24 13 11 4 4 1 : 

LV : : : 4 : : : : : : 43 

LT : : : 4 : : : : : : 29 

HU : 275 65 30 33 11 22 3 3 0 175 

MT : : : 5 : : : : : : : 

PL : 1 158 103 62 32 20 12 9 8 1 885 

SI : : : 9 : 29 : : : : : 

SK : : : 4 : : : : : : : 

BG : : : 4 : : : : : : 24 

RO : : : 4 : : : : : : : 

IS : 150 31 14 15 5 11 2 2 0 100 

NO 1 812 1 693 197 73 116 56 60 8 7 2 1 244 

CH : : 197 138 0 : : 59 56 3 : 

JP : : : 1 718 : : : : : : : 

US 178 101 170 089 28 565 8 413 15 916 5 593 10 323 4 237 3 494 743 126 294 

Audiovisual services equals the sum of Moving picture, TV Broadcasting, Radio, Sound recordings and Video games. (A=C+G+J+K) 

Audiovisual services excluding video games equals the sum of Moving picture, TV Broadcasting, Radio and Sound recordings. (B=C+G+J) 

Moving picture equals the sum of Cinema gross box office, Video rental and sales and DVD rental and sales. (C=D+E+F) 

TV broadcasting & radio equals the sum of TV Broadcasting and Radio. (G=H+I) 

TV broadcasting includes Commercial TV and Public TV, by terrestrial, cable and satellite digital and analogue transmission. 

Radio market includes Commercial radio and Public radio. 

Video games includes Video Consoles and Video Software. 

Video software includes 32/64 and 128 bit console software, handheld software and PC CD-ROM. 

For more details and sources, please look into each chapter of this publication. 

A

T. 1.1b: Turnover by audiovisual markets by country in 2000, million EUR 

A 

TV broadcasting (H) Radio (I) 

Total Commercial 

TV 

Public 



radio 

Public 

radio 


Music (J) 

(Sound 

recordings) 

Video games (K) 

Total Consoles 

Software 

EU-15 53 925 29 964 23 960 9 694 4 347 5 347 9 891 6 408 4 929 1 479 

BE 1 052 479 573 : 174 : 290 139 96 43 

DK 767 175 592 457 29 429 253 42 : : 

DE 13 335 6 363 6 972 3 412 733 2 680 2 630 1 507 1 211 297 

EL 748 526 222 : 43 : 98 : : : 

ES 4 017 2 362 1 655 546 403 143 626 383 269 114 

FR 8 749 5 593 3 155 1 383 809 574 1 125 1 059 797 262 

IE : : 251 : 55 : 131 111 76 34 

IT 4 969 2 484 2 484 628 499 129 368 517 357 159 

LU : : : : 12 : : : : : 

NL 1 397 636 761 416 309 107 494 187 142 45 

AT 948 : 948 151 151 0 314 : : : 

PT 416 254 162 109 47 62 154 : : : 

FI 554 222 332 : 38 : 125 : : 22 

SE 1 043 621 422 274 71 203 224 108 79 29 

UK 15 225 9 793 5 431 1 676 976 700 3 061 1 765 1 389 376 

CZ : : : : : : 18 : : : 

EE 20 10 10 100 11 89 6 : : : 

CY 254 116 138 : : : 44 : : : 

LV 21 9 12 22 16 6 12 : : : 

LT : : 13 : 4 : 4 : : : 

HU : : 126 61 : 44 36 : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL 828 405 423 : : 57 170 : : : 

SI 139 29 110 : 7 : 29 : : : 

SK 34 : 34 : 14 20 11 : : : 

BG : : : : 8 : 5 : : : 

RO 124 56 68 : : : 32 : : : 

IS 23 : 23 : : 13 19 : : : 

NO 782 387 395 462 74 388 252 : : : 

CH : : 1 122 : : : 286 : : : 

JP : : : : 2 082 : 7 080 : : : 

US 105 403 104 181 1 222 : 20 891 : 15 231 8 012 6 508 1 504 

9

T. 1.2a: Turnover by audiovisual markets by country per capita in 2000, EUR 

10 

Audiovisual 

services 

(A) 

Audiovisual 

services 

excl. 

video 

games 

(B) 

Moving 

picture 

(C) 

Cinema (D) 

Gross box 

office 


Video (E) DVD (F) 

Total Sales Rental Total Sales Rental 

TV Broad- 

casting & 

radio 

(G) 

EU-15 244 227 32 12 16 10 6 4 3 0 169 

BE : : 33 12 14 7 7 7 6 1 : 

DK : 324 46 14 29 16 13 4 3 0 230 

DE 276 257 22 10 9 5 4 2 2 0 204 

EL : : 9 7 2 1 1 1 0 0 : 

ES 166 156 24 14 9 4 5 2 2 0 116 

FR 249 232 41 15 20 16 4 6 6 0 171 

IE : : 51 20 29 8 21 2 2 0 : 

IT 137 128 20 9 9 7 3 1 1 0 97 

LU : : : 18 : : : : : : : 

NL 182 171 25 8 13 7 7 4 3 1 114 

AT : 198 23 13 9 6 3 1 1 0 136 

PT 86 79 11 7 4 3 1 0 0 0 53 

FI : 193 25 9 14 9 5 2 2 0 144 

SE 225 213 39 15 20 11 9 3 3 0 149 

UK 424 394 59 16 35 23 12 8 7 1 283 

CZ : : : 7 : : : : : : : 

EE : : : 2 : : : : : : 88 

CY : : 4 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 : 

LV : : : 1 : : : : : : 18 

LT : : : 1 : : : : : : 8 

HU : 27 6 3 3 1 2 0 0 0 17 

MT : : : 12 : : : : : : : 

PL : 30 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 23 

SI : : : 5 : 14 : : : : : 

SK : : : 1 : : : : : : : 

BG : : : 0 : : : : : : 3 

RO : : : 0 : : : : : : : 

IS : 538 112 49 55 16 39 8 8 1 359 

NO 405 378 44 16 26 12 13 2 1 0 278 

CH : : 28 19 0 : : 8 8 0 : 

JP : : : 14 : : : : : : : 

US 650 621 104 31 58 20 38 15 13 3 461 










A

T. 1.2b: Turnover by audiovisual markets by country per capita in 2000, EUR 

A 

TV broadcasting (H) Radio (I) 



Public 



radio 

Public 

radio 


Music (J) 

(Sound 

recordings) 

Video games (K) 

Total Consoles 

Software 

EU-15 143 80 64 26 12 14 26 17 13 4 

BE 103 47 56 : 17 : 28 14 9 4 

DK 144 33 111 86 5 80 47 8 : : 

DE 162 77 85 42 9 33 32 18 15 4 

EL 71 50 21 : 4 : 9 : : : 

ES 102 60 42 14 10 4 16 10 7 3 

FR 148 94 53 23 14 10 19 18 13 4 

IE : : 66 : 15 : 35 29 20 9 

IT 86 43 43 11 9 2 6 9 6 3 

LU : : : : 28 : : : : : 

NL 88 40 48 26 19 7 31 12 9 3 

AT 117 : 117 19 19 0 39 : : : 

PT 42 25 16 11 5 6 15 : : : 

FI 107 43 64 : 7 : : : : 4 

SE 118 70 48 31 8 23 25 12 9 3 

UK 255 164 91 28 16 12 51 30 23 6 

CZ : : : : : : 24 : : : 

EE 15 7 7 73 8 65 5 : : : 

CY 25 11 13 : : : 4 : : : 

LV 9 4 5 9 7 2 5 : : : 

LT : : 4 : 1 : 1 : : : 

HU : : 13 6 : 4 4 : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL 21 10 11 : : 1 4 : : : 

SI 70 15 55 : 4 : 14 : : : 

SK 6 : 6 : 3 4 2 : : : 

BG : : : : 1 : 1 : : : 

RO 6 2 3 : : : 1 : : : 

IS 82 : 82 : : 48 66 : : : 

NO 175 86 88 103 17 87 56 : : : 

CH : : 157 : : : 40 : : : 

JP : : : : 16 : 56 : : : 

US 385 380 4 : 76 : 56 29 24 5 

11

T. 1.3: Turnover by audiovisual markets in the EU-15, million ECU/EUR 

12 


1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Total (%) Total (%) Total (%) Total (%) Total (%) Total (%) 

Audiovisual Services a) 73 805 100 78 684 100 84 315 100 91 848 100 97 773 100 : : 

Films 9 084 12 10 085 13 10 245 12 11 930 13 14 018 14 : : 

Cinema gross box office 3 797 5 4 209 5 4 263 5 4 577 5 5 168 5 : : 

Video 5 286 7 5 828 7 5 585 7 5 962 6 5 709 6 : : 

Video sales 3 491 5 3 909 5 3 650 4 3 840 4 3 583 4 : : 

Video rental 1 796 2 1 919 2 1 935 2 2 122 2 2 126 2 : : 

DVD : : 48 0 397 0 1 392 2 3 141 3 : : 

DVD sales : : 48 0 382 0 1 306 1 2 864 3 : : 

DVD rental : : 1 0 15 0 85 0 277 0 : : 

TV broadcasting 42 626 58 44 768 57 48 925 58 53 925 59 : : : : 

Commercial TV 21 752 29 22 970 29 25 879 31 29 964 33 : : : : 

Public TV 20 874 28 21 798 28 23 046 27 23 960 26 : : : : 

Radio market 7 136 10 8 196 10 8 927 11 9 694 11 9 574 10 : : 

Commercial radio 3 204 4 3 465 4 3 895 5 4 347 5 4 122 4 : : 

Public radio 3 931 5 4 731 6 5 032 6 5 347 6 5 452 6 : : 

Sound recordings 9 579 13 9 770 12 9 821 12 9 891 11 9 659 10 9 476 : 

Video games : : 5 864 7 6 397 8 6 408 7 8 053 8 : : 

Consoles : : 1 466 2 1 549 2 1 479 2 2 865 3 : : 

Software : : 4 398 6 4 848 6 4 929 5 5 188 5 : : 

a) Eurostat estimates 

T. 1.4: Turnover by audiovisual markets in the United States, million ECU/EUR 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Total (%) Total (%) Total (%) Total (%) Total (%) Total (%) 

Audiovisual Services a) 108 508 100 121 582 100 138 714 100 178 101 100 182 012 100 : 

Films 18 985 17 20 791 17 22 989 17 28 565 16 32 336 18 : : 

Cinema gross box office 5 617 5 6 199 5 6 988 5 8 413 5 9 393 5 9 001 : 

Video 13 368 12 14 225 12 14 629 11 15 916 9 15 082 8 : : 

Video sales 5 456 5 5 632 5 5 243 4 5 593 3 5 479 3 : : 

Video rental 7 912 7 8 593 7 9 386 7 10 323 6 9 603 5 : : 

DVD : : 366 0 1 372 1 4 237 2 7 862 4 : : 

DVD sales : : 349 0 1 281 1 3 494 2 6 010 3 : : 

DVD rental : : 18 0 91 0 743 0 1 851 1 : : 

TV broadcasting : : : : 79 155 57 105 403 59 : : : : 

Commercial TV 60 706 56 68 338 56 77 954 56 104 181 58 103 144 57 : : 

Public TV : : : : 1 201 1 1 222 1 : : : : 

Radio market : : : : : : : : : : : : 

Commercial radio 11 896 11 13 445 11 16 152 12 20 891 12 19 942 11 : : 

Public radio : : : : : : : : : : : : 

Sound recordings 10 499 10 11 768 10 13 372 10 15 231 9 14 676 8 13 035 : 

Video games : : 6 040 5 7 046 5 8 012 4 10 690 6 : : 

Consoles : : 1 134 1 1 322 1 1 504 1 3 600 2 : : 

Software : : 4 906 4 5 724 4 6 508 4 7 090 4 : : 

a) Eurostat estimates 










A

TV broadcasting market is the largest audiovisual 

sector 

The TV broadcasting market is the largest audiovisual 

sector, growing 10% during 2000 in the EU-15. The 

most important component of TV broadcasting 

turnover is the income from TV advertising, which is 

also the most important component for growth. TV 

advertising in the EU-15 grew 10% in 1999, 12% in 

2000, but contracted 7% in 2001. The public TV market 

in the EU amounts to 24.0 bn euro in 2000, of 

which 14.4 bn euro stems from licence fees. Public 

funding is an important revenue source in the EU-15, 

especially in the Scandinavian countries and Austria. 

The EU-15 average of public funding as a revenue 

source was 30.1% in 2000, see chapter 5. The amount 

from licence fees increased by 2.8% compared to 1999, 

while the public TV market as a whole grew 4.0% in 

2000. In 2001, subscription fees increased 23.8%. 

Subscription fees from cable and satellite accounted for 

19.4% of the TV broadcasting market in 2000. 

Advertising is also the most important component in 

the US, accounted for 61.9% of the TV broadcasting 

market and grew 32% in 2000. In 2001, TV advertising 

decreased 7% and in 2002 it contracted another 6%. 

About 37% of the American TV broadcasting turnover 

came from cable and satellite subscription in 2000. 

The connection of TV households to cable networks 

and satellites kept increasing during the nineties. In 

1995, 25% of the TV households in the EU-15 watched 

cable TV. In 2001 the share had increased to 30%. In 

2001, about 22% of the TV households in the EU-15 

were watching satellite TV, compared to 14% in 1995. 

Half of TV households in the EU-15 rely on the terrestrial 

TV signals. Cable TV transmissions dominated in 

United States accounting for 72% of the households. 

Moving picture (Cinema gross box office, Video rental 

and sales and DVD rental and sales) is a relatively important 

audiovisual sector in the EU, accounting for 14.3% 

of the audiovisual turnover in 2001 (13.0% in 2000) 

and grew 54% from 1997. Turnover from cinema gross 

box office accounts for 36.9% of the total film exhibition 

turnover in 2001. Video sales is also an important 

source of film revenues with 25.6% of the turnover. 

Video rental takes another 15.2%. DVD sales, the technology 

still being in its introduction phase, accounted 

for 20.4% in 2001 compared to 10.9% in 2000. Finally, 

DVD rental takes up just 2% of the film exhibition 

turnover. The DVD share is expected to increase in the 

future. In United States the DVD sales accounted for 

19% of the film exhibition market in 2001. In sales figures, 

United States is one year ahead of EU-15, much 

due to its earlier break-through in this market. 

A 


F. 1.4: Breakdown of turnover by type of cinema exhibition, 

video and DVD in EU-15 

(%) 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

0 

(bn EUR) 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

19.8 19.0 

21 61 

22 

22 23 

(%) EU-15 United States 

61 59 59 


Public TV 

Private TV 

52 52 

48 

50 

68 

14 15 15 17 19 19 22 

25 25 26 30 29 31 30 

18.9 

38.4 38.8 35.6 

41.8 41.7 41.6 38.4 36.9 

United States 



23 

26 

10.9 

17.8 

32.2 

31 29 26 24 22 22 16 

3 5 7 8 9 10 13 

66 67 67 68 69 69 72 

95 96 97 98 99 00 01 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 

1 

78 

24 

30 

20.4 

15.2 

25.6 

1 

2.0 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

104 

103 

DVD rental 

DVD sales 

Video rental 

Video sales 

Cinema 

gross box 

office 

F. 1.5: Turnover from TV broadcasting in EU-15 and the 

United States, broken down by public and private 

(commercial) TV 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

F. 1.6: Main mode of TV reception among households in 

the EU-15 and the United States, 1995 - 2001 

Terrestrial 

Satellite 

Cable 

13

Overview on advertising 

Advertising is an important part of modern 

economies. For most mass media, advertising is a 

major source of income. From 1990 to 2000, advertising 

expenditure in the EU increased 118%. In 

2001, 95 billion euro, or 251 euro per capita, was 

spent on advertising in the EU-15. 

The advertising market is, however, much larger in 

the United States. From 1990 to 2000, advertising 

expenditure in the USA increased 163%. In 2002, 

251 billion euro, or 896 euro per capita, was spent 

on advertising in the USA. The exceptional growth in 

advertising in the United States during 2000 was 

influenced by the elections, the Olympics, the census, 

special millennium-year events and heavy introductory 

advertising in traditional media by many new 

dot.com marketers. However, in 2001, with a economic 

slowdown in the third quarter and the '11th 

of September 2001' events, the US advertising suffered 

its worst advertising spending decline (-6.5% in 

USD) since World War II. During the first half of 

2002, TV ad spending rose because of Winter 

Olympics and political activity. Moderate growth in 

the economy helped the second half ad recovery to 

occur (a gain of 2.6% in USD, a decline of 2.8% in 

euro). 

According to the McCann Erickson 2002 report on 

American advertising expenditure, 22.6% was spent 

on TV, 8.0% on radio, the Internet 2.3% and 67.1% 

on other media. The share of advertising expenditure 

on Internet increased from 0.3% in 1997 to 2.6% in 

2000. US ads on the Internet decreased from 7.0 bn 

euro in 2000 to 5.8 bn euro in 2002. Ads in all media 

14 

11.5 

11.4 

8.67 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

32.3 


F. 1.7: Total advertising expenditure, 1980 - 2002 

[bn ECU/EUR] 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

[%] 

0 

38 

5.4 5.4 5.0 

61.5 

US 


JP 

32.3 

61.5 

124 

32.2 

62.0 

28.0 

4.4 4.7 

66.9 

102 

29.3 

64.9 

184 

169 

140 

126 

27.5 

4.4 

64 

79 

57 

66.5 

26.7 

4.3 

67.3 

95 96 97 98 99 00 01 

45 

54 

44 

42 

209 

83 

268 

99 

A 

258 


95 

Radio 

251 

61 

44 47 

56 

39 

48 

80 85 90 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 

F. 1.8: Advertising in the EU-15 broken down by type of 

media, 1995 - 2001 

F. 1.9: Total advertising expenditure in EU Member States and Candidate countries, latest available year 

[bn EUR] 

30.0 

25.0 

20.0 

15.0 

10.0 

5.0 

0.0 

26.6 

UK 

(01) 

21.7 

DE 

(01) 

ES 

(01) 

FR 

(01) 

IT 

(01) 

Cinema 

Internet 

Other 

media 

3.83 

2.76 1.78 1.64 

1.73 1.63 1.11 0.70 

1.08 0.68 

0.68 0.39 

0.65 

0.23 

0.27 

0.08 0.06 

0.09 0.06 0.04 

NL 

(01) 

DK 

(01) 

BE 

(00) 

AT 

(00) 

PL 

(00) 

SE 

(00) 

FI 

(00) 

EL 

(00) 

IE 

(00) 

PT 

(00) 

CZ 

(00) 

HU 

(00) 

RO 

(00) 

SK 

(01) 

SI 

(00) 

LU 

(01) 

BG 

(00) 

LV 

(01) 

LT 

(01) 

EE 

(00)

y dot.com brands decreased from 6.1 bn euro to 

2.3 bn euro in the same period. 

In Japan, 48.3 billion euro was spent on advertising 

in 2002. According to the Dentsu 2002 report on 

advertising expenditure in Japan, 34% was spent on 

TV, 3.2% on radio, 5.8% on cinema, 1.5% on the 

Internet and 55.6% on other media. 

Worldwide advertising in 2001 is estimated to a level 

of 474 billion euro, according to McCann Erickson. 

In 2001 in the EU-15, 26.7% was spent on TV, 4.3% 

on radio, 0.8% on cinema, 0.8% on the Internet and 

67.3% on other media. In the EU-15, the highest 

advertising outlays were spent in the United 

Kingdom with 26.6 billion euro in 2001. Second was 

Germany with 21.7 billion euro in 2001. Third was 

Spain with 11.5 billion euro in 2001. 

Media consumption: 210 minutes of daily TV 

viewing in EU-15 

Average daily time spent on entertainment is not regularly 

measured in the EU-15. EU-15 citizens spend 

210 minutes per day watching TV and 162 minutes 

listening to the radio. The Americans spend longer 

time in front of their TV: 273 minutes. This new estimate 

by MPA is however much lower than older 

studies. 

In Latvia people watch TV an average of 264 minutes 

per day, followed by Estonia with 259 minutes and 

Hungary with 250 minutes. Among the EU Member 

States, Greeks and Italians stay longest in front of 

their TV: 243 and 241 minutes. 

The Irish spend 112 minutes more listening to the 

radio than watching TV. Other countries where radio 

listening is more popular than watching TV: Poland 

(+96 minutes), Iceland (+57 minutes), Finland and 

Austria (+42 minutes) , Denmark (+38 minutes), 

Sweden (+26 minutes) and the Netherlands (+10 

minutes). In Hungary, people watch TV 173 minutes 

longer, daily, than listening to the radio. 

An annual survey by MPA shows that the average 

American spends 9 hours and 47 minutes per day 

consuming various media. Radio took up 27% of 

that time, TV accounted for 46%. 

The average EU-15 citizen goes to the cinema 2.5 

times per year. This is much less than the average 

American, who goes to the cinema 5.2 times per 

A 

Consumer 

Internet 

4% 

Daily 

Newspapers 

5% 

Recorded 

Music 

7% 

Other 

broadcast 


23% 

Other media 

activities 

11% 


F. 1.10: Media consumption in United States, 2001, 

based on minutes per person and day 

Source:MPA 

Radio 

27% 

Cable & 

Satellite TV 

Total time spent per day on media: 23% 

9 hours 47 minutes 

F. 1.11: Average time spent per day watching 

TV in 2001 (see footnotes in the table on the next page) 

LV 

EE 

HU 

EL 

SK 

IT 

CY 

PL 

UK 

ES 

RO 

FR 

DE 

CZ 

LT 

PT 

BG 

BE 

IE 

SI 

FI 

NL 

NO 

DK 

SE 

IS 

LU 

AT 


US 

264 

259 

250 

243 

242 

241 

236 

219 

218 

216 

213 

209 

205 

202 

199 

197 

189 

181 

178 

168 

167 

166 

158 

154 

148 

146 

144 

142 

210 

273 

0 100 200 300 

15

year. Highest frequency for cinema-going in the EU- 

15 occurred in Ireland: 4.2 times per year. Cinema 

attendance in the Candidate countries are generally 

low, with the exception for Malta (2.7 times per 

year). In Bulgaria, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania 

and Slovakia, attendance was below once a year per 

capita. 

The average EU-15 citizen owning a DVD player 

bought 9.2 DVD films and rented 6.3 DVD films in 

2001. VCR owners in EU-15 bought 2.4 video films 

and rented 5.7 films in 2001. This varies of course, 

country by country. In Ireland the average VCR 

household rents a film 28.5 times per year, while in 

Italy just 3.7 times per year. 

The average American DVD player owner bought 

11.9 films and rented 21.6 films in 2001. VCR owners 

in the United States bought 4.4 films and rented 

a film on video 33.5 times per year. In Poland, 6.3 

DVD films were sold and 5.8 were rented per DVD 

household in 2001. In the Czech Republic, 5.4 DVD 

films were rented, while just 1.8 DVD films were 

bought by the average DVD household. 

CD records sold in the EU-15 amounted to 6.9 units 

per CD player household in 2001 compared to 9.2 

units in the United States. In Iceland, Norway, United 

Kingdom, Spain and Finland, the CD player households 

bought 10 or more CDs in 2001. In Hungary 

and Poland, fewer than 5 CD records per CD player 

household were sold in 2001. 

In the period of 1998 to 2001, an average of 11.0 

video games were sold to each video hardware (console) 

household. However, this gives a biased picture, 

since of the 579 million pieces of software sold in 

that period, 285 million were aimed at PC-CD-ROM. 

Excluding PC-CD-ROM software, the average console 

owner in the EU-15 bought 5.6 console games 

per year. The owners of 32/64 bit consoles (PS One 

etc) bought 9.3 games per year between 1998 and 

2001. The owners of 128 bit consoles (PlayStation2 

etc) bought 4.0 games per year between 1999 and 

2001. Handheld owners (Gameboy Advance etc) 

bough 2.5 games per year between 1999 and 2001. 

16 


T. 1.5: Average time spent on entertainment in 2001, 

minutes per day 


viewing 

Radio 

listening 

Cinema 

going 

EU-15 210 162 b) 1.0 

BE 181 : 0.9 

DK 154 a) 192 0.9 

DE 205 203 0.9 

EL 243 : 0.5 

ES 216 94 1.5 

FR 209 : 1.3 

IE 178 c) 290 1.7 

IT 241 178 0.8 

LU 144 a) : 1.3 

NL 166 a) 176 0.6 

AT 142 c) 184 1.0 

PT 197 200 0.8 

FI 167 209 0.5 

SE 148 174 0.8 

UK 218 b) 177 1.1 

CZ 236 : 0.5 

EE 259 : 0.4 

CY 202 : 0.4 

LV 264 : 0.2 

LT 199 175 0.3 

HU 250 a) 77 a) 0.6 

MT : : 1.1 

PL 219 315 0.3 

SI 168 : 0.5 

SK 242 : 0.2 

BG 189 : 0.1 

RO 213 : 0.1 

IS 146 203 a) 2.3 

NO 158 135 1.1 

CH : 164 1.0 

JP : : b) 0.5 

US 273 162 2.1 

a) 2000 b) 1999 c) 1996 

A

T. 1.6: Use of audiovisual media, 2001, units per year 

A 

Cinema 

admissions 

h) 

DVD 

discs 

sold 

i) 

DVD 

discs 

rented 

i) 

Video 

cass. 

sold 

j) 


Video 

cass. 

rented 

j) 

CD 

records 

sold 

k) 

Video 

games 

sold 

EU-15 2.5 9.2 6.3 2.4 5.7 6.9 11.0 

BE 2.3 11.7 11.5 1.8 6.1 6.5 12.9 d) 

DK 2.2 6.8 7.3 3.3 a) 10.0 a) 6.6 16.5 e) 

DE 2.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 4.5 5.6 15.0 

EL 1.3 0.6 21.3 0.3 b) 11.7 b) 8.6 : 

ES 3.7 7.4 5.3 1.4 9.9 10.6 6.0 f) 

FR 3.1 9.1 3.3 2.9 3.3 5.6 10.3 

IE 4.2 7.2 18.9 2.7 28.5 8.2 7.5 

IT 1.9 9.3 3.1 2.5 3.7 3.3 7.6 

LU 3.2 : : : : : 12.9 d) 

NL 1.5 7.3 12.4 1.7 6.6 4.9 12.9 d) 

AT 2.3 5.4 6.8 1.4 3.2 7.4 12.4 g) 

PT 1.9 18.0 4.0 3.1 2.8 7.6 6.0 f) 

FI 1.3 12.6 10.5 1.9 5.3 10.0 16.5 e) 

SE 2.0 8.8 6.6 2.2 5.7 8.7 16.5 e) 

UK 2.6 13.8 8.3 5.5 a) 9.0 a) 10.9 10.6 

CZ 1.1 : : : : : : 

EE 1.0 : : : : : : 

CY 1.0 1.8 5.4 0.4 6.7 3.9 : 

LV 0.5 : : : : : : 

LT 0.6 : : : : : : 

HU 1.4 a) 3.7 2.9 0.9 10.0 2.9 : 

MT 2.7 : : : : : : 

PL 0.7 6.3 5.8 0.4 1.3 4.6 : 

SI 1.2 : : : : : : 

SK 0.5 : : : : : : 

BG 0.2 : : : : : : 

RO 0.3 : : : : : : 

IS 5.6 a) 5.1 6.8 1.7 33.0 11.0 a) : 

NO 2.7 6.8 15.1 2.8 9.4 11.2 16.5 e) 

CH 2.4 11.7 6.6 1.3 2.1 8.6 a) 12.4 

JP 1.1 b) : : 1.3 c) 25.3 c) 5.8 a) : 

US 5.2 11.9 21.6 4.4 33.5 9.2 : 

a) 2000 b) 1999 c) 1997 d) B/NL/L average e) DK/S/FIN/N average f) E/P average g) A/CH average h) per capita 

i) per DVD player household j) per VCR household k) per CD player household l) video software per video hardware household, 

average 1998-2001 

l) 

17

T. 1.7: Total advertising expenditure, million EUR 

18 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

EU-15 a) : : 45 354 54 051 56 583 64 249 78 881 83 163 99 014 94 978 o) : 

BE : 412 751 1 170 1 202 1 295 1 390 m) 1 626 1 785 : : 

DK : : 859 1 097 1 138 2 901 3 078 2 637 2 736 2 763 : 

DE 4 386 6 623 9 884 14 516 14 347 14 299 20 650 21 816 23 291 21 680 : 

EL 73 152 385 1 501 1 062 1 156 b) 1 248 b) 1 549 b) 1 081 m) : : 

ES 833 1 858 : 3 114 m) 3 265 m) 3 885 c) 4 346 c) 5 003 c) : 11 543 : 

FR 2 013 3 965 7 331 8 278 8 487 9 971 10 485 10 930 12 022 11 436 : 

IE 92 132 228 317 m) 358 m) 433 m) 453 m) 569 703 m) : : 

IT 1 044 2 749 5 301 4 332 5 052 5 987 d) 6 579 d) 7 466 d) 8 479 d) 8 667 d) : 

LU : : : 57 m) 61 m) 64 m) 65 m) 71 m) 80 m) 91 : 

NL : : 1 650 2 271 m) 2 394 m) 2 553 m) 4 368 e) 3 446 e) 3 785 3 828 : 

AT : 443 772 1 208 1 239 1 219 1 352 m) 1 571 m) 1 727 m) : : 

PT 33 73 327 735 882 1 053 1 220 614 f) 680 f) : : 

FI 405 990 988 802 807 884 1 000 g) 1 031 g) 1 105 g) : : 

SE 569 924 1 437 1 404 1 550 1 655 h) 1 338 m) 1 439 m) 1 634 m) : : 

UK 4 785 8 578 12 503 13 249 14 738 16 896 i) 21 310 i) 23 396 i) 27 873 i) 26 610 : 

CZ : : : 192 m) 253 m) 278 m) 421 m) 528 m) 679 m) : : 

EE : : : 7 m) 11 m) 12 m) 45 n) 41 n) 43 n) : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : 11 m) 24 m) 44 m) 57 m) 41 54 61 : 

LT : : : 7 m) 13 m) 34 m) 57 m) 64 51 55 : 

HU : : : 184 m) 240 m) 376 m) 460 m) 517 m) 645 m) : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : 346 m) 488 m) 740 m) 1 015 m) 1 374 m) 1 638 m) : : 

SI : : : 48 m) 74 m) : 134 n) 207 n) 225 n) : : 

SK : : : 30 m) 58 m) 110 m) 139 m) 170 200 265 : 

BG : : : : 34 m) 20 m) 49 n) 66 n) 82 n) : : 

RO : : : : 82 m) 106 m) 169 n) 250 n) 391 n) : : 

IS : : : 36 41 54 j) 65 j) 92 j) 118 j) 97 : 

NO : : : : : : : 1 399 1 569 1 575 : 

CH 747 1 236 1 680 2 026 1 944 1 850 1 864 m) 2 183 m) 2 439 m) : : 

JP l) : : : 44 112 41 785 43 699 39 338 46 981 61 425 55 741 48 306 

US k) 38 497 124 232 101 765 126 222 140 264 168 689 184 374 208 580 267 969 258 254 251 091 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain a) Eurostat estimates b) Source Media Services S.A. c) Source: Infoadex d) Source: UPA e) Break 

in series: broader coverage f) Corresponds only to ad spending with advertising agencies. g) Source: MDC Helsinki Group h) Official 

source Statistics Sweden, SBS Includes costs for PR. i) Source: Advertising Association. Total excludes direct mail. j) Rate card figures, information 

not exhaustive. Source: IM Gallup. k) Source: McCann Erickson l) Source: Dentsu Inc m) The European Media & Advertising 

Forecast / EAO n) European key Facts / IP o) Estimate based on average growth of 7 countries, 79% coverage 

T. 1.8: TV advertising expenditure, million EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

EU-15 a) : : 11 261 17 457 18 286 20 718 22 050 24 334 27 259 25 370 r) : 

BE : : : 411 432 494 599 643 707 : : 

DK : : 129 206 232 249 268 242 245 234 : 

DE 443 656 1 369 3 853 4 034 4 198 4 014 4 317 4 705 4 469 : 

EL 36 75 174 1 048 599 513 b) 527 b) 641 b) 539 k) : : 

ES 274 578 : 1 357 k) 1 431 k) 1 478 c) 1 757 c) 2 072 c) 2 272 k) 2 133 : 

FR 362 681 1 822 2 679 2 789 2 939 3 091 3 354 3 815 3 590 : 

IE 27 53 65 104 k) 115 k) 132 k) 141 k) 173 194 k) : : 

IT 268 1 338 2 539 2 366 2 767 3 345 d) 3 514 d) 3 837 d) 4 314 d) 4 139 d) : 

LU : : : 3 k) 6 k) 6 k) 6 k) 8 k) 8 k) 9 : 

NL : : 278 542 k) 528 k) 557 k) 572 1 176 1 376 1 426 : 

AT : 122 208 282 285 320 338 k) 408 k) 459 k) : : 

PT 18 41 143 406 513 614 706 310 e) 322 e) : : 

FI 53 122 135 168 169 192 203 f) 205 f) 213 f) : : 

SE : : 31 260 291 329 357 390 k) 468 k) : : 

UK 1 156 2 333 3 257 3 771 4 096 5 350 5 956 g) 6 558 g) 7 623 g) 6 669 g) : 

CZ : : : 97 k) 133 k) 157 k) 218 k) 291 k) 391 k) : : 

EE : : : : : 27 m) 57 m 20 m) 23 m) : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : 55 m) 67 p) 71 p) 75 p) : : 

LT : : : : : 38 n) 44 n) 50 o) 56 o) : : 

HU : : : 80 k) 106 k) 165 k) 234 k) 259 k) 342 k) 714 : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : 216 k) 309 k) 490 k) 677 k) 848 k) 982 k) : : 

SI : : : : : : 42 56 59 q) : : 

SK : : : : : : : 113 136 184 : 

BG : : : : : 50 l) 57 l) 53 l) 57 l) : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 7 8 16 h) 17 h) 26 h) 39 h) 32 : 

NO : : : : : : : 455 571 567 : 

CH 60 81 125 206 201 208 248 k) 314 k) 344 k) : : 

JP j) : : : : : : 13 322 15 761 20 903 19 029 16 390 

US i) : : 22 830 29 729 34 514 40 248 44 165 49 336 65 241 60 758 56 812 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain a) Eurostat estimates b) Source Media Services S.A. c) Source: Infoadex d) UPA e) Corresponds 

only to ad spending with advertising agencies f) Source: MDC Helsinki Group g) Source: Advertising Association. Total excludes direct mail. 

h) Source: IM Gallup. i) Source: Television Bureau of Advertising j) Source: Dentsu Inc (Japan’s biggest advertising agency) k) The 

European Media & Advertising Forecast / EAO l) Noema / IP m) Baltic Media Book n) Monitoring Group o) SIC Gallup Media p) AC 

Nielsen Research q) Mediana IBO r) Estimate based on average growth of 8 countries, 89% coverage 

A

T. 1.9: Radio advertising expenditure, million EUR 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

EU-15 a) : : 2 092 2 926 3 032 3 204 3 465 3 895 4 347 4 122 o) : 

BE : : : 105 108 121 133 157 174 : : 

DK : : : 23 23 23 24 25 29 31 : 

DE 158 237 504 707 694 664 601 691 733 678 : 

EL 5 10 28 83 72 72 57 72 43 i) : : 

ES 101 217 : : : 378 b) 409 b) 466 b) 403 i) 490 : 

FR 418 365 484 713 703 618 651 729 809 740 : 

IE 9 16 : : : : : 49 55 i) : : 

IT 70 99 193 169 203 263 c) 370 c) 431 c) 499 c) 458 c) : 

LU : : : : : : : : 12 i) 14 : 

NL : : : : : : 170 246 309 293 : 

AT : 50 94 142 132 125 : : 151 i) : : 

PT 5 13 26 53 67 96 97 41 d) 47 d) : : 

FI - 2 44 29 28 31 34 e) 34 e) 38 e) : : 

SE : : : 25 36 48 58 : 71 i) : : 

UK 90 139 228 357 423 568 680 f) 783 f) 976 f) 870 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : 10 k) 10 k) 12 k) 11 k) : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : 5 k) 10 k) 16 k) 16 k) 8 : 

LT : : : : : 5 l) 3 l) 4 m) 4 m) 5 : 

HU : : : : : : : : : 22 : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : 9 n) 11 n) 7 n) : : 

SK : : : : : : : 12 14 22 : 

BG : : : : : 11 j) 5 j) 10 j) 8 j) : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 6 7 7 : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : 80 74 62 : 

CH : 14 33 78 85 82 : : : : : 

JP h) : : : : : : 1 470 1 684 2 082 1 838 1 556 

US g) : : 6 852 8 668 9 663 11 896 13 445 16 152 20 891 19 942 20 030 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain a) Eurostat estimates b) source. Encuesta Continua de Presupuestos Familiares. INE c) Source: UPA 

d) Corresponds only to ad spending with advertising agencies e) Source: MDC Helsinki Group f) Source: Advertising Association. Total 

excludes direct mail. g) Source: Radio Advertising Bureau h) Source: Dentsu Inc (Japan’s biggest advertising agency) i) The European 

Media & Advertising Forecast / EAO j) Noema / IP k) Baltic Media Book l) Monitoring Group m) SIC Gallup Media n) Mediana IBO 

o) Estimate based on average growth of 8 countries, 87% coverage 

T. 1.10: Cinema advertising expenditure, million EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

EU-15 a) : : 294 422 438 489 524 624 702 742 l) : 

BE : : : 18 18 21 22 25 25 : : 

DK : : : 8 9 9 8 6 6 7 : 

DE 40 53 105 180 175 172 165 172 175 170 : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES 14 22 : : : 32 b) 35 b) 42 b) 55 i) 45 : 

FR 37 70 59 63 70 77 84 109 129 114 : 

IE : : : : : : : 5 6 i) : : 

IT 19 6 16 15 17 19 c) 36 c) 48 c) 54 c) 69 c) : 

LU : : : : : : : : 1 i) 1 : 

NL : : 6 : : : 11 12 14 13 : 

AT : : : : : 3 : : 9 i) : : 

PT 0 1 : : : : 4 6 d) 6 d) : : 

FI 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 e) 2 e) 2 e) : : 

SE 4 5 9 9 11 10 8 : 9 i) : : 

UK 30 31 55 83 90 127 143 f) 187 f) 210 f) 264 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : 1 i) : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 0 1 k) 0 : 

LT : : : : : : : 0 j) : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : 3 i) 5 : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : 6 i) : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : 0 0 0 : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : 1 1 1 g) 1 g) 1 g) 1 : 

NO : : : : : : : 16 15 16 : 

CH 7 10 17 22 24 24 : : 30 i) : : 

JP h) : : : : : : 2 262 2 728 3 554 3 186 2 776 

US : : : : : : : : : : : 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain a) Eurostat estimates b) source. Encuesta Continua de Presupuestos Familiares. INE c) Source: Utenti 

Pubblicità Associati (UPA) d) Corresponds only to ad spending with advertising agencies e) Source: MDC Helsinki Group f) Source: 

Advertising Association. Total excludes direct mail. g) Rate card figures (the list of prices and products and packages offered by a media company), 

information not exhaustive. Source: IM Gallup. h) Source: Dentsu Inc (Japan’s biggest advertising agency) i) The European Media & 

Advertising Forecast / EAO j) SIC Gallup Media k) BMF Gallup Media l) Estimate based on average growth of 8 countries, 92% coverage 

19

T. 1.11: Internet advertising expenditure, million EUR 

20 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

EU-15 a) : : : : : : 109 307 892 781 : 

BE : : : : : : : 5 13 : : 

DK : : : : : : 4 : 42 42 : 

DE : : : : : : 25 77 153 185 : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : : : 52 : 

FR : : : : : : : : : : : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : : 

IT d) : : : : : : : 25 73 44 : 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : 10 20 27 27 : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : : : : 3 : : 

FI : : : : : : 4 6 12 : : 

SE : : : : : : : : : : : 

UK : : : : : : 28 77 254 267 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 0 0 1 : 

LT : : : : : : : : : 0 : 

HU : : : : : : : 1 6 : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : : : : 0 : 

NO : : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : : 

JP c) : : : : : : 78 199 593 676 716 

US b) : : : : : 705 1 234 2 657 7 045 6 422 5 780 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain 

a) Eurostat estimates based on 9 countries, which account for 82% of total advertising expenditure in the EU-15. The average share of internet 

advertising in total advertising in these 9 countries amounted to 0.8% in 2000. This share was used to estimate the EU-15 total in 2000 for 

internet advertising. The time series were created by estimating data for missing years (1998 - 2001) for the 9 countries by calculating average 

growth among countries with data available. 

b) McCann-Erickson 

c) Dentsu 

d) Source: Utenti Pubblicità Associati (UPA) 

A

Structural Business Statistics on audiovisual 

services

Overview on structural data for audiovisual 

services 

In Structural Business Statistics (SBS) audiovisual 

services covered by the NACE Division 92 do not 

include some audiovisual market activities such 

as, video retail sales and rental activities, sound 

recording retailing activities, cable and satellite 

transmission of TV and radio signals activities. 

Concerning audiovisual services, data are only 

available on a 3-digit NACE level. Motion picture 

and video production, distribution and exhibition 

activities are grouped together under the NACE 

group 92.1. Radio and television activities are 

included in the NACE group 92.2. 

Data on the number of enterprises, on persons 

employed, and on the turnover are currently not 

available for all EU countries. Due to incomplete 

data at national level, figures for EU-15 can only 

be estimated. The following estimates relate to 

the year 2000 and should be seen as orders of 

magnitude. 

In 2000, the turnover from motion picture, video, 

radio and television activities amounted to 104 bn 

euro in EU-15, which was an increase of 20 percent 

compared with the year before. Radio and 

TV (NACE 92.2) accounted for the largest share 

with 60.9 bn euro in 2000 compared with 51.7 

bn euro the year before. Radio and television has 

the largest turnover share of NACE 92 in Finland 

(74%), UK (73%) and Denmark (65%). Motion 

picture and video services turnover (NACE 92.1) 

was highest in Germany with 10.0 billion euro in 

2000, followed by France with 8.9 billion euro 

(2000) and Italy with 8.0 billion euro (2001). 

In 2000, the number of persons employed in 

motion picture, video, radio and television activities 

is estmated at 555 000 in EU-15 (an increase 

of 12 percent compared with the year before), of 

which 222 000 were employed in motion picture 

and video activities (92.1) and 333 000 in radio 

and TV activities (92.2). There were on average 

about 10 persons employed per enterprise. 

Germany had the highest employment in radio 

and TV with 94 000 in 2001 and the UK was second 

with with 85 000. The year before the positions 

were reversed. The motion picture and video 

services sector employed 47 400 in the UK in 

2001, followed by France with 45 100 in 1998 

and Germany with 36 000 in 2001. 

A 

2. Structural Business Statistics on audiovisual services 

F. 2.1: Turnover from motion picture, video, radio and 

television activities in EU Member States, latest 

available year 


25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

7.6 

(%) 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

20.5 

UK 

(00) 

10.0 

9.8 

8.9 8.6 

8.0 

6.6 

3.2 

5.2 

1.4 

0.86 

0.87 0.47 0.73 

0.86 0.74 0.66 0.51 

0.71 0.26 0.15 0.33 

24 18 29 18 

10 

11 

FR 

(00) 

11 

7 

55 65 

DE 

(00) 

18 

7 

46 

NACE 92.1: Motion picture and video activities 

NACE 92.2: Radio and television activities 

IT 

(01) 

12 

8 

ES 

(00) 

29 

12 

5 

44 

7 

3 

62 53 46 

SE 

(00) 

12 19 13 

8 

6 

74 

DK 

(00) 

13 

7 

61 

NL 

(99) 

11 

3 

BE DK DE ES FR IT FI SE UK 

73 

BE 

(01) 

FI 

(00) 

LU 

(00) 

F. 2.2: Turnover in selected EU Member States in 2000 

[thousand] 

100 94 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

36 

47 

85 

26 

35 

23 

26 

45 

92.11: Motion picture 

and video production 


and video distribution 


projection 

NACE 92.2: Radio and 

TV activities 

BE in 2001 

23 

PT 

(00) 

F. 2.3: Employment in motion picture, video, radio and television 

activities in EU Member States, latest available year 

NACE 92.1: Motion picture and video 

activities 

NACE 92.2: Radio and television 

activities 

18 

8.9 8.7 

6.5 7.8 6.2 6.0 

3.4 

4.7 

1.9 3.3 

DE (01) UK (01) ES (00) IT (01) FR (98) BE (01) SE (01) DK (00) FI (00) PT (00)

In the United States, 890 820 persons were employed 

in motion picture, video, radio and television 

activities, of which 257 360 in motion picture 

and video production (SIC 781 or NACE 92.11), 

16 420 in motion picture distribution (SIC 782 or 

NACE 92.12), 137 700 in motion picture projection 

(SIC 783 or NACE 92.13) and 479 340 in 

radio and TV (SIC 482 and 483 or NACE 92.2) 

In 2000, there were about 53 700 enterprises in 

the sector in the EU-15, of which about 40 100 in 

NACE 92.1 (Motion picture and video activities) 

and 13 600 in NACE 92.2 (Radio and television 

activities). In 2000 turnover amounted to about 

104 billion euro, of which for NACE 92.1 43.1 

billion euro and for NACE 92.2 60.9 billion euro, 

or 190 000 euro per person employed. 

The three largest audiovisual enterprises are 

based in the USA. Time Warner, Viacom and Walt 

Disney had together an audiovisual turnover at 

nearly 64 bn euro in 2001. Their total turnover is 

larger due to their other activities. The largest EU 

based enterprise is Vivendi Universal, which had 

an audiovisual turnover of 15.8 bn euro in 2001. 

US based companies accounted for 42.8 percent 

of the turnover among the 50 leading audiovisual 

enterprises. EU based companies were second 

with a share of 32.5 percent. 

F. 2.5: Breakdown of audiovisual turnover of 

the 50 leading world enterprises (by nationality 

of the enterprises), in 2000, source: EAO 

24 

JP 

17.1% 

US 

42.8% 

Others 

7.6% 

EU 

32.5% 


F. 2.4: Number of enterprises in motion picture, video, 

radio and television activities in EU Member States, 

latest available year 

[thousand] 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

10.1 

1.3 

DE 

(00) 

6.2 5.6 

1.3 

FR 

(00) 

4.5 

3.6 4.3 

2.7 

2.4 2.4 

1.4 

0.6 

0.9 0.8 0.6 0.13 

0.6 0.4 

0.3 0.2 0.04 

UK 

(00) 

NACE 92.1: Motion picture and video activities 

NACE 92.2: Radio and television activities 

IT 

(00) 

ES 

(01) 

SE 

(01) 

BE 

(01) 

DK 

(00) 

PT 

(00) 

FI 

(00) 

T. 2.1: Ranking by audiovisual turnover of the 50 leading 

audiovisual enterprises worldwide, in 2001, 

Rank Title Origin 

Turnover 

(million EUR) 

1 Time Warner US 22 038.1 

2 Viacom US 21 242.0 

3 Walt Disney US 20 393.5 

4 Sony JP 15 835.6 a) 

5 Vivendi Universal FR 15 813.4 

6 News Corporation AU 9 287.3 

7 Hughes Electronics (DirecTV) US 7 955.3 

8 Bertelsmann DE 7 331.2 

9 General Electric (NBC) US 6 441.3 

10 NHK JP 5 641.8 

11 ARD DE 5 385.4 a) 

12 BBC UK 4 884.1 a) 

13 Comcast (QVC) US 4 373.5 

14 EMI Group UK 4 125.1 a) 

15 Nintendo JP 4 035.2 a) 

16 Clear Channels Com US 3 858.7 

17 Fuji TV JP 3 768.9 a) 

18 USA Networks US 3 698.5 a) 

19 Nippon Television Network JP 3 399.7 a) 

20 

a) 2000 data 

RAI IT 2 987.2 a) 

source: European Audiovisual Observatory 

A 

LU 

(01)

T. 2.2: Publishing of sound recordings (NACE 22.14) in 2000 

Number of 

enterprises 

Turnover or 

gross 

premiums 

written 

(million euro) 

Value added 

at factor cost 


Personnel 

costs 


Number of 

persons 

employed 

Turnover per 

person 

employed 

(1000 euro) 

Gross value 

added per 

unit 

personnel 

cost 

Number of 

persons 

employed per 

enterprise 

(%) 

EU-15 6 357 3 990 1 051 531 16 700 : : 3 

BE 109 21 5 2 169 123 86 2 

DK 102 29 7 4 253 116 84 2 

DE 182 217 54 51 1 334 163 107 7 

EL : : : : : : : : 

ES 170 183 50 19 901 203 244 5 

FR 2 147 1 787 422 264 5 171 346 155 2 

IE : : : : : : : : 

IT 599 230 52 20 1 303 176 118 2 

LU 9 1 0 0 13 74 66 1 

NL 380 234 64 22 693 338 294 2 

AT 16 : : : : : : : 

PT 64 21 3 3 218 95 69 3 

FI 318 52 20 10 335 156 168 1 

SE 1 285 341 77 48 2 343 146 99 2 

UK 971 : : 85 3 930 a) : : 4 

CZ : : : : : : : : 

EE 7 : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : 

LT 8 1 a) 0 a) 0 a) 24 a) 31 a) 163 a) 3 a) 

HU : : : : : : : : 

MT 0 0 0 0 0 : : : 

PL 169 a) 17 a) 8 a) 2 a) : : : : a) 

SI : : : : : : : : 

SK 24 4 1 0 156 26 309 7 

BG : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : : : 

NO 42 44 13 5 134 330 228 3 

CH : : : : : : : : 


a) Provisional value 

NACE 21.14, Publishing of sound recordings, 

makes a part of the audiovisual market. There are 

however differences between the data collected 

from the AUVIS questionnaire and structural business 

statistics (SBS). It can be partly explained by 

the fact that SBS covers data from enterprises 

registered in a statistical business register in the 

surveyed country with its main activity in NACE 

21.14, while AUVIS data in chapter 6 reflects the 

consumers’ side in the same country. The consumers 

have to put up with the sales and distribution 

margins. A record can also be imported or 

exported. Consumers may also buy records that 

are not produced by an enterprise with its main 

activity in NACE 21.14. 

A 


In 2000, the turnover from publishing of sound 

recordings amounted to nearly 4 bn euro in 

EU-15. (Turnover seen from the consumer side 

amounted to 9.9 bn euro.) In 2000, there were 

nearly 6 400 enterprises in the sector in the 

EU-15, of which about 2 100 in France and 1 300 

in Sweden. The number of persons employed in 

publishing of sound recordings amounted to 

16 700 in EU-15 in 2000, on average about 3 persons 

employed per enterprise. France had the 

highest employment with 5 200 and the UK was 

second with with 3 900. 

25

26 


T. 2.3: Turnover (million EUR): Motion picture and video activities, total (NACE 92.1) 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : : : 28 000 36 000 35 200 43 100 : 

BE 109 161 383 683 699 756 b) 664 b) 732 b) 722 b) 714 b) 

DK : : : 357 : 408 434 447 467 : 

DE : : : : 6 693 6 700 9 309 9 489 10 000 : 

EL : : : 122 : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : 1 977 c) : : 3 172 c) : 

FR : : 2 828 5 003 5 598 7 056 7 475 7 944 8 861 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : 2 114 2 585 2 771 6 824 d) 4 708 d) 7 936 d) 8 027 d) 

LU : 8 32 : 75 : : 134 145 : 

NL : : : : : : : 729 : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : : 353 402 333 : 

FI : : : 129 145 197 e) 219 e) 237 e) 261 e) : 

SE 73 190 426 505 605 660 f) 793 f) 793 f) 871 f) : 

UK g) : : : : : 5 008 4 898 5 508 7 580 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : 9 : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 9 10 16 

LT : : : : : : : 7 9 : 

HU : : : : : : : 145 192 232 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 42 48 60 

SK : : : : : : : 4 : : 

BG : : : : : : : 22 33 28 

RO : : : : : : 121 190 265 224 

IS : : : : 23 28 36 44 59 47 

NO : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : 27 466 39 298 : : : : : : 


a) Eurostat estimate b) Source: VAT Office, Current prices; Enterprises are grouped in branches according to their main activity; the amounts 

represent the totals. c) Source : Survey on Audiovisual Services d) Source: ISTAT e) Source: Statistics Finland, Business register 

f) Source: Statistics Sweden, Business statistics. Current prices. g) Source ONS Annual Business Inquiry. 

T. 2.4: Turnover (million EUR): Motion picture and video activities, (NACE 92.11, 92.12 & 92.13) 

Motion picture and video production 

NACE 92.11 

Motion picture and video distribution 

NACE 92.12 

Motion picture projection 

NACE 92.13 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 16 200 22 900 20 100 25 500 : 7 400 8 400 10 200 12 400 : 4 400 4 700 4 900 5 200 : 

BE 331 301 349 363 377 273 193 219 186 163 152 170 164 173 174 

DK 202 222 229 239 : 132 129 133 140 : 74 82 84 88 : 

DE 4 503 6 773 5 760 5 355 : 1 117 1 270 2 439 3 290 : 1 080 1 266 1 290 1 355 : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES 765 : : 1 529 : 772 : : 971 : 441 : : 671 : 

FR 4 342 4 451 4 815 5 424 : 1 815 1 993 2 066 2 230 : 899 1 031 1 064 1 007 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

IT 2 013 6 034 3 579 6 454 : 451 445 753 1 078 : 307 346 377 404 : 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : 258 : : : : 341 : : : : 130 : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

FI 122 108 116 121 : 25 54 63 80 : 50 56 58 60 : 

SE 327 380 373 419 : 140 236 275 299 : 193 177 145 154 : 

UK 2 328 2 139 2 412 3 741 : 1 918 2 396 2 361 2 988 : 761 717 736 852 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 10 16 21 31 23 3 4 5 7 6 15 16 18 21 18 

NO : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

A

T. 2.5: Turnover (million EUR): Radio and television activities, (NACE 92.2) 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE 30 131 335 551 537 588 b) 622 b) 713 b) 902 b) 855 b) 

DK : : : : : 139 176 239 860 : 

DE : : : : 5 547 6 738 6 869 7 126 8 614 : 

EL : : : 329 : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : 3 411 c) : : 5 223 c) : 

FR : : 3 022 6 196 6 600 6 468 6 963 8 861 9 803 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : 4 189 4 497 5 025 5 549 d) 5 957 d) 6 635 d) 6 588 d) 

LU : 244 316 : : : : 621 655 : 

NL : : : : : : : 1 787 : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT 30 91 208 291 355 344 506 605 509 : 

FI : : : 580 594 594 e) 674 e) 718 e) 742 e) : 

SE 251 326 474 991 1 074 1 133 f) 1 206 f) 1 179 f) 1 364 f) : 

UK g) : : : : : 14 767 15 506 17 398 20 457 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : 12 : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 38 43 41 

LT : : : : : : : 25 29 : 

HU : : : : : : : 155 175 212 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 24 28 21 

SK : : : : : : : 76 : : 

BG : : : : : : : 13 24 44 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : 54 66 73 86 100 83 

NO : : : : : : : 695 759 768 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : 39 407 49 925 : : : : : : 


a) EU-15: Eurostat estimate b) Source: VAT Office, Current prices; Enterprises are grouped in branches according to their main activity; the 

amounts represent the totals. c) Source : Survey on Audiovisual Services. d) Source: ISTAT e) Source: Statistics Finland, Business register 

f) Source: Statistics Sweden, Business statistics. Current prices. g) Source ONS Annual Business Inquiry. 

T. 2.6: Number of persons employed (thousand): Motion picture and video activities, total (NACE 92.1) 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : : : 179.0 208.0 202.0 222.0 : 

BE b) : : : : : 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.4 

DK : : : 3.7 : 4.3 9.3 4.7 4.7 : 

DE : : : : : 23.0 32.0 30.0 35.0 36.0 

EL : : : 2.1 : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : 19.3 c) : : 26.5 c) : 

FR : : 28.3 37.3 39.9 41.6 45.1 : : : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : 14.4 14.9 15.3 20.6 d) 20.8 d) 24.7 d) 23.3 d) 

LU : : : : 0.3 0.3 : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : 2.8 2.9 : : 3.9 4.1 3.3 : 

FI : : : 1.3 1.4 1.6 e) 1.9 e) 2.0 e) 1.9 e) : 

SE 2.4 3.0 5.2 5.0 5.4 5.5 f) 5.9 f) 6.0 f) 6.6 f) 6.5 f) 

UK : : : : : 44.3 g) 47.8 g) 41.4 g) 45.0 g) 47.4 g) 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : 0.7 : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 0.5 0.5 0.5 

LT : : : : : : : 0.6 0.5 : 

HU : : : : : : : 3.4 3.6 3.8 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 0.5 0.5 0.5 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : 1.3 1.4 1.5 

RO : : : : : : 15.7 20.3 18.9 : 

IS 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : 3.2 : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US i) : : : : : : : : 445.0 411.5 


a) Eurostat estimate b) Registered enterprises paying VAT by end-of-year c) Source : Survey on Audiovisual Services. INE 

d) Source: ISTAT e) Source: Statistics Finland, Business register f) Source Statistics Sweden, Business register 

g) Source ONS Annual business Inquiry. h) Registered enterprises by end-of-year. Source: SI 

i) US Bureau of Labor Statistics, (SIC 781+782+783) 

27

28 


T. 2.7: Number of persons employed (thousand): Motion picture and video activities, (NACE 92.11, 92.12 & 92.13) 


NACE 92.11 


NACE 92.12 


NACE 92.13 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 114 131 125 146 : 16 19 17 19 : 49 58 60 57 : 

BE 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 

DK 2 3 3 3 : 0 0 0 0 : 2 2 2 2 : 

DE : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES 10 : : 15 : 2 : : 2 : 7 : : 9 : 

FR : 31 : : : : 4 : : : : 10 : : : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

IT 11 15 15 18 : 1 1 1 2 : 4 4 5 5 : 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

FI 1 1 1 1 : 0 0 0 0 : 1 1 1 1 : 

SE 4 4 4 4 4 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 

UK 28 29 23 29 27 4 5 3 4 7 12 16 16 12 13 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

US 237 255 278 290 257 : : : 17 16 133 137 140 139 138 

T. 2.8: Number of persons employed (thousand): Radio and television activities, (NACE 92.2) 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : : : 243.0 282.0 294.0 333.0 : 

BE b) : : : : : 7.5 7.2 7.5 8.9 8.9 

DK : : : 1.2 : 1.7 1.8 2.0 7.8 : 

DE : : : : : 51.5 62.0 72.0 83.0 94.0 

EL : : : 8.2 : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : 29.6 c) : : 34.7 : 

FR : : 33.1 : : 16.7 d) 17.5 d) : : : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : 24.8 24.4 23.7 24.7 e) 26.1 e) 25.7 e) 26.4 e) 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : 3.0 2.9 : : : : : 

PT 4.5 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.7 2.8 6.6 6.4 6.0 : 

FI : : : 6.3 6.3 4.4 7.2 f) 6.2 f) 6.2 f) : 

SE 9.6 7.1 6.2 7.8 8.1 8.2 g) 8.4 g) 8.4 g) 8.3 g) 8.7 g) 

UK : : : : : 73.1 h) 87.6 h) 83.8 h) 99.2 h) 85.0 h) 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : 0.4 : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 2.1 2.0 1.9 

LT : : : : : : : 0.8 0.8 : 

HU : : : : : : : 6.3 6.4 5.4 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 2.5 2.5 2.5 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : 2.1 2.7 3.0 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.6 : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : 5.4 5.3 5.3 

CH : : : 1.0 : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US i) : : : : : : : : 480.1 479.3 


a) Eurostat estimate b) Registered enterprises paying VAT by end-of-year c) Source : Survey on Audiovisual Services 

d) Source: ISTAT e) Source: Statistics Finland, Business register f) Source Statistics Sweden, Business register 

g) Source ONS Annual business Inquiry. h) Registered enterprises by end-of-year. Source: SI 

i) US Bureau of Labor Statistics, (SIC 482+483) 

A

A 


T. 2.9: Number of enterprises: Motion picture and video activities, total (NACE 92.1) 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE b) : : : : : 2 174 2 245 2 285 2 327 2 362 

DK : : : 966 : 1 101 1 143 1 226 859 : 

DE : : : : 7 117 7 151 7 370 7 439 10 099 : 

EL : : : 316 : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : 3 427 c) : : 4 040 c) 4 280 c) 

FR : : 3 166 5 011 5 404 5 505 5 888 6 464 6 200 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : 3 447 3 559 3 489 3 872 d) 4 257 d) 4 537 d) : 

LU : 19 55 : 108 124 125 133 121 133 

NL : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : 532 657 : : 720 681 783 : 

FI : : : 489 498 537 e) 572 e) 548 e) 558 e) : 

SE 559 1 031 1 731 1 538 1 689 1 899 f) 2 001 f) 2 029 f) 2 243 f) 2 437 f) 

UK : : : : : 3 650 g) 4 408 g) 5 171 g) 5 641 g) : 

CZ : : : : : : : 3 227 3 394 3 250 

EE : : : : : : : : 107 : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 72 74 67 

LT : : : : : : : 54 62 : 

HU : : : : : : : 2 867 3 046 2 867 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 211 203 207 

SK : : : : : : : 5 : : 

BG : : : : : : : 235 234 231 

RO : : : : : : 359 254 312 406 

IS : : : : 154 111 h) 216 h) 195 h) 206 h) : 

NO : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : 591 : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) Eurostat estimate b) Source: VAT Office, Current prices; Enterprises are grouped in branches according to their main activity; the amounts 

represent the totals. c) Source : Survey on Audiovisual Services d) Source: ISTAT e) Source: Statistics Finland, Business register 

f) Source: Statistics Sweden, Business statistics. Current prices. g) Source ONS Annual Business Inquiry. h) Registered enterprises by end-ofyear. 

Source: SI 

T. 2.10: Number of enterprises: Motion picture and video activities, (NACE 92.11, 92.12 & 92.13) 


NACE 92.11 


NACE 92.12 


NACE 92.13 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 23 100 25 500 27 800 29 400 : 5 100 5 000 4 900 4 900 : 4 700 4 900 5 100 5 800 : 

BE 1 774 1 893 1 936 1 995 2 042 223 182 181 171 165 177 170 168 161 155 

DK 883 943 1 033 670 : 73 59 59 42 : 145 143 134 147 : 

DE 4 066 4 405 4 626 5 352 : 2 017 1 876 1 737 1 846 : 1 068 1 089 1 076 1 661 : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES 2 096 : : 2 769 3 116 573 : : 533 457 759 : : 738 707 

FR 4 192 4 500 4 965 4 725 : 694 706 753 682 : 619 682 746 793 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

IT 2 196 2 510 2 848 3 025 : 361 362 369 415 : 932 1 000 1 040 1 097 : 

LU 105 108 116 102 110 11 10 9 11 13 8 7 8 8 10 

NL : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

FI 435 460 444 455 : 22 28 23 28 : 80 84 81 75 : 

SE 1 614 1 706 1 742 1 928 2 121 110 121 118 136 135 175 174 169 179 181 

UK 3 056 3 790 4 518 4 937 : 409 429 452 490 : 185 189 201 214 : 

CZ : : 2 095 2 267 2 188 : : 453 458 427 : : 253 263 : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : 38 41 38 : : 11 12 7 : : 23 21 22 

LT : : 31 35 : : : 8 11 : : : 15 16 : 

HU : : 2 346 2 525 2 468 : : 348 345 242 : : 173 176 157 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : 141 140 150 : : 50 42 37 : : 20 21 20 

SK : : 0 : : : : 2 : : : : 3 : : 

BG : : 97 103 105 : : 87 77 73 : : 60 54 53 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 90 196 177 187 : 7 6 66 82 89 14 14 10 9 8 

NO : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

29

30 


T. 2.11: Number of enterprises: Radio and television activities, (NACE 92.2) 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : : : : 373 b) 598 b) 613 b) 618 b) 624 b) 

DK : : : 189 : 218 244 257 330 : 

DE : : : : 522 569 646 676 1 258 : 

EL : : : 604 : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : 1 108 c) : : 1 336 c) 1 404 c) 

FR : : 789 : : 732 734 1 205 1 265 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : 2 630 2 857 2 621 2 566 d) 2 650 d) 2 695 d) : 

LU : 5 17 : 24 34 35 38 38 44 

NL : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT 3 3 316 330 330 330 312 417 372 : 

FI : : : 132 135 146 e) 163 e) 167 e) 160 e) : 

SE 17 17 54 296 362 435 f) 475 f) 508 f) 552 f) 590 f) 

UK : : : : : 2 303 g) 2 715 g) 3 225 g) 3 606 g) : 

CZ : : : : : : : 158 165 173 

EE : : : : : : : : 22 : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 85 95 85 

LT : : : : : : : 52 55 : 

HU : : : : : : : 2 349 2 472 2 519 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 113 122 130 

SK : : : : : : : 8 : : 

BG : : : : : : : 172 208 204 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : 23 26 h) 38 h) 19 h) 23 h) 23 h) 

NO : : : : : : : 307 299 295 

CH : : : 86 : : : : : : 

JP 149 173 197 249 292 : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain a) EU-15: Eurostat estimate b) Source: VAT Office, Current prices; Enterprises are grouped in branches 

according to their main activity; the amounts represent the totals. c) Source : Survey on Audiovisual Services. d) Source: ISTAT e) Source: 

Statistics Finland, Business register f) Source: Statistics Sweden, Business statistics. Current prices. g) Source ONS Annual Business Inquiry. 

A

3. Cinema market

Cinema production in the EU 

In the period 1995 to 2002 the volume of feature 

film production in the EU-15 saw an increase of 

41%. The increase was especially pronounced 

between1995 and 1996 (28%). Between 1996 

and 2002 total film production in the EU countries 

remained relatively stable (+15%). 

The growth in the number of feature films produced 

in the period 1995 to 2002 was the highest 

in Luxembourg (+233%), Spain (+132%) and 

Belgium (+100%), whereas in Greece (-23%) and 

Ireland (-22%) full-length film production 

decreased. 

A total of 628 films were produced in 2001 in the 

EU-15, 34 films more than in 2000. In 2002 the 

film production decreased to 625 films. 

French film production decreased slightly to 171 

films in 2000, although the production investments 

increased from 692 million euro in 1999 to 

803 million euro in 2000. The average film cost 

was 4.7 million euro in 2000. In 2001, 204 films 

were produced, a significant increase of 33 films 

compared to 2000. France produced 126, national 

films in 2001, the highest number in the EU-15. 

Production investment increased to 905 million 

euro in 2001. Canal+ and StudioCanal were 

important film producers; they made 122 films in 

2001 for a total investment cost of 153 million 

euro or 1.25 million euro per film. The most 

expensive film from StudioCanal was 'Le Pacte 

des Loups', which cost 23 million euro to produce. 

In 2002, 200 new films were produced, of 

which 106 national films. The most expensive 

French film in 2002 was 'Le Spectre aux balles 

d’or' at a cost of 36 million euro. 

Spain was the Member State with the second 

highest number of cinematographic long length 

films produced: 137 in 2002, of which 80 were 

100% national production. Italy was third with 

130 films produced, 27 more than in 2001. The 

production of national films increased from 68 in 

2001 to 96 in 2002. 

There is no equivalent in Europe of the ‘studio’ 

structure of the American industry. Producers are 

not organised in any commercial structure which 

could properly be called a studio. The majority of 

European productions are made by small produc- 

A 

250 

200 

150 

100 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

50 

0 

0 

204 

126 

320 

222 

107 

103 

US 


JP 

356 

319 

83 79 

66 68 

57 52 

477 

239 


F. 3.1: Cinematographic full-length films produced, 

1980 - 2002 

715 762 786 

676 

739 

677 

697 

661 

625 

594 

546 

600 

628 

557 560 

443 

289 

278 

278 270 

Full-length films produced 

of which National films 

28 25 23 23 

12 12 12 12 

13 

3 7 4 

10 

10 3 

0 0 

16 11 16 

FR ES IT DE UK NL SE DK EL BE AT PT FI LU IE 

Full-length films produced: BE, DK, IE and PT in 2000; 

National films produced: IE in 2000, NL and AT in 1998 

33 

293 

282 281 

249 

80 85 90 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 

F. 3.2: Cinematographic full-length films produced in the 

EU Member States, of which national films in 2001 

F. 3.3: Cinematographic full-length films produced in the 

Candidate countries, of which national films in 2001 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

29 

16 

22 

20 

17 

5 

16 

10 

14 

6 

4 4 

0 

2 

Full-length films produced 

National films 

3 3 3 

2 

1 

0 

PL HU SI CZ RO CY SK BG EE LV LT 

SI: 2000 data 

0 

0

ers in a highly fragmented industry where 80% of 

companies produce no more than one film a year. 

Even though the structure is different there are 

indeed some important film studios in the EU, like 

the Cinecittà near Rome, Pinewood Studios near 

London, Bavaria Film Studios in Geiselgasteig, 

near Munich, Studio Babelsberg in Potsdam, near 

Berlin and Studios de Boulogne in Paris. 

Cinema production in the United States 

Measured in number of full-length films produced, 

the EU-15 output is smaller than the film 

production of the United States (739 films in 

2001 and 786 in 2002). The average cost for an 

American film in 2000 was nearly 15 million euro. 

An analysis of cinema production during the last 

two decades reveals that the number of films produced 

in the United States has increased steadily. 

However, between 1995 and 2002, growth in the 

EU-15 was higher than in the US: 41% compared 

to 13%. 

US domestic film production has accounted for 

between 94% and 98.5% of total US production 

in the late 1990s. The US industry, especially the 

big film studios, is highly international and operates 

in the global market, but co-productions 

occur rarely. 

The largest volume from an American film studio 

in 2002 came from Sony (‘Spider-Man’, ‘Men in 

Black II’), which grossed 1 652 million euro. 

Second was Disney, followed by Warner Bros. In 

total, American film studios grossed 9.3 billion 

euro, 6% higher than in 2001. The three largest 

studios together had a share of 43% in 2002, 

compared to 39% in 2001. Warner Bros accounted 

for the highest market share in 2001 with 

16% or 1 371 million euro in turnover from cinema 

exhibition, Warner Bros released 2 films which 

grossed over 100 million USD, of which 'Harry 

Potter I' topped the box-office charts grossing 

355 million euro in 2001. Universal followed as 

runner up, with a share of 12% and 1 067 million 

euro in turnover. Five films grossed over 100 million 

USD. 

The need to reduce the costs of film production 

and distribution may be contributing to another 

34 

T. 3.1: Main European film studios 

Rank American film 

studio 

Turnover 



BE Impuls Studio IE Ardmore Studios 

DK Filmbyen Concorde Anois 

DE Arri Studios IT Cinecittà 

Bavaria Film Studios LU Carousel Picture Company 

Magic Media Company DeLux Studios 

Studio Babelsberg NL Amsterdam Studios 

Studio Hamburg PT Cinemate 

ES Daylight Studios SE Svensk film industry 

Estudios Barajas UK Elstree Studios 

Estudios Los Angeles Leavesden Studios 

FR Duboi Studio Pinewood Studios 

Éclair Studios Shepperton Studios 

La Victorine Three Mills Island Studios 

SFP Studios NO Norsk Filmstudio 

Studios D'Arpajon Int. Ealing Studios 

Studios de Boulogne Warner Bros Studios 


Market 

share (%) 

1 Sony 1 652 18 

2 Disney 1 253 13 

3 Warner Bros. 1 136 12 

4 20th Century Fox 974 10 

5 New Line 929 10 

6 Universal 916 10 

7 Paramount 727 8 

8 DreamWorks 521 6 

9 Miramax 403 4 

10 MGM/UA 386 4 

11 IFC Films 253 3 

12 Fox Searchlight 142 2 

source: Boxofficemojo.com 


Rank American film 

studio 

Turnover 


Market 

share (%) 

1 Warner Bros. 1 371 16 

2 Universal 1 067 12 

3 Paramount 996 11 

4 Disney 989 11 

5 20th Century Fox 955 11 

6 Sony 814 9 

7 Miramax 680 8 

8 New Line 640 7 

9 MGM/UA 501 6 

10 DreamWorks 447 5 

11 USA 157 2 

12 Sony Classics 156 2 


A

trend that affects the US film industry: the movement 

of film and TV production from the United 

States to foreign countries, especially Canada, 

but also Prague. The Czech Republic is now widely 

compared to Canada, where Toronto and 

Montreal have become popular Hollywood standins 

for American cities. Prague has an advantage 

of being two to six times less expensive than 

other European capitals and often replaces Paris 

or London. European countries often use 

Morocco as a place to shoot films (especially bible 

related historical films). 

Cinema production in Japan 

The Japanese film industry produced 293 films in 

2002, 12 films more than in 2001. Japan is rarely 

engaged in international co-productions, there 

being only a couple of international co-productions 

each year. In 1998, 241 of 249 films were 

produced with national origin producers. 

Between 1980 and 2002, feature film production 

in Japan decreased by 8%. The average cost for a 

Japanese film in 2000 was 4.6 million euro. 

Worldwide cinema production 

Globally, over 3 200 feature films were made in 

1997, the latest estimate available, which was 

slightly up from 1996, but down on a recent high 

of 4 564 films produced in 1990. 

Asia accounts for the largest share of film production: 

26%. 

India and its "Bollywood" (production cluster 

around Bombay) is the country with the highest 

number of films produced. The number of films 

produced in India rose to 855 in 2000, from 764 

in 1999. However, there is still some way to go 

before producers regain the peak of 948 films 

produced in 1990. The production cost per film 

was relatively low in India, just 100 000 euro per 

film. One of the major player in film production is 

the central agency for film promotion, National 

Film Development Corporation. The relatively few 

co-productions include Attenborough's 

"Gandhi". But in 2001, India managed to produce 

one film that got the international attention: 

'Monsoon Wedding', a co-production with India, 

Italy, France and US. 

A 

American film 

studio 

Western 

Europe 

23% 

Far East 

21% 

North 

America 

23% 

Eastern 

Europe 

3% 

Asia 

26% 


T. 3.4: Films released in 2001 that grossed more than 

100 million USD, by film studio 

Rank Film title Turnover 


F. 3.4: Global film production by world region 1997 

South 

America 

3% 

Australasia 

1% 

Market 

share (%) 

Warner Bros 1 Harry Potter I 355 3.8 

2 Ocean’s Eleven 205 2.2 

Universal 1 The Mummy Returns 226 2.4 

2 Jurassic Park III 202 2.2 

3 A Beautiful Mind 191 2.0 

4 American Pie 2 162 1.7 

5 The Fast And The Furious 161 1.7 

Paramount 1 Lara Croft 146 1.6 

2 Vanilla Sky 112 1.2 

Disney 1 Monsters, Inc. 286 3.0 

2 Pearl Harbor 222 2.4 

3 The Princess Diaries 121 1.3 

20th Century Fox 1 Dr. Dolittle 2 126 1.3 

2 Planet of the Apes 201 2.1 

Miramax 1 Spy Kids 126 1.3 

New Line 1 Lord of the Rings I 350 3.7 

2 Rush Hour 2 253 2.7 

DreamWorks 1 Shrek 299 3.2 

MGM 1 Hannibal 184 2.0 

Sony 1 Black Hawk Down 121 1.3 



35

T. 3.5: Films produced and production costs in selected countries, latest available year 

North America accounts for 23% of the world's 

film production and Western Europe for 23% of 

which 21% was accounted for by the EU, according 

to the European Audiovisual Observatory. 

Production of national full-length films 

The share of films in the EU that are made as 

100% national production has fallen since 1980. 

Over the period 1980 to 1995 the volume of films 

produced completely by domestic enterprises 

(national films), decreased from 510 films (excluding 

Luxembourg) to 325 films (-36%). 

A recovery started in 1996 with a sharp rise in the 

number of national films produced, i.e. 85 films 

more than the previous year. EU national fulllength 

film production increased between 1995 

and 1998 to a total of 413 films (+27%). The 

growth in the period 1995 to 2002 was strongest 

in Spain (116%), France (68%) and Italy (60%). In 

Austria national film production grew considerably 

between 1980 and 1995 (+233%), but fell 

from 20 full-length films produced in 1995 to 7 in 

1998. 

36 


Country 

Number of 

Investments 

Investment per film 

films produced 



1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

Germany 61 50 74 75 83 84 305 : 359 414 : : 5.0 : 4.9 5.5 : : 

Spain 80 65 82 98 107 137 : : 159 177 : : : : 1.9 1.8 : : 

France 158 180 181 171 204 200 700 749 692 803 905 861 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.7 4.4 4.3 

Italy 87 92 108 103 103 130 : : 275 225 289 : : : 2.5 2.2 2.8 : 

United Kingdom 115 91 100 75 79 78 969 : 831 919 : : 8.4 : 8.3 12.3 : : 

United States 676 661 677 762 739 786 8 662 : 8 162 11 268 : : 12.8 : 12.1 14.8 : : 

Canada 54 61 43 55 60 54 : : 212 183 : : : : 4.9 3.3 : : 

Mexico 15 23 37 : : : 11 : : : : : 0.7 : : : : : 

Argentina 32 23 35 40 : : 48 : 125 143 : : 1.5 : 3.6 3.6 : : 

Brazil 30 32 40 35 : : 64 : 83 86 : : 2.1 : 2.1 2.5 : : 

Egypt 55 : : : : : 35 : : : : : 0.6 : : : : : 

Japan 278 249 270 282 281 293 914 : 979 1 304 : : 3.3 : 3.6 4.6 : : 

India 697 693 764 855 : : 300 : 53 76 : : 0.4 : 0.1 0.1 : : 

China 88 82 85 : : : 47 : : : : : 0.5 : : : : : 

Hong Kong 94 92 146 185 : : 54 : 57 108 : : 0.6 : 0.4 0.6 : : 

Philippines 210 200 220 103 : : 30 : : : : : 0.1 : : : : : 

Singapore 5 7 5 : : : 2 : : : : : 0.5 : : : : : 

South Korea 59 43 53 60 : : 44 : 105 733 : : 0.7 : 2.0 12.2 : : 

Taiwan 27 22 28 : : : 17 : : : : : 0.6 : : : : : 

Australia 41 45 34 34 39 : 86 : 72 89 : : 2.1 : 2.1 : : : 

source: Screen Digest, European Audiovisual Observatory and UNESCO, CNC for France 

F. 3.5: Top 20 countries in number of films produced in 2000 

India 

United States 

Japan 

Hong Kong 

France 

Italy 

Philippines 

Bangladesh 

Spain 

Germany 

United Kingdom 

Iran 

South Korea 

Canada 

Argentina 

Poland 

Brazil 

Australia 

Switzerland 

Hungary 

40 

35 

35 

34 

32 

27 

75 

75 

70 

60 

55 

103 

103 

100 

98 

185 

171 

282 

762 

A 

855 

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 

Source: Screen Digest, UNESCO, Eurostat, EAO

International co-productions 

National and supra-national subsidy incentives 

aimed at advancing film production have contributed 

to the increase in co-production activity. 

EU initiatives in development of European 

films 

Several European Union incentives started around 

1990 (e.g. Eurimages in 1989 and Media I in 

1990 followed by Media II in 1996) have helped 

to stimulate the development of European coproductions. 

The new MEDIA Programme (2001- 

2005) entered into force in January 2001 and 

aims at strengthening the competitiveness of the 

European audiovisual industry. The MEDIA programme 

supports the distribution and broadcasting 

of audiovisual works (fiction, documentary, 

animation, interactive programmes) and of 

European films in film theatres, on video, on digital 

disc and on television. In addition, it facilitates 

the promotion and access to the market of 

European works by supporting independent producers 

and distributors on audio-visual markets 

and in festivals. The other key areas are training 

and development of potentially successful works. 

Diversification of the film distribution system 

During the 80s and 90s the diversification of film 

distribution systems was also important for feature 

film production. The growth in the number 

of television channels (e.g. commercial terrestrial 

channels and cable and satellite channels) 

increased the broadcasting volume dedicated to 

feature films, as many channels made cinematographic 

films one of the central parts of their programme 

schedule. Some of the new pay-TV 

theme channels concentrated entirely or almost 

entirely on films. Broadcasters also became more 

interested in financing feature films. Furthermore, 

a completely new distribution channel for films 

emerged at the beginning of the 1980s when 

renting films on videocassettes started. In the 

1990s, selling films on videocassette took off and 

it quickly became a major film distribution channel. 

For production enterprises, these changes 

meant more potential resources or revenues from 

their films and increased the value of film rights. 

A 

0.1 

0.7 

0.6 

0.6 

0.6 

0.5 

0.5 

0.1 

2.5 

2.1 

1.8 

2.8 

3.6 

3.3 

4.6 

4.3 

5.5 


F. 3.6: Average production costs per film in selected countries, 


United States (00) 

United Kingdom (00) 

South Korea (00) 

Germany (00) 

Japan (00) 

France (02) 

Argentina (00) 

Canada (00) 

Brazil (00) 

Italy (01) 

Australia (99) 

Spain (00) 

Mexico (97) 

Egypt (97) 

Taiwan (97) 

Hong Kong (00) 

China (97) 

Singapore (97) 

Philippines (97) 

India (00) 

[million euro] 

12.3 

12.2 

37 

14.8 

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 

Source: Screen Digest, UNESCO, Eurostat 

Computer generated (CG) animation films: A 

different production process from conventional 

film increases its presence 

Whether it is to create alien-like water creatures, 

walking and talking toys, or 16-ton dinosaurs, 

computer generated (CG) animation has been 

used in Hollywood movies for close to 30 years, 

honed throughout the last part of the 20th century. 

Today, CG animation plays at least a minor 

part in most Hollywood films. In 1980, 'Tron' was 

released including a daunting 30 minutes of computer 

animation. Other historical milestones were 

'Terminator 2: Judgement Day' (1991) and 

'Jurassic Park' (1993), containing CG animations 

by Industrial Light and Magic (ILM). By 1995, the 

creative minds at Pixar were ready to try their 

hand at something that had never before been 

done in the film industry: A completely CG-created 

movie. Started years earlier, the result was

'Toy Story'. Other successful Pixar/Walt Disney 

films are: 'A Bug's Life' (1998), 'Toy Story 2' 

(1999) and 'Monsters, Inc' (2001). 'Shrek' (2001) 

by DreamWorks SKG was as successful as 'Toy 

Story 2' in terms of box office sales. 'Final Fantasy: 

The Movie' was the first completely 3-D animated 

movie with realistic characters that looked and 

moved like real people. The characters were 

realised by a combination of motion capture 

(actions by actors hooked up to a computer are 

recorded and used to create realistic-looking 

motion) and 3-D facial scanning (where an actor's 

face is scanned into a computer, seamlessly 

applied to the CGI model). The film was in development 

for several years and was released in June 

2001 to mixed reviews and poor box office sales. 

The upward trend in cinema-going came to a 

halt in 2002 

After a steady decline in cinema admissions since 

the 1950s, Europe recorded a recovery in cinema 

performances in the 1990s, reinforced by the 

construction of modern multiplex cinemas. From 

1990 to 2002, cinema admissions in the EU-15 

rose by 62%, although annual growth rates vary 

(from -4% to +14%). The negative growth in 

1999 was largely explained by the success of 

'Titanic' the previous year, which accounted for 

around 10% of the ticket sales that year. 

The strong upward trend in cinema-going in 

EU-15 came to a halt in 2002. The first half-year 

showed promising growth, but disappointing levels 

were reached during the second half in several 

important countries, according to their monthly 

data published. Early estimates indicate that 

EU-15 admissions in 2002 stayed at roughly the 

same level (+0.4%) as in 2001. Provisional figures 

show that admissions in Germany decreased by 

8%, in Spain by 4%, in Belgium by 3%. On the 

positive side, attendance rose 18% in Finland, 

13% in the UK, 9% in Ireland and 8% in 

Denmark. Admissions in France, Luxembourg, the 

Netherlands, Italy, Austria and Sweden remained 

almost unchanged. 

Cinema admissions in 2001: Increase in all EU 

countries, except Finland and Belgium 

The number of cinema-goers in 2001 increased in 

all Member States, except Finland (-8%) and 

38 

[million] 

200 185.1 

176.0 

180 

160 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

163.9 

140.7 

112.0 


F. 3.7: Number of admissions in the EU-15, 1950-2002 

[million] 

4 500 

4 000 

3 500 

3 000 

2 500 

2 000 

1 500 

1 000 

500 

0 

3 781 

4 058 

3 064 

2 311 

1 622 

15% 

10% 

5% 

0% 

-5% 

-10% 

Annual growth in 

EU-15 attendance 

90 95 00 

1 410 

1 038 577 

706 

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 

F. 3.8: Number of admissions in EU Member States in 2001 

and 2002 

2001 2002 

24.0 22.8 19.2 18.3 17.3 

12.9 

7.7 

1.4 

FR UK DE ES IT NL BE AT SE IE DK FI LU 

F. 3.9: Number of admissions in Candidate countries in 

2000 and 2001 

[million] 

30 

27.6 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

15.5 

10.4 

5.7 

2.8 2.5 2.4 

2.0 

2000 2001 

A 

934 

1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 

PL HU CZ RO SK SI LT BG EE LV MT CY

T. 3.6: Top 10 world admissions per capita 

Rank Country Cinema admissions per capita 

2001 1991 1997 1999 2001 2002 

1 Iceland 5.0 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.2 

2 United States 4.5 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.7 

3 Australia 2.9 4.2 4.7 5.1 4.7 

4 Singapore 8.0 6.1 5.1 4.7 : 

5 New Zealand 1.8 4.7 4.5 4.2 : 

6 Ireland 2.3 3.1 3.3 4.2 4.5 

7 Canada 2.7 3.4 3.5 4.0 : 

8 Spain 2.0 2.7 3.3 3.7 3.5 

9 Hong Kong 9.4 4.4 2.9 3.3 : 

10 Luxemburg 1.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.2 

source: Eurostat, Unesco, Screen Digest 

Belgium (-2%). The growth in admissions in 2001 

was most significant in Germany (17%), France 

(12%) and Denmark (12%), followed by the 

Netherlands (11%) and the UK (9%). In the US 

the admissions increased in 2001 from 1 421 million 

to 1 487 million (+4.7% compared to 2000). 

The several of the Candidate countries, admissions 

have been in a negative trend in the period 

1995 to 2000, especially in Romania, Slovakia 

and Bulgaria. The number of cinema-goers in 

2001 increased in all Candidate countries, except 

Latvia (-21%), Cyprus (-15%) and Bulgaria 

(-8%). The growth in admissions in 2001 was 

most significant in Poland (32%), Estonia (21%) 

and Czech Republic (19%), followed by Romania 

(13%) and Lithuania (12%). 

F. 3.10: Breakdown of total EU admissions by 

origin of film in 2002 

UK 

7.0% 

FR 

10.5% 

A 

ES 

2.8% 

IT 

2.7% 

Other 

DE 

EU 

2.5% 

2.2% 

Rest of 

world 

1.1% 


US 

71.2% 

T. 3.7: Top 20 world admissions 


Rank Country Admissions (millions) 

2001 1989 1991 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

1 India 4 700 4 750 2 860 3 000 3 100 2 800 : 

2 United States 1 263 1 141 1 481 1 465 1 421 1 487 1 639 

3 France 121 117 171 154 166 186 185 

4 Germany 102 120 149 149 153 178 164 

5 Japan 144 138 153 145 135 163 161 

6 United Kingdom 95 89 136 140 143 156 176 

7 Spain 78 79 112 131 135 147 141 

8 Mexico 247 141 104 120 124 143 : 

9 Canada 82 72 107 106 108 120 : 

10 China : : : : 135 115 : 

11 Italy 95 89 117 103 103 111 112 

12 Australia 39 47 80 88 82 93 93 

13 South Korea 55 52 46 55 62 89 : 

14 Philippines 75 137 105 100 82 80 : 

15 Brazil 100 145 78 70 74 75 : 

16 Russia na 1 343 50 40 39 33 : 

17 South Africa 50 30 30 31 28 31 : 

18 Poland 70 18 20 27 21 28 26 

19 Turkey 21 17 23 25 19 26 : 

20 Argentina 27 17 32 32 34 26 : 

Top 20 7 362 8 540 5 852 5 980 6 163 6 085 : 

Projection based on top 20 admissions nations 

Top 20 in the period 1989-2000 excludes China 


T. 3.8: Top 20 of film admissions in the EU in 2001 

Rank Title Origin Director Admissions 

(million) 

1 Harry Potter I US CH. Columbus 43.5 

2 Bridget Jones's Diary UK/US S. Maguire 26.5 

3 The Lord of the Rings I US/NZ P. Jackson 21.6 

4 Shrek US 

V. Jenson/ 

A. Adamson 

21.0 

5 What Women Want US N. Mayers 20.7 

6 Hannibal US R. Scott 18.1 

7 American Pie 2 US J.B. Rogers 17.8 

8 The Mummy Returns US S. Sommers 17.4 

9 Pearl Harbor US M. Bay 17.0 

10 Cast Away US R. Zemeckis 16.9 

11 Planet of the Apes JP/US T. Burton 15.4 

12 Jurassic Park III US J.Johnston 14.2 

13 Amélie Poulain FR/DE J.-P. Jeunet 14.1 

14 Lara Croft: Tomb Raider US/UK/JP/DE S. West 12.5 

15 Der Schuh des Manitu DE M. Herbig 12.5 

16 The Others ES A. Amenábar 11.1 

17 Moulin rouge! US/AU B. Luhrmann 10.1 

19 The Emperor's New Groove US M. Dindal 10.0 

18 102 Dalmatians US K. Lima 8.9 

20 Traffic US/DE S. Soderbergh 8.8 

102 Dalmatians: 2.6 million admissions in 2000 


39

According to UNESCO, world admissions reached 

6 708 million in 1999, of which the EU-15 

accounted for 12% and the US for 22%. 

According to the European Audiovisual 

Observatory, the market share for European films 

in the EU-15 in 2001 was estimated at 31% 

(+ 8% from 2000). France is the EU country with 

the highest share of admissions of EU-15 produced 

films. About 65% of EU-15 admissions 

were to American films (-8% from 2000). 

'Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone' was the 

most successful film in 2001 (43 million admissions 

in the EU-15). The total gross box office 

exceeded 1 075 million euro worldwide. 

Year 2001 was marked by the success of the 

national films on the domestic market. In France, 

Denmark and Sweden national films play a relatively 

important role, accounting for between 

20% and 39% of the admissions in 2001. 

Number one in cinema admissions for France in 

2001 was a French/German co-production 

'Amélie Poulain' with 8.2 million spectators. In 

Denmark, Germany and Spain, domestic films 

were also the most seen. 

An analysis of the 20 most seen films in the EU- 

15 in 2001 reveals that American films dominate 

the list. But already on the second place is the 

UK/US co-production film listed: 'Bridget Jones's 

Diary', with a total of 26.5 million spectators. At 

rank 13 is the second European film: 'Amélie 

Poulain' with 14.1 million spectators. There are 

other 4 European films on the top 20 list. 

In 2002, the market share for European films in 

the EU-15 decreased to 27.5% (-3%). Also less 

films were produced that were successful continent-wide. 

In 2001 about 102 million tickets 

were sold for EU films, whereas in 2002 the corresponding 

figure is around 60-65 million admissions. 

Only 8% of European films attract more than 1 

million spectators, compared to 61% of US films. 

More than half of the US films are seen by more 

than 2 million spectators in Europe. 

With 185 million cinema-goers in 2002, France 

confirmed its position as the most important market 

in the EU. Other significant Member States 

were the UK (176 million spectators) and 

Germany (164 million). 

40 


T. 3.9: Top 20 of admissions to European films in the EU 

in 2001 


(million) 



3 Der Schuh des Manitu DE M. Herbig 12.5 


5 Chocolat UK/US L. Hallström 8.1 

6 Le pact des loups FR CH. Gans 7.2 

7 La vérité si je mens ! 2 FR T. Gilou 7.9 

8 Billy Elliot UK S. Daldry 7.0 

9 Le placard FR F. Veber 6.5 

10 Torrente 2: Misión Marbella ES S. Segura 5.3 

11 Enemy at the Gates DE/US/UK/IE J.-J. Annaud 3.7 

12 Captain Corelli's Mandolin UK/FR/US J. Madden 3.7 

13 Tanguy FR E. Chatilliez 3.3 

14 Chicken Run UK/US N. Park/P.Lord 3.2 

15 Yamakasi FR A. Zeitoun 2.9 

16 Kiss of the Dragon FR CH. Nahon 2.6 

17 Belphégor-Le fantôme ... FR J.-P. Salomé 2.5 

18 Der kleine Eisbär DE P. de Ricker 2.4 

19 Une hirondelle a fait …. FR/BE Ch. Carion 2.4 

20 La stanza del figlio IT/FR N. Moretti 2.3 

Billy Elliot: 5.1 million admissions in 2000 

Chicken Run: 1.3 million admissions in 2000 


T. 3.10: Top 20 of film admissions to European films in the 

US in 2001 


(million) 



3 Chocolat UK/US L. Hallström 12.5 

4 Enemy at the Gates DE/US/UK/IE J.-J. Annaud 9.5 

5 Kiss of the Dragon FR CH. Nahon 6.8 

6 Snatch UK/US G. Ritchie 5.6 

7 Captain Corelli's Mandolin UK/FR/US J. Madden 4.7 


9 Shadow of the Vampire UK/US/LU E. E. Merhige 1.5 

10 Sexy Beast UK/ES J. Glaser 1.3 

11 Le placard FR F. Veber 1.2 

12 Billy Elliot (1) UK S. Daldry 0.9 

13 Just Visiting FR/US J.-M. Poiré 0.9 

14 Pane e tulipani IT/CH S. Soldini 0.9 

15 Harry, un ami qui .... FR D. Moll 0.7 

16 La veuve de Saint-Pierre FR/CA P. Leconte 0.6 

17 The Golden Bowl UK/US/FR J. Ivory 0.6 

18 Malèna IT/US G. Tornatore 0.6 

19 The House of Mirth UK/FR/DE/US T. Davies 0.5 

20 Himalaya-l'enfance d'un chef FR/CH/UK/NP E. Valli 0.4 

Chocolat: 0.8 million admissions in 2000 

Billy Elliot: 3.1 million admissions in 2000 


A

On average, EU-15 inhabitants go to the cinema 

2.5 times per year, against 5.7 times for US inhabitants. 

Iceland is the only country where the annual 

frequency per capita is comparable with that in 

the US (5.2). The EU Member State with the highest 

frequency was Ireland, with 4.5 annual admissions 

per capita, followed by Spain (3.5). The lowest 

frequency in the EU-15 was found in Greece 

(1.3) and in Finland (1.5 times per year). 

The inhabitants in the Candidate countries go to 

the cinema only 0.7 times per year on average. 

The highest frequency was recorded in Malta, 

with 2.7 annual admissions per capita, followed 

by Slovenia (1.2) and Cyprus (1.1). The lowest frequency 

was found in Bulgaria and Romania, 

where people go to the cinema an average 0.2 

and 0.3 times per year. 

The cinema audience profiles differ by countries. 

In The Netherlands, 62% of the cinema audience 

were older than 35 and just 20% were between 

15 and 24 years old. On the other hand, in Ireland 

nearly half of the audience were in the 15-24 age 

group. In Germany 60% of the cinema-goers 

were younger than 35 years of age. 

Gross box office receipts in the EU-15 in 2001 

Gross box office receipts in the EU-15 in 2001 

amounted to 5.2 billion euro. In the US, the gross 

box office in 2002 grew by 13% (in USD) to 10.1 

billion euro, the largest increase in last 22 years. 

In Japan, the gross box office receipts decreased 

from 1.8 billion euro in 2001 to 1.7 billion euro in 

2002 (-10%). 

The per capita analysis of the box-office receipts 

in 2001 shows that spectators in the EU-15 spend 

an average of 13.7 euro per year on cinema tickets, 

while the average US spectator spends nearly 

three times as much (32.9 euro). 

The highest spending within the EU-15 was 

recorded in Ireland with 21.7 euro per capita, followed 

by UK with 17.3 euro. In Iceland, the 

spending per capita was even higher than in the 

USA (42 euro). 

Gross box office receipts in Candidate countries 

in 2000 amounted to 150 million euro, down by 

3.5% compared to 1999. The per capita analysis 

of the box-office receipts shows that spectators in 

the Candidate countries spend an average of 1.4 

A 

T. 3.11: Cinema audience profile, % 


11 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

US 


JP 

Age Groups 

15-24 25-34 35+ 

DE 2001 33 27 40 

FR 2000 34 21 45 

IE 2001 49 27 24 

NL 2000 20 18 62 

US 2002 33 22 46 

Note that people younger than 15 are not included. 

F. 3.11: Gross box office, 1980 - 2002 


Source: Eurostat estimate based on: D: FFA, F: CNC , IRL: 

Medialive.ie, NL: NFC , US: MPAA 

8.4 

9.4 

41 

10.1 

6.2 7.0 

4.9 

3.9 

5.6 

5.2 

4.7 

4.6 

4.2 4.3 

2.0 

2.0 

0.5 

2.2 

1.0 

2.4 

0.9 

3.4 

3.0 4.1 

3.7 

1.5 

1.8 

1.3 

1.3 

1.7 1.7 

1.1 1.3 

80 85 90 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 

T. 3.12: Top 20 gross box office revenues 

Rank 

(2001) 

Country Box office revenues 


1999 2000 2001 2002 

1 United States 7 027 8 304 9 393 10 068 

2 Japan 1 530 1 718 1 838 1 667 

3 United Kingdom 900 1 026 1 164 1 276 

4 France 827 894 1 004 : 

5 Germany 812 825 984 960 

6 Italy 535 567 622 636 

7 Spain 498 537 615 626 

8 Canada 376 476 536 : 

9 Australia 427 435 470 : 

10 Mexico 375 396 464 : 

11 South Korea 288 390 453 : 

12 China 192 211 : : 

13 Brazil 185 231 196 : 

14 Taiwan 148 196 166 : 

15 Switzerland 128 134 155 : 

16 Netherlands 105 128 149 : 

17 Argentina 143 179 140 : 

18 Sweden 120 135 139 : 

19 Hong Kong 107 134 131 : 

20 Belgium 108 118 124 : 

source: Eurostat, Unesco, Screen Digest

euro per year on cinema tickets, while the average 

EU Member State spectator spends 13.7 

euro. 

In France and Denmark, national films played a 

relatively important role in 2001. In France, the 

share of national production in box office receipts 

increased from 28% in 2000 to 42% in 2001 and 

in Denmark from 18% to 30%. 

The US dominance was most evident in Ireland, 

Germany, Luxembourg and Greece, where US 

productions accounted for more than 80% of 

box office receipts. 

The market share for European films outside 

Europe remains weak. In 2001, only 5% of box 

office receipts in the United States came from 

European films (Source: MPAA). 

Majority of the top grossing films were 

released by the end of the Nineties 

An analysis of the top grossing films in the cinema 

history reveals that three quarters of the most 

successful films ever produced were made since 

the Nineties. In the top 20, there are only two 

from the Seventies, two films from the early 

Eighties and the others from 1989 and later. 

There are no films from the Forties, Fifties or 

Sixties in the top 50 ranking. The American films 

totally dominate the list. There are seven 2001 

films on the list, of which two are placed in the 

top 10. There are 5 films from 2002, of which 3 

in the top 10. 

The film 'Titanic' was the biggest box office success 

in cinema history with worldwide receipts of 

2 021 million euro by March 2003 (nearly 100 

million admissions and over 500 million euro box 

office receipts in the EU in 1998). One month 

after the first release of 'Harry Potter and the 

Sorcerer's stone', the total gross box office worldwide 

exceeded 420 million euro by mid 

December 2001. Few months later the film 

achieved already the second position after 

'Titanic', with a total gross box office of 1 075 

million euro. 'The Two Towers' and 'Harry Potter 

and Chamber of Secrets with a total gross box 

office of nearly 950 million euro each are still in 

exhibition. 

42 

[million EUR] 

99 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

[%] 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

42 

30 

39 

17 

9 

23 19 18 18 14 10 10 9 


F. 3.12: Gross box office in EU Member States in 2001 


1200 

1037 

1014 

1000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

987 

616 592 

150 147 131 119 87 83 76 74 46 

UK FR DE ES IT NL SE BE AT DK IE PT EL FI LU 

F. 3.13: Gross box office in Candidate countries in 2001 

6 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 

PL HU CZ SI RO CY MT EE SK LT BG LV 

BG, CZ and SI in 2000 

F. 3.14: Share of gross box office receipts from national 

films in 2001 

7 5 5 

1 0.3 

FR DK SE IT DE ES UK IE FI NL AT PT EL BE LU US JP 

PT in 2000, LU in 1999, EL, IE and AT in 1998 

92 

A 

9 

39

The leading film studio in the top 50 list is 20th 

Century Fox, followed by Warner Bros. A closer 

analysis of the film studios and their market share 

are found on page 34. 

This ranking would look different if constant 

prices were applied. 

The average ticket prices in the EU-15 were 

lower than in the United States: 5.6 euro versus 

6.3 euro. 

In Japan, the average ticket price was highest, 

11.3 euro, mainly due to the strong yen/euro 

exchange rate development. Measured in yen, 

the Japanese ticket price increased by 6% during 

the nineties, compared to 25% in the EU and 

28% in US. Measured in euro, the ticket price in 

Japan increased 96% and in US by 76% during 

the nineties. Also in Switzerland and Iceland the 

average ticket price was higher than in any EU 

country: 9.4 euro and 8.7 euro respectively. 

In the EU, the highest average ticket prices were 

recorded in Sweden, 8.1 euro per admission, followed 

by Denmark, at 7.3 euro in 2001. The lowest 

average ticket prices were recorded in 

Portugal and Spain with less than 5 euro. 

Among the Candidate countries, in Cyprus, the 

average ticket price was highest, 6.4 euro. Also in 

Malta and Slovenia the average ticket price was 

relatively high compared to other Candidate 

countries (more than 4 euro). The lowest average 

ticket prices were recorded in Romania, Slovakia, 

Bulgaria, Lithuania and Czech Republic with less 

than 2 euro. 

Factors for future growth in cinema attendance 

in EU 

There is no clear relationship between the number 

of cinemas and admissions relative to the 

population between countries. However, if one 

divides the countries into groups, some tendencies 

can be indicated. There is first a group of 

countries, Sweden, Czech Republic and Slovakia, 

where the cinema density seems not to boost cinema 

attendance to the same degree as the second 

group, the US, Ireland, UK, Belgium, the 

Netherlands and Estonia, where admissions per 

capita are higher in relation to the cinema density. 

Looking at the cinema density only for the sec- 

A 


F. 3.15: Share of gross box office receipts from US films 

in 2001 

[%] 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

90 

82 

81 80 77 

72 

67 

64 62 60 58 57 56 

47 

64 

92 

53 

IE DE LU EL UK BE FI SE ES NL IT PT DK FR EU- US JP 

15 

DE, LU and PT in 2000, EL in 1998, JP in 1997 and IE in 1995 

T. 3.13: The top grossing films of all time at the worldwide 

box office (WBO) as of 9 March 2003, million EUR 

Rank Title Year Studio WBO 

1 Titanic 1997 Fox/P. 2 021 

2 Harry Potter / Sorcerer's Stone 2001 WB 1 075 

3 The Phantom Menace 1999 Fox 1 019 

4 Jurassic Park 1993 Uni. 1 013 

5 The Fellowship of the Ring 2001 NL 949 

6 The Two Towers 2002 NL 949 

7 Harry Potter / Chamber of Secrets 2002 WB 945 

8 Spider-Man 2002 Sony 905 

9 Independence Day 1996 Fox 895 

10 Star Wars 1977 Fox 879 

11 The Lion King 1994 Dis. 867 

12 E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial 1982 Uni. 850 

13 Forrest Gump 1994 Par. 748 

14 The Sixth Sense 1999 Dis. 741 

15 Attack of the Clones 2002 Fox 714 

16 The Lost World: Jurassic Park 1997 Uni. 677 

17 Men in Black 1997 Sony 649 

18 Mission: Impossible 2 2000 Par. 623 

19 Armageddon 1998 Dis. 611 

20 The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Fox 588 

21 Home Alone 1990 Fox 588 

22 Monsters, Inc. 2001 Dis. 583 

23 Ghost 1990 Par. 570 

24 Terminator 2: Judgment Day 1991 Sony 569 

25 Aladdin 1992 Dis. 553 

26 Twister 1996 WB 546 

27 Indiana Jones & the Last Crusade 1989 Par. 545 

28 Toy Story 2 1999 Dis. 535 

29 Shrek 2001 DW 532 

30 Saving Private Ryan 1998 P/DW 530 

31 Return of the Jedi 1983 Fox 524 

32 Jaws 1975 Uni. 518 

33 Mission: Impossible 1996 Par. 514 

34 Pretty Woman 1990 Dis. 510 

35 The Matrix 1999 WB 504 

36 Gladiator 2000 U/Dw 504 

37 Tarzan 1999 Dis. 502 

38 Pearl Harbor 2001 Dis. 496 

39 Ocean's Eleven 2001 WB 492 

40 The Exorcist 1973 WB 486 

41 Men in Black II 2002 Sony 486 

42 Mrs. Doubtfire 1993 Fox 485 

43 The Mummy Returns 2001 Uni. 474 

44 Cast Away 2000 Fox 470 

45 Dances with Wolves 1990 Orion 467 

46 The Mummy 1999 Uni. 456 

47 Batman 1989 WB 455 

48 Rain Man 1988 MGM 455 

49 The Bodyguard 1992 WB 452 

50 Signs 2002 Dis. 449 

Exchange rate for US$ as of 9 March 2003. (Source: Bloomberg.com) 

source: http: //www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ 

43

ond group, an expansion of number of screens in 

countries still with a relatively low admission per 

capita, as in the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands 

and Estonia, could increase admissions per capita 

in those countries (see figure 3.18). However 

there are factors like GDP per capita and geographical 

population density as well as the films 

themselves that will influence future admissions. 

Another factor is the number of screens in relation 

to admissions. The admissions per screen is 

more or less the same in the EU as in the United 

States: 37 000 against 40 000. In the EU-15 

there was an average of 2.4 screens per cinema, 

about 25 thousand screens in total, while in the 

United States there were 5.2 screens per cinema, 

with nearly 37 thousand screens in 2001. The 

increase in number of screens seems to be a key 

factor for future growth in cinema attendance in 

the EU. 

In 2001, 19% of the cinemas in the EU-15 

were multiplexes 

Cinema exhibition started more than 100 years 

ago. The Lumière brothers opened the first cinema 

in Paris in 1895. The number of cinema theatres 

reached its maximum in Europe in the 

1920s, starting to decline thereafter. In the 

nineties the decline came to a halt and with the 

growth of multiplex cinemas the number of 

screens even increased considerably. 

Today, there are over ten thousand cinema sites in 

the EU-15, about 3 500 more than in the United 

44 

[EUR] 

7 

6.4 

T. 3.14: Top 20 countries with the highest number of cinema screens 

F. 3.16: Average cinema ticket price in 2001 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

2 

0 

4.7 

4.1 

3.7 3.6 

2.8 

2.5 



12 9.4 

8.7 

8.1 

10 

7.3 

7.1 

7.0 

6.9 

8 

6.7 

6.3 

6.0 

5.9 

5.7 5.6 

6 

5.5 5.5 5.2 

4.2 4.0 

4 

1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 

6.3 

5.6 

CH IS SE DK FI AT NO UK NL LU IT BE EL DE FR IE ES PT EU- US JP 

15 

IS and PT: 2000 data. 

F. 3.17: Average cinema ticket price in Candidate countries 

in 2001 

CY MT SI EE PL LV HU CZ LT BG SK RO 

BG, CZ and SI in 2000 

Rank Country Number of cinema screens 

2001 1989 1990 1991 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

1 China 152 300 146 184 139 639 67 000 65 000 65 000 65 500 65 500 

2 United States 23 132 23 689 24 570 31 640 34 186 37 185 37 396 36 764 

3 India 13 151 13 181 13 020 13 000 12 900 12 900 13 400 11 962 

4 France 4 658 4 518 4 441 4 661 4 773 4 979 5 110 5 236 

5 Germany 3 236 3 773 3 708 4 128 4 244 4 438 4 783 4 792 

6 Spain 1 802 1 773 1 806 2 565 3 025 3 354 3 500 3 770 

7 Italy 2 373 2 275 2 241 2 456 2 619 2 839 2 948 3 198 

8 United Kingdom 1 559 1 331 1 544 2 383 2 564 2 758 2 954 3 164 

9 Canada 1 723 1 713 1 754 2 301 2 467 2 685 2 817 2 900 

10 Japan 1 912 1 836 1 804 1 884 1 993 2 221 2 524 2 585 

11 Indonesia 2 124 2 173 : 2 150 2 100 2 100 2 050 : 

12 Mexico 1 913 1 913 : 1 955 2 329 1 979 1 980 : 

13 Australia 784 851 885 1 422 1 576 1 748 1 817 1 855 

14 Russia : : : 1 716 1 650 1 600 1 600 : 

15 Brazil 1 048 1 600 1 530 1 350 1 350 1 350 1 350 1 550 

16 Sweden 1 131 1 160 1 165 1 164 1 167 1 132 1 131 1 155 

17 Argentina 536 427 342 608 810 900 956 1 061 

18 Philippines 1 200 1 216 1 380 970 950 950 950 940 

19 Poland 1 600 1 467 1 195 686 686 718 811 855 

20 South Korea 772 789 774 497 528 507 720 818 


1.1 

A 

11.3

States. Looking at the number of cinema sites per 

100 000 inhabitants, the density in the United 

States is lower than in the EU-15, with 2.5 compared 

to 2.8. Sweden and Iceland recorded the 

highest density with over 9 theatres per 100 000 

inhabitants, while in the UK, the Netherlands and 

Belgium the density was the lowest, between 1.2 

and 1.3. 

In the nineties, there was a tendency for traditional 

cinemas to close down, whilst multiplex 

sites (cinemas with 8 or more screens) continued 

to grow. In the EU-15, over 8 300 new film 

screens were constructed in the 1990 to 2001 

period. In 2001, 19% of the cinemas in the EU- 

15 were multiplexes. The EU-15 had a net gain of 

114 cinemas and 1 004 screens in 2001 compared 

with the year before. This net change corresponds 

to an average 9 new screens per new 

cinema. 

After the new Millennium, the strong growth in 

the number of screens came to a halt in the USA. 

In 2001, the number of screens in USA even 

decreased. The USA had a net loss of 351 cinemas 

and 632 screens in 2001. This reflects the US 

industry's excess screen capacity, in which older 

multiplexes or less competitively positioned theatres 

are being rendered obsolete by newer 

megaplexes with 16 or more screens. 

In the UK, a quarter of the cinemas are multiplexes, 

comprising of eight or more screens. The 

number of screens situated in multiplexes, as a 

percentage of the total number of screens 

increased substantially in the UK, which now has 

the highest rate with 56% in 2001. The increase 

of multiplex screens was even more significant in 

Spain and Austria. In Sweden, Italy, Finland and in 

the Candidate countries the single-screens dominated 

in over 80% of the cinemas. 

According to Media Salles, there were 50 

megaplexes (with 16 or more screens) in the 

EU-15 as of 1 January 2002. 13 megaplexes were 

located in Spain, 11 in France and 10 in the UK. 

The total number of screens in the megaplexes 

was 963, which corresponds to 3.9% of all 

screens in the EU-15. The cinema with highest 

number of screens is located in the UK (with 30 

screens) and the one with the highest number of 

seats can be found in Spain (9 200 seats). 

The EU-15 has fewer screens per head than the 

United States. In 2001, there were 6.6 cinema 

A 

12% 

10% 

8% 

6% 

4% 

2% 

0% 

-2% 

23.7 

24.6 

3.7% 

3.3% 

2.5% 4.6% 

2.2% 

1.3% 

26.6 

25.7 

25.1 

US 


2.5% 

27.8 

29.7 

6.7% 6.8% 6.6% 

4.8% 


F. 3.18: Relationship between number of cinemas and 

admissions relative to the population in 2001 

Admissions 

per capita 

6 

5 

4 

[thousand] 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

16.5 

16.7 

IE 

US 

US 

3 UK 

SE 

2 

1 

0 

BE 

NL 

EE 

SK 

CZ 

Cinema 

density: 

cinemas per 

100 000 

inhabitants 

0 2 4 6 8 10 

F. 3.19: Number of screens in the EU and in the United 

States, 1990-2001 


31.6 

3.4% 

34.2 

20.7 

19.7 

19.0 

18.1 

16.5 16.6 

17.0 

8.0% 

5.2% 

37.2 

22.9 

10.8% 

8.8% 

0.6% 

37.4 

23.8 

4.0% 

45 

36.8 

24.8 

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

F. 3.20: Annual growth in number of screens in EU-15 and 

United States, 1991-2001 

4.2% 

0.2% 

-1.1% 

-1.7% 

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 

IT: excludes screens with activity less than 60 days per year

screens for every 100 000 EU inhabitants, as 

against 13.2 in the USA. 

There are over 600 companies competing in the 

US theatrical exhibition industry (source: AMC). 

The nine largest exhibitors (in terms of number of 

screens) operated approximately 54% of the 

screens in 2001. Acquisitions in the last few years 

has led to fewer major actors controlling larger 

market shares. The largest exhibitor in the USA 

runs nearly 6 000 screens. 

The EU-15 market has also been affected by 

acquisitions. UGC and CineStar are two examples 

of exhibitors that grew substantially over the last 

few years due to acquisitions. There are several 

large differences between the two markets: While 

there is a high concentration among the top 9 

exhibitors in the US, the EU-15 market is fragmented 

with over 5 000 enterprises. The top 9 

largest exhibitors in EU-15 only control 17% of 

the screens. Many actors operate in just one 

country with just one cinema theatre. Few chains 

are present in several EU Member States, operating 

hundreds of screens. 

46% of new films released in the EU in 2001 

were of US origin 

There is a great disparity in the number of films 

shown in each Member State. 

F. 3.24: Screens situated in multiplexes, as a 

percentage of the total number of screens 

46 

IT 

NL 

FI 

SE 

DK 

EL 

PT 

DE 

FR 

IE 

AT 

LU 

ES 

BE 

UK 

(%) 

12 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

24 

25 

26 

31 

40 

40 

41 

49 

56 

0 20 40 60 

Source: Media Salles 

1998 

2001 

(Number) 

30,000 

25,000 

20,000 

15,000 

10,000 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

2 

1 

0 

5,000 

0 

4.6 

4.2 

1.5 

Screens 

16,528 

11,217 

Cinema sites 

1.3 

1.1 1.1 1.1 


F. 3.21: Screens and cinema sites in the EU-15, 1990 - 2001 

3.4 3.0 

3.2 2.8 

2.6 

2.4 2.3 2.2 

1.9 

1.5 1.4 1.4 

1.2 

24,822 

10,552 

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 

F. 3.22: Number of screens per cinema in 2001 

UK IE BE NL ES AT DE FR LU DK PT FI IS SE EL EU- US 

EL and IE: 1999, BE: 2000 

15 

F. 3.23: Number of screens per cinema in Candidate countries 

in 2001 

1.1 1.1 1.1 

HU PL LT CY BG SI LV SK 

BG and SI: 1999 

2.4 

A 

5.2

In 2001, over 5 800 films were shown in Italy, 

which represented more than fourteenfold the 

number of new releases. 414 new films were 

shown in 2001 (7% of all films). Nearly 30% of 

all films shown were Italian and 40% came from 

the United States. 

France is on second place in the number of cinema 

films shown, with more than 4 400. France 

released 506 new films in 2000. 39% of all films 

shown were French and more than 40% came 

from the United States. 

Spain also showed a relatively high number of 

films, with over 1 830 in 2001, of which 516 

were released for the first time. 

In Iceland, Luxembourg, Portugal and Norway less 

than 300 films were shown per country in 2000. 

The new releases stayed relatively low in these 

countries. 

On average, 298 new films were shown in 2001 

per EU country. The highest number of new 

releases that year was recorded in France, with 

506 films. 

As average per EU Member State, 20% of the 

new releases were of national origin, while 46% 

came from the United States. In the United 

States, 85% of the new releases were domestic 

productions. France, Italy, Germany and UK were 

the Member States with highest shares of films 

with national origin. 

In the United States, 449 new releases were 

shown in 2002, 13 films less than in 2001. Japan 

boasts the highest number with 640 new films 

released in 2002. 

On average 146 new films were shown in each 

Candidate country in 2001. The highest number 

of new releases that year was recorded in Poland, 

with 204 films. 

Hungary, Czech Republic and Poland were the 

Member States with highest shares of films with 

national origin. As average per EU Member State, 

20% of the new releases were of national origin. 

A 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

516 

506 

444 

414 

204 

196 

164 160 

146 141 


F. 3.25: New feature films released for the first time in 

2001 (EU-15 reflects average per EU Member State) 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

338 

248 

172 165 

352 

289 

220 

239 

208 

203 

ES FR BE IT UK DE LU NL AT EL PT SE DK FI IE EU- US JP 

US and JP in 2002, BE and LU in 2000, IE in 1998 15 

F. 3.26: New feature films released in Candidate countries 

for the first time in 2001 

T. 3.15: Top 20 countries by number of new feature films 

released 

135 

120 120 116 

PL LT HU SK SI LV RO BG CY CZ EE 

SI in 2000 

Rank Country All releases Domestic 

1999 

productions 

1998 1999 1998 1999 

1 Japan 555 568 249 270 

2 France 470 528 176 201 

3 Spain 501 479 65 82 

4 Belgium 480 447 30 : 

5 United States 490 442 : : 

6 Taiwan 441 : 22 : 

7 Hong Kong 466 439 92 146 

8 Italy 383 420 92 108 

9 United Kingdom 329 393 75 99 

10 South Korea 356 370 42 : 

11 Germany 287 327 50 74 

12 Switzerland 350 310 28 30 

13 Australia 271 255 19 21 

14 Austria 260 242 24 23 

15 Norway 229 237 14 12 

16 Latvia 230 235 3 6 

17 Sweden 186 210 20 23 

18 Argentina 214 : 31 39 

19 Iceland 157 193 2 2 

20 Finland 148 188 8 16 

Source: Eurostat, Unesco, Screen Digest 

156 

298 

449 

105 

47 

640

48 



(national films + international co-productions of full-length films with national origin producers) 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 b) 

EU-15 a) : : : 443 546 557 560 600 594 628 625 

BE : 7 12 8 8 6 7 : 22 b) 12 b) 16 

DK : 11 15 12 23 19 23 25 23 19 19 

DE 49 64 48 63 64 61 50 74 75 83 84 

EL : 33 13 26 27 20 17 c) 19 c) 18 b) 23 b) 20 

ES d) 118 77 47 59 91 80 65 82 98 107 137 

FR 189 151 143 129 131 158 h) 180 h) 181 h) 171 h) 204 h) 200 

IE b) 0 2 3 9 12 8 5 4 3 8 b) 7 

IT 163 89 119 75 99 87 92 108 103 103 130 

LU : 1 1 3 5 5 10 8 8 b) 10 b) : 

NL 6 13 17 18 18 15 b) 18 b) 22 b) 23 b) 28 b) 29 

AT 10 10 20 30 13 15 b) 12 b) 23 b) 17 b) 12 b) 26 

PT e) 9 3 8 14 8 10 4 4 12 : : 

FI 10 13 13 8 10 10 f) 9 14 10 12 11 

SE 20 20 16 24 27 30 20 23 38 25 21 

UK 31 47 47 76 111 115 91 100 75 79 78 

CZ b) : : : : 20 20 14 17 14 16 : 

EE b) : : : : 0 1 2 3 0 3 : 

CY b) : : : : 7 2 0 1 1 4 : 

LV b) : : : : 1 3 3 3 2 3 : 

LT b) : : : : 1 3 0 1 2 0 : 

HU b) : : : : 17 16 13 17 21 22 33 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL b) : : : : 17 20 15 24 22 29 30 

SI b) : : : : 3 3 4 3 17 : 7 

SK b) : : : : 2 3 1 3 3 4 5 

BG : : : : 6 b) 7 b) 4 b) 6 5 3 6 b) 

RO b) : : : : 11 6 10 6 11 14 9 

IS 3 3 2 7 2 4 4 3 6 4 : 

NO : : 10 22 15 17 b) 14 b) 16 b) : 9 12 

CH : 44 32 38 41 29 b) 32 b) 25 b) 27 b) 29 b) 40 

JP 320 319 239 289 278 278 249 270 282 281 293 

US g) 222 356 477 697 715 676 661 677 762 739 786 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain, a) EU figure doesn't represent sum of national results. Co-productions can appear in the results of several 

countries however EU estimate doesn't double count films. Source European Audiovisual Observatory, b) Source: EAO, c) Source: Greek Film 

Center (films that have been subsidised by the Greek Film Center), d) Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA) 

e) Source: ICAM, f) Source: Finnish Films Foundation and Statistics Finland, g) Source: the Motion Picture Association of America, h) CNC 

T. 3.17: National films, (Cinematographic full-length films produced with 100% national origin producers) 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 a) 

EU-15 510 432 379 325 410 408 413 : : : : 

BE 5 5 3 0 2 1 1 6 a) 10 a) 3 a) : 

DK 13 8 15 9 15 11 15 15 19 11 a) 11 

DE 37 46 38 37 42 47 39 44 47 57 39 

EL 27 32 12 19 21 16 12 b) 13 b) 14 b) 16 b) 15 

ES 82 65 37 37 66 55 c) 45 c) 44 c) 64 c) 66 c) 80 

FR 144 106 81 63 74 86 102 115 111 126 106 

IE 0 2 2 5 1 2 3 a) 1 a) 0 a) : : 

IT 130 81 98 60 77 71 d) 79 d) 92 d) 86 d) 68 d) 96 

LU : 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

NL 6 10 13 11 13 8 13 : : : : 

AT 6 5 15 20 12 12 7 : : : : 

PT 8 2 5 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 1 

FI 7 11 10 7 8 8 e) 4 e) 11 e) 9 e) 10 e) : 

SE 17 17 10 15 18 19 13 13 f) 20 f) 16 f) 12 

UK 28 41 39 40 59 74 g) 65 g) 71 g) 47 g) 52 g) 41 

CZ a) : : : : 12 14 9 13 10 10 : 

EE : : : : 0 a) 1 a) 2 a) 2 0 0 : 

CY a) : : : : 1 0 0 0 0 0 : 

LV : : : : 1 3 3 1 2 2 : 

LT : : : : 0 2 0 0 0 0 : 

HU a) : : : : 13 13 10 : 17 20 : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 7 a) 16 a) 11 a) 22 16 16 : 

SI : : : : 2 a) 3 a) 3 a) 3 5 5 : 

SK : : : : 1 a) 0 a) 0 a) 0 0 2 : 

BG : : : : 2 a) 1 a) 3 a) 4 2 1 : 

RO a) : : : : 5 2 3 0 0 6 : 

IS 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 : 

NO 10 10 9 16 10 8 9 11 a) 10 a) 7 a) : 

CH : 24 22 22 19 16 19 19 a) 24 a) 20 a) : 

JP 316 318 239 286 275 275 241 : : : : 

US : : : 660 672 663 652 : : : : 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain, a) Source: EAO, b) Source: Greek Film Center (films that have been subsidised by the Greek Film Center), 

c) Source: Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA), d) Source: Ministero dei Beni Culturali- Dipartimento dello 

Spettacolo/ANICA, e) Source Finnish Board of Film Classification, f) Refer to Swedish films with premiere 1999. Source: SFI (Swedish Film 

Institute), g) Screen Finance/X25/British Film Institute 

A

A 


T. 3.18: International co-productions of cinematographic full-length films with national origin producers 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 i) 

EU-15 : 109 143 : : : : : : : : 

BE : 2 9 8 6 5 6 : : : : 

DK : 3 0 3 8 8 8 10 4 8 8 

DE 12 18 10 26 22 14 11 30 28 26 45 

EL : 1 1 7 6 4 5 a) 6 a) : 9 a) : 

ES b) 36 12 10 22 25 25 20 38 34 40 57 

FR 45 45 62 66 57 77 81 66 60 78 94 

IE 0 0 1 : : : : : 6 : : 

IT 33 8 21 15 22 16 c) 13 c) 16 c) 17 c) 35 c) 34 

LU : 0 0 3 5 5 10 8 7 16 : 

NL 0 3 4 7 5 7 5 : : : : 

AT 4 5 5 10 1 3 5 : : : : 

PT 1 1 3 12 6 6 2 2 2 d) : : 

FI 3 2 3 1 2 2 e) 5 e) 3 e) 1 e) 2 e) : 

SE 3 3 6 9 9 11 7 10 f) 18 f) 9 f) 9 

UK 3 6 8 36 52 41 g) 26 g) 29 g) 28 g) 27 g) 37 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : 1 0 3 : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 2 1 : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 2 4 3 : 

SI : : : : : : : 3 4 2 : 

SK : : : : : : : 3 3 0 : 

BG : : : : : : : 2 3 2 : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 0 0 2 7 2 4 h) 4 h) 3 h) 5 h) 1 h) : 

NO : : 1 6 5 9 5 : : 2 : 

CH : 20 10 16 22 13 22 : : : : 

JP 4 1 : 3 3 3 8 : : : : 

US : : : 37 43 13 9 : : : : 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain a) Source: Greek Film Center (Films that have been subsidised by the Greek Film Center), b) Source: Instituto de la 

Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA), c) Source: Ministero dei Beni Culturali- Dipartimento dello Spettacolo/ANICA, d) Source: ICAM, 

e) Source Finnish Board of Film Classification, f) Refer to Swedish films with premiere 1999. Source: SFI (Swedish Film Institute), g) Screen 

Finance/X25/British Film Institute, h) Released full-length feature films only. Sources: Icelandic Film Fund (IFF)/SI, i) Source: EAO 

T. 3.19: Majority international co-productions (international co-productions of cinematographic full-length films 

with national origin producers as majority producers) 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : : : : : : : : 

BE : 2 4 3 1 2 4 : : : 

DK : 1 0 2 4 5 3 5 2 : 

DE 12 18 10 26 22 14 11 30 f) 28 f) 33 f) 

EL : 1 1 7 6 4 2 a) 3 a) 2 a) : 

ES b) 24 7 5 19 10 12 9 12 10 18 

FR 16 25 25 34 30 39 46 35 34 46 

IE : : : 3 5 2 2 3 3 : 

IT 33 8 21 15 22 16 13 16 17 22 

LU : 0 0 0 0 : 2 0 : : 

NL : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : 1 10 1 : : : : : 

PT : 0 2 6 2 : 8 c) 7 c) 6 c) 10 c) 

FI 3 2 3 1 2 2 d) 4 d) 1 d) 1 d) 2 

SE : : : : : 9 14 10 15 : 

UK : : : 11 18 20 e) 8 e) 6 e) 13 e) 8 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : 0 0 3 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 2 : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 2 0 2 

SI : : : : : : : 0 : : 

SK : : : : : : : 2 2 0 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 0 0 2 7 2 4 2 2 5 : 

NO : : : 6 3 4 : : : : 

CH : 11 3 3 : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) Source : Greek Film Center (Films that have been subsidised by the Greek Film Center) 

b) Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA) c) Source: ICAM 

d) Source: Finnish Board of Film Classification e) Screen Finance/X25/British Film Institute f) Source: EAO 

49


(including national films and majority international co-producers) 

50 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : 7 7 3 3 3 5 : : : 

DK : 9 15 11 19 16 18 20 21 : 

DE 49 64 48 63 64 61 50 74 75 90 

EL : 33 13 26 27 20 14 16 16 : 

ES 106 72 42 56 76 67 54 56 74 84 

FR 160 131 106 97 104 125 148 150 145 172 

IE : : : 8 6 4 5 4 3 : 

IT 163 89 119 75 99 87 92 108 103 90 

LU : 1 1 0 0 : 2 0 : : 

NL : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : 16 30 13 : : : : : 

PT : 2 7 8 4 : 10 9 8 14 

FI 10 13 13 8 10 10 8 12 10 12 

SE : : : : : 28 27 23 35 : 

UK : : : 51 77 94 73 77 60 60 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : 2 0 3 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 2 : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 24 16 18 

SI : : : : : : : 3 : : 

SK : : : : : : : 2 2 2 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 3 3 2 7 2 4 2 3 6 : 

NO : : : 22 13 12 : : : : 

CH : 35 25 25 : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


T. 3.21: Cinematographic short length films produced 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE 64 29 37 52 33 40 56 : : : 

DK 43 51 76 : 10 : 28 47 47 : 

DE 164 216 156 140 110 148 131 138 112 142 

EL : 90 130 : 65 : : 16 a) 10 a) 9 a) 

ES b) 258 162 98 94 87 115 126 124 108 169 

FR 429 476 366 415 423 410 342 427 465 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : 160 146 27 55 : 42 : : : 

LU : : 2 1 9 : : 4 3 3 

NL : : 6 : 6 : : : : : 

AT 227 385 1 166 271 86 : : : : : 

PT 46 28 : 2 8 9 6 5 c) 14 c) 12 c) 

FI 122 121 57 25 25 16 d) 17 d) 13 d) 15 d) : 

SE 11 10 8 : : : : 18 9 17 

UK : : : : : : : : : : 

CZ : : : : : : : 63 62 57 

EE : : : : : : : 13 21 30 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 26 21 20 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : 49 35 26 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 31 34 33 

SI : : : : : : : 22 54 13 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : 6 19 7 0 

IS 1 1 1 3 2 2 0 : : : 

NO 85 77 83 150 54 60 : : : : 

CH : 20 34 18 16 42 16 : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) Source : Greek Film Center (Films that have been subsidised by the Greek Film Center) 

b) Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA) 

c) Source: ICAM d) Source: Finnish Board of Film Classification 

A

T. 3.22: Film producers with at least one film produced during the year 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : 8 10 13 11 8 8 : : : 

DK : : 9 18 15 13 16 14 : : 

DE : 77 58 87 69 73 57 87 127 125 

EL : : 16 40 41 : : : : : 

ES a) 93 59 53 47 82 79 64 63 90 93 

FR 174 175 214 93 103 123 125 134 132 135 

IE : : 4 7 : : : : : : 

IT : : 93 106 : 67 b) 84 b) 92 b) 106 b) 105 b) 

LU : 1 1 1 10 : : 4 : 8 

NL : : : 18 18 15 19 : : : 

AT 11 11 10 : : : : : : : 

PT : : 7 6 6 : : 5 : 8 

FI 10 12 8 6 8 9 c) 11 c) 11 c) 8 c) 12 c) 

SE : : : 30 34 26 18 26 d) 54 d) 39 d) 

UK : : : : : : : : : : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : 3 0 3 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 8 7 8 

SK : : : : : : : 3 3 2 

BG : : : : : : : : 8 11 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 3 2 2 8 3 3 e) 2 e) 3 e) 4 e) 4 e) 

NO : : 5 15 12 : : : : 11 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA), b) Istat estimate on ANICA/Ministero dei Beni Culturali- Dipartimento 

dello Spettacolo data, c) Finnish Films Foundation and Statistics Finland, d) Refer to Swedish films with premiere 1999. Source: SFI (Swedish 

Film Institute), e) Released full-length feature films only. Sources: Icelandic Film Fund (IFF)/SI 

T. 3.23: Film distributors with at least one first release 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : 409 411 408 : : : : 

BE : 24 27 28 30 33 27 : : : 

DK : : 21 17 20 18 : : : : 

DE : 53 47 46 45 51 53 59 54 65 

EL : : : 6 9 8 a) 10 a) 7 a) 10 a) : 

ES : : : 50 42 45 : : : : 

FR 180 186 162 164 163 156 161 158 : : 

IE : : : 8 6 9 : : : : 

IT : : 26 20 22 23 23 : : : 

LU : : : 1 1 : : : : : 

NL : : 13 14 17 18 23 : : : 

AT 23 25 20 20 17 17 16 : : : 

PT : : : 7 12 : : 14 b) 14 b) 10 b) 

FI 25 32 15 10 11 13 c) 12 14 13 c) 12 c) 

SE : : : 18 16 16 19 20 d) 24 d) 18 d) 

UK : : : : : 27 e) 45 e) 54 e) 53 e) 54 e) 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : 3 3 4 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 7 11 10 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : 8 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 15 15 15 

SI : : : : : : : 9 8 7 

SK : : : : : : : 9 9 11 

BG : : : : : : : 22 19 18 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 7 10 7 8 8 8 6 

NO : : 21 12 12 14 13 10 11 13 

CH : : : : 33 36 : : : : 

JP : : : 42 43 43 40 : : : 

US : : : : : : 523 : : : 


a) Source : Ministry of Press and Mass Media, b) Source: IGAC, c) Source: Finnish Chamber of Film, d) Cinematographic film distribution 

companies with at least one first release distributed during 1999. Source: SFI (Swedish Film Institute), e) EDI/Screen Finance/BFI/X25 

Partnership 

51

T. 3.24: Number of admissions, million 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

EU-15 a) 1 037.6 705.9 576.7 641.5 702.2 759.7 819.5 810.5 843.0 930.5 934.0 m) 

BE 20.6 17.9 17.1 19.2 21.2 20.2 25.4 21.9 23.5 23.5 22.8 b) 

DK 15.9 11.3 9.6 8.8 9.9 10.8 11.0 11.0 10.7 11.9 12.9 

DE 143.8 104.2 102.5 124.5 132.9 143.1 148.9 149.0 152.5 177.9 163.9 

EL 43.0 23.0 13.0 8.2 9.0 11.6 12.4 13.0 b) 13.5 b) 13.2 e) : 

ES c) 176.0 101.1 78.5 94.6 104.3 105.0 112.1 131.3 135.4 146.8 140.7 

FR 175.4 175.1 121.9 130.2 136.7 149.0 170.6 153.6 165.5 185.8 185.1 

IE 9.5 4.5 7.4 9.8 d) 11.5 d) 11.5 d) 12.4 d) 12.5 d) 14.9 d) 15.9 d) 17.3 

IT 241.9 123.1 90.7 90.7 96.5 100.4 f) 117.4 f) 103.5 f) 103.4 f) 111.1 f) 112.0 b) 

LU 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 g) 1.4 g) 1.4 g) 

NL 28.4 15.8 15.2 17.9 17.7 18.9 20.1 18.6 21.5 23.9 24.0 

AT 17.5 13.1 10.1 11.9 11.8 13.7 15.2 15.0 e) 16.3 e) 19.0 e) 19.2 

PT 30.8 20.0 9.6 7.4 10.4 13.7 14.8 16.9 17.8 19.3 : 

FI 9.9 6.7 6.2 5.3 5.5 5.9 h) 6.4 h) 7.0 h) 7.1 h) 6.5 h) 7.7 b) 

SE 23.1 17.5 15.7 15.2 15.4 15.2 15.8 16.0 i) 17.0 i) 18.1 i) 18.3 i) 

UK 101.0 72.0 78.6 96.9 118.7 139.3 j) 135.5 j) 139.8 j) 142.5 j) 155.9 j) 176.0 

CZ e) : : : 9.3 8.9 9.8 9.3 8.4 8.7 10.4 10.7 b) 

EE : : : 1.0 e) 1.0 e) 1.0 e) 1.1 e) 0.9 1.1 1.3 : 

CY e) : : : 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.9 : 

LV : : : 1.0 b) 1.0 b) 1.3 b) 1.4 b) 1.4 1.5 1.1 : 

LT : : : 0.7 b) 0.5 b) 0.6 b) 1.6 b) 1.8 2.1 2.4 : 

HU : : : 14.0 e) 13.3 e) 16.4 e) 14.6 e) 14.4 14.3 15.5 : 

MT b) : : : : : : : 1.0 1.0 1.0 : 

PL : : : 22.2 n) 21.5 n) 24.3 n) 20.3 n) 27.5 20.9 27.6 25.9 b) 

SI : : : 2.9 e) 2.7 e) 2.5 e) 2.6 e) 2.0 2.2 2.5 e) : 

SK : : : 5.6 e) 4.9 e) 4.0 e) 4.1 e) 3.0 2.6 2.8 : 

BG : : : 4.7 n) 3.4 b) 2.7 b) 2.3 b) 1.9 b) 2.2 b) 2.0 b) : 

RO e) : : : 17.0 12.6 9.5 6.8 4.2 5.1 5.7 5.3 b) 

IS 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 b) 1.5 b) 

NO 17.5 12.9 11.4 10.9 11.5 10.9 11.5 11.2 11.4 12.3 11.9 

CH 21.0 16.5 14.3 14.9 15.1 15.6 15.9 15.4 b) 15.6 b) 17.1 18.8 b) 

JP l) 165.9 155.1 145.5 127.0 119.6 140.7 153.1 144.8 135.3 163.3 160.8 b) 

US k) 1 021.5 1 056.1 1 188.6 1 262.6 1 338.6 1 387.7 1 480.7 1 465.2 1 420.8 1 487.3 1 639.3 

a) Eurostat estimate, b) Source: European Audiovisual Observatory, c) Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA) 

d) Source: Carlton Screen Advertising, e) Mediasalles (MS), f) Società Italiana Autori Editori (SIAE), g) Source: CNA, h) Source: Finnish Chamber of 

Film, i) Source: SFI (Swedish Film Institute), j) Source: BFI Handbook, Screen Finance, k) Source: Motion Picture Association of America, l) Source: 

Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan, m) Provisional Eurostat estimate, n) Source: UNESCO 

T. 3.25: Admissions per inhabitant 

52 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

EU-15 : : 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.5 

BE : : 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 

DK : : 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.4 

DE : : 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.0 

EL : : 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 : 

ES : : 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.4 3.7 3.5 

FR : : 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.1 

IE : : 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.9 4.2 4.5 

IT : : 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 

LU : : 1.4 1.7 1.8 2.8 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 

NL : : 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 

AT : : 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.4 

PT : : 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.9 : 

FI : : 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 

SE : : 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 

UK : : 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.9 

CZ : : : 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 

EE : : : 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 : 

CY : : : 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.1 : 

LV : : : 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 : 

LT : : : 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 : 

HU : : : 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 : : 

MT : : : : : : : 2.7 2.6 2.7 : 

PL : : : 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 

SI : : : 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.2 : 

SK : : : 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 : 

BG : : : 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 : 

RO : : : 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 

IS : : 4.9 4.5 4.8 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.2 

NO : : 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6 

CH : : 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.6 

JP : : 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 : : 1.3 

US : : 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.7 


A

T. 3.26: Gross box office, million ECU/EUR 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 d) 

EU-15 1 980.3 a) 2 155.0 2 399.6 3 007.6 3 377.2 3 797.2 4 208.8 4 262.9 4 576.8 5 167.5 : 

BE 53.8 55.6 64.9 97.0 107.6 108.7 132.1 113.9 126.3 130.9 b) : 

DK 40.8 38.4 41.4 49.3 59.8 65.1 71.6 72.1 74.4 86.7 : 

DE 358.6 347.6 403.5 631.6 688.2 747.6 812.6 808.1 824.5 987.2 960.1 

EL : 40.6 41.0 35.0 38.5 59.9 b) 61.4 b) 64.8 b) 69.0 b) 73.6 b) : 

ES 226.3 195.9 218.4 295.9 343.9 353.9 c) 399.3 c) 495.9 536.3 616.4 625.9 

FR 481.4 642.9 553.4 693.8 733.4 797.0 911.0 823.2 891.4 1 013.9 : 

IE : 22.9 25.0 33.8 e) 50.7 e) 53.8 e) 56.7 e) 59.9 e) 76.2 e) 83.0 e) : 

IT 337.7 345.6 399.2 374.3 446.7 498.3 587.1 f) 532.9 f) 544.8 f) 591.6 f) 636.0 

LU 1.2 1.8 2.3 3.4 3.9 6.5 7.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 b) : 

NL 77.2 61.8 72.6 94.2 94.4 105.2 b) 116.0 b) 104.7 128.1 149.5 : 

AT : 47.6 40.9 64.2 67.3 82.5 b) 86.9 b) 87.3 b) 102.6 b) 119.5 b) : 

PT 22.8 23.4 15.8 18.9 30.1 41.7 46.6 60.7 66.2 76.1 : 

FI 25.7 35.2 37.5 33.9 33.8 37.1 40.7 46.1 46.6 46.3 : 

SE 78.8 87.4 104.7 94.9 109.8 108.5 117.8 120.0 135.6 g) 147.0 : 

UK 238.9 208.5 379.1 487.3 568.9 731.3 h) 761.0 h) 866.1 h) 947.2 h) 1 037.2 h) 1 276.3 

CZ d) : : : : 7.8 12.2 14.0 13.5 16.7 : : 

EE : : : : 1.7 d) 1.9 d) 3.0 d) 2.6 3.2 4.8 : 

CY d) : : : : 5.2 4.5 8.8 4.5 5.7 5.5 : 

LV : : : : 1.1 d) 1.9 d) 2.5 d) 2.9 3.5 3.2 : 

LT d) : : : : 0.2 0.5 2.4 2.8 4.0 4.2 : 

HU : : : : 14.9 d) 22.3 d) 22.0 d) 25.9 29.6 38.9 : 

MT d) : : : : : : : 4.5 4.5 4.9 : 

PL : : : : : : : 79.8 62.0 99.5 : 

SI : : : : 5.6 d) 7.6 d) 7.1 d) 8.3 9.1 : : 

SK : : : : 4.0 d) 4.2 d) 4.9 d) 3.6 3.6 4.7 : 

BG : : : : : : : 4.1 3.8 : : 

RO d) : : : : 5.6 4.5 6.1 2.8 4.4 6.2 : 

IS 3.1 5.7 6.6 7.9 8.0 10.0 10.1 12.1 13.7 11.8 : 

NO 30.2 45.8 48.2 53.1 59.2 60.7 67.8 70.9 72.6 84.9 : 

CH 62.7 78.9 83.9 125.6 126.8 124.8 125.6 127.4 d) 138.0 160.6 : 

JP j) 521.8 960.4 936.0 1 283.3 1 078.1 1 292.7 1 321.6 1 507.1 1 717.6 1 842.0 1 666.9 

US i) 1 974.0 4 913.5 3 943.5 4 197.2 4 654.5 5 617.1 6 199.3 6 988.3 8 412.5 9 392.8 10 068.0 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain, Data includes taxes and other duties 

a) Eurostat estimate, b) Mediasalles (MS), c) Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA), d) Source: European 

Audiovisual Observatory, e) Source: Carlton Screen Advertising, f) Società Italiana Autori Editori (SIAE), g) Source: SFI (Swedish Film 

Institute), h) Source: BFI Handbook, Screen Finance, i) Source: Motion Picture Association of America, j) Source: Motion Picture Producers 

Association of Japan 

T. 3.27: Share of gross box office receipts from national films, % 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE 2.6 0.8 0.4 4.4 3.9 2.5 2.0 3.5 a) 1.9 a) 1.1 a) 

DK 21.0 17.6 14.7 8.3 17.2 18.8 12.8 25.9 17.5 30.0 a) 

DE 9.3 22.7 9.7 6.3 15.3 16.7 8.1 a) 14.0 a) 12.5 a) 18.4 a) 

EL : : 8.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 : : : 

ES 20.2 16.2 10.4 12.2 9.3 13.0 12.0 14.0 10.0 17.9 

FR 47.9 44.9 37.4 37.4 37.3 33.6 27.2 32.2 28.2 41.7 

IE : : 5.0 : : : 9.8 : : : 

IT 43.5 31.8 21.0 21.2 24.8 32.9 24.6 24.1 a) 17.5 a) 19.4 a) 

LU a) : : : 0.0 0.2 1.7 0.5 0.3 : : 

NL 7.1 3.6 3.0 7.6 5.4 5.6 6.1 a) 4.9 5.1 9.4 

AT : : : : : : 6.8 : : : 

PT a) : : 1.0 : : 3.5 6.1 8.3 5.4 : 

FI 15.4 21.6 13.9 10.5 3.7 5.6 10.1 24.7 14.6 9.7 

SE 23.0 26.0 8.9 : 18.0 14.7 21.4 20.5 24.8 22.5 

UK 10.0 10.7 7.0 8.6 11.8 27.2 12.3 17.8 a) 21.4 a) 13.5 a) 

CZ a) : : : : : : : 24.0 23.0 30.0 

EE a) : : : 0.2 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.9 3.6 

CY a) : : : : : : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 

LV : : : : : : : : : 7.3 

LT : : : : : : : 0.0 0.0 1.2 

HU a) : : : 1.0 5.6 6.1 3.2 4.4 4.6 5.1 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL a) : : : 7.0 6.7 20.4 9.1 62.5 13.7 : 

SI a) : : : 1.2 2.9 4.6 1.5 5.3 9.9 : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO a) : : : : 5.5 2.7 0.9 2.6 1.4 1.9 

IS : 2.2 2.2 5.9 8.0 3.5 2.5 2.1 13.7 2.4 

NO 5.1 10.4 9.7 12.1 5.4 5.1 8.0 7.2 5.6 14.4 

CH a) : : : 2.0 4.3 2.0 1.6 2.3 4.2 1.6 

JP d) : 48.6 46.6 40.1 37.0 36.3 41.5 30.2 31.8 39.0 

US b,c) 95.0 97.7 98.6 94.5 95.7 92.4 94.7 92.3 92.5 92.4 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain, Data include taxes and other duties, Figures based on sample. 

a) Source: European Audiovisual Observatory 

b) Source: Motion Picture Association of America 

c) Source: 1996-2001, EAO 

d) Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan 

53

T. 3.28: Share of gross box office receipts from US films, % 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 c) : : : : 71.6 65.8 77.3 69.2 73.7 64.2 

BE 46.6 61.4 68.4 72.4 69.8 73.7 72.4 69.5 a) 70.6 a) 72.2 a) 

DK 46.5 58.8 77.0 70.9 67.1 66.5 77.6 58.7 73.1 56.0 a) 

DE 54.9 58.6 83.9 87.1 75.1 70.5 85.4 78.6 81.9 : 

EL : : 87.0 73.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 : : : 

ES 42.9 58.5 72.4 71.9 78.3 68.3 78.5 64.2 81.6 62.2 

FR 36.8 39.4 56.6 57.4 54.7 51.9 64.0 54.1 63.0 46.6 

IE : : 87.0 90.0 : : : : : : 

IT 33.7 48.6 70.0 63.2 59.7 46.7 63.7 53.1 a) 69.6 a) 57.8 

LU : : 80.0 82.4 78.5 68.4 80.7 71.0 a) 80.6 a) : 

NL 49.2 74.3 85.8 82.0 86.4 83.9 89.8 75.8 77.0 60.1 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT a) : : 85.0 : : 64.0 65.1 65.2 56.7 : 

FI : : 70.0 77.0 72.1 72.9 80.0 63.2 74.6 66.9 

SE : : : : 67.5 66.7 76.1 68.2 66.5 63.7 

UK 88.0 84.0 88.0 83.7 81.7 68.6 83.9 80.5 a) 75.3 a) 77.1 a) 

CZ a) : : : : : 66.6 78.6 65.3 66.0 53.0 

EE a) : : : 87.0 90.2 86.5 89.3 : : 76.2 

CY a) : : : : : : : 96.1 92.1 88.4 

LV a) : : : : : : 91.9 82.2 89.3 : 

LT a) : : : : : : 79.5 70.0 85.9 : 

HU a) : : : 93.0 88.7 91.2 92.4 83.4 91.9 79.5 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL a) : : : 82.7 89.3 71.4 85.9 31.2 78.4 : 

SI a) : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO a) : : : 68.5 78.8 92.2 95.4 87.3 94.4 92.7 

IS : : : : 85.2 82.0 91.9 : 80.2 : 

NO : : 70.7 87.4 65.3 : : : : : 

CH : : : : : 73.6 72.3 75.6 75.8 a) 64.2 a) 

JP d) : : : 59.8 60.5 53.4 : : : : 

US b) 95.0 97.7 98.6 94.5 95.7 92.4 94.7 92.3 92.5 92.4 



b) Source: Motion Picture Association of America 

c) Eurostat estimate based on EAO 

d) Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan 

54 


T. 3.29: Share of gross box office receipts from British films, % 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : : 6.8 11.9 5.7 9.2 7.0 7.8 

BE : : : : : : 1.8 6.0 a) 3.6 a) 4.9 a) 

DK : 11.8 2.2 3.3 8.3 5.2 5.0 7.1 2.7 3.2 

DE 6.9 9.1 2.9 2.2 7.0 3.4 2.3 2.8 : : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES 9.4 9.4 4.3 7.3 5.8 12.8 5.8 10.8 3.7 8.7 

FR : : : : : 9.2 4.2 8.8 4.7 a) 5.7 a) 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT 3.2 5.9 1.6 6.4 5.9 10.6 7.3 13.8 a) 3.3 a) 9.8 

LU a) : : : : : : 4.6 11.6 : : 

NL 9.3 14.8 2.8 5.7 2.1 : : 7.5 1.5 1.1 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT a) : : : : : 4.0 3.8 8.3 4.2 : 

FI : : : : : : 6.6 4.8 4.2 8.2 

SE : : : : : : : 5.4 2.9 5.9 

UK 10.0 10.7 7.0 8.6 11.8 27.2 12.3 17.8 a) 21.4 a) 13.5 a) 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : 3.0 11.0 2.8 4.5 2.6 6.1 

NO : : : : : : : : : : 

CH a) : : : 6.0 6.0 5.0 2.3 5.5 5.6 8.6 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US a) : : : 0.7 1.7 4.5 3.5 5.2 3.8 2.8 



A

T. 3.30: Share of gross box office receipts from German films, % 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : : : : 0.0 0.0 0.4 a) 0.1 a) 0.3 a) 

DK : 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 

DE 9.3 22.7 9.7 6.3 15.3 16.7 8.1 a) 14.0 a) 12.5 a) 18.4 a) 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES 3.0 3.2 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 

FR : : : : : 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.6 a) 0.9 a) 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT 3.8 3.7 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 a) 1.1 a) 0.8 

LU a) : : : : : : 2.6 2.7 : : 

NL 5.6 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 : 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT a) : : : : : : 0.5 1.1 7.1 : 

FI : : : : : : 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 

SE : : : : : : : 0.2 0.1 0.6 

UK : : 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : : : 0.5 1.1 a) 

NO : : : : : : : : : : 

CH a) : : : 3.0 4.0 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.4 : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 a) 0.2 a) 0.7 a) 



T. 3.31: Share of gross box office receipts from French films, % 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE 37.2 22.6 13.8 10.6 11.3 13.3 11.6 12.1 a) 9.8 a) 13.3 a) 

DK : 1.6 1.5 2.6 2.7 3.5 0.5 2.2 1.6 0.6 

DE 6.4 4.2 2.0 1.7 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 a) 0.9 a) 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES 4.8 4.3 2.3 2.9 2.7 2.5 0.9 3.3 1.6 3.6 

FR 47.9 44.9 37.4 37.4 37.3 34.2 27.2 32.2 28.5 a) 41.7 a) 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT 8.9 6.3 3.8 4.0 2.5 3.9 2.1 2.7 a) 5.8 a) 5.3 

LU a) : : : : : : 8.8 7.2 : : 

NL 7.8 1.9 1.9 0.8 0.8 : : 2.1 0.3 1.0 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT a) : : : : : 6.5 7.1 5.0 6.3 : 

FI : : : : : : 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.8 

SE : : : : : : : 2.2 1.2 2.7 

UK : : 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.2 a) 0.2 a) 0.2 a) 0.3 a) 0.8 a) 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.1 1.4 1.8 

NO : : : : : : : : : : 

CH a) : : : 12.0 12.0 7.0 6.3 9.8 7.9 11.4 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.1 0.4 a) 0.3 a) 1.0 a) 



55

T. 3.32: Share of gross box office receipts from Italian films, % 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : : : : : 1.4 1.6 a) 0.3 a) 0.6 a) 

DK : 1.6 0.4 0.2 1.4 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 

DE 13.8 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.0 a) 0.2 a) 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES 13.0 3.1 2.1 0.6 1.6 0.4 0.3 3.5 0.2 0.3 

FR : : : : : 0.1 2.1 0.8 0.4 a) 0.3 a) 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT 43.5 31.8 21.0 21.2 24.8 32.9 24.8 24.1 a) 17.5 a) 19.4 a) 

LU a) : : : : : : 0.5 1.5 : : 

NL 14.6 3.2 0.2 0.5 0.9 : : 1.9 0.1 0.0 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT a) : : : : : 8.0 5.2 3.3 0.8 : 

FI : : : : : : 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 

SE : : : : : : : 0.8 0.1 0.1 

UK : : 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.0 : 0.5 0.0 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : 1.1 0.0 0.0 : 0.0 : 

NO : : : : : : : : : : 

CH a) : : : 2.0 6.0 2.0 3.2 2.4 2.1 : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : 0.3 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.9 a) 0.0 a) 0.1 a) 



T. 3.33: Share of gross box office receipts from Spanish films, % 

56 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : : : : : 0.3 : : : 

DK : : : : : 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 

DE : : : : : 0.0 0.1 0.4 : : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES 20.2 16.2 10.4 12.2 9.3 13.0 12.0 14.0 10.0 17.9 

FR : : : : : 0.1 2.1 0.8 : : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT 0.6 0.5 0.9 : 0.9 0.6 0.1 : : : 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : 1.9 0.1 0.0 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : : : : : : 

FI : : : : : : 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 

SE : : : : : : : 0.8 0.1 0.1 

UK : : 0.3 : : : : : : : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : : : 0.0 : 

NO : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : 0.1 : : : : : : : 


A

T. 3.34: Number of cinemas 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : : 10 461 : : 10 543 10 438 10 552 

BE : : : 140 141 : 137 135 d) 135 d) 123 d) 

DK 329 241 180 163 166 164 166 167 164 165 

DE b) : : 1 721 1 921 1 917 1 817 1 768 1 730 1 722 1 815 

EL : : : 330 d) 322 d) 312 d) 319 d) 320 d) 322 d) 350 d) 

ES : : : 1 269 1 217 1 226 c) 1 329 c) 1 334 c) 1 298 1 254 

FR 3 053 2 842 2 300 2 218 2 150 2 159 2 152 2 170 2 164 2 182 

IE : : : 63 63 62 64 66 69 d) 70 d) 

IT : : : 2 086 2 050 2 157 e) 2 159 e) 2 259 d) 2 216 d) 2 243 g) 

LU : : 9 9 8 9 8 8 11 11 

NL : : : 163 160 154 154 183 181 173 

AT : : 264 237 234 237 d) 222 d) 213 d) 203 d) 206 d) 

PT : : : 203 217 : : 214 226 238 

FI 317 305 264 242 236 234 233 237 228 219 

SE : : 920 854 845 847 839 815 813 811 

UK 942 663 737 743 735 747 759 692 686 692 

CZ : : : : : : : : : 660 

EE : : : : : : : 9 9 10 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 32 30 34 

LT : : : : : : : 125 99 74 

HU : : : : : : : 410 : 427 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 682 675 648 

SI : : : : : : : 85 78 : 

SK : : : : : : : 335 279 276 

BG : : : : : : : 191 179 : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 12 8 6 31 31 30 25 25 25 : 

NO 406 429 330 275 274 262 260 262 255 244 

CH : : : : 327 328 323 329 : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US f) : : : 7 744 7 798 7 480 7 418 7 551 7 421 7 070 

a) Eurostat estimate, b) the old data includes only Western Germany, the new data is for whole D, c) Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y 

las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA), d) Source: Media Salles (MS), e) Società Italiana Autori Editori (SIAE), f) Source: Motion Picture Producers 

Association of America, g) Source: ANEC 

T. 3.35: Number of screens 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : 17 753 18 134 19 013 20 212 21 371 22 797 23 818 24 822 

BE 500 440 411 423 440 438 463 463 465 : 

DK 475 429 347 313 322 320 328 345 350 361 

DE 3 354 3 442 3 773 3 836 4 057 4 128 4 244 4 438 4 783 4 792 j) 

EL : 600 500 350 340 340 360 380 391 : 

ES b) 4 096 3 109 1 773 2 090 2 354 2 565 3 025 3 354 3 500 3 770 

FR 4 500 5 153 4 518 4 378 4 529 4 661 4 773 4 979 5 110 5 236 

IE 163 135 171 191 215 228 261 299 316 320 

IT c) : : 2 275 2 281 2 326 2 456 2 619 2 839 2 948 3 198 

LU 12 17 17 17 16 26 21 21 25 25 

NL 563 511 471 484 493 444 461 523 562 558 

AT 481 516 390 412 423 424 424 503 523 c) 587 c) 

PT 423 379 276 241 270 313 330 401 420 455 

FI 352 378 340 330 325 322 d) 331 d) 362 d) 343 d) 339 d) 

SE 1 249 1 116 1 160 1 168 1 165 1 164 1 167 1 132 e) 1 131 e) 1 155 e) 

UK 1 576 1 311 1 331 1 620 1 738 2 383 f) 2 564 f) 2 758 f) 2 954 f) 3 164 f) 

CZ c) : : : 817 765 747 764 740 743 749 

EE c,k) : : : 214 197 180 76 174 76 81 

CY c) : : : 22 24 23 26 30 28 44 

LV : : : : : : : 34 32 36 

LT : : : 174 m) 117 n) 124 n) 113 n) 105 n) 109 84 

HU : : : 504 c) 498 c) 523 c) 605 c) 604 564 622 

MT g) : : : : : : : 36 46 45 

PL : : : : 706 n) 686 n) 686 n) 718 811 855 

SI c) : : : : 99 93 93 88 84 92 

SK : : : 326 g) 334 g) 296 g) 296 g) 342 293 290 

BG c) : : : 160 154 121 106 191 202 202 

RO c) : : : 434 407 441 379 316 293 276 

IS 15 21 22 23 26 50 45 46 47 51 

NO c) 445 448 399 394 395 402 392 398 391 394 

CH 483 437 398 439 445 460 518 471 499 508 

JP i) 2 364 2 137 1 836 1 776 1 828 1 884 1 993 2 221 2 524 2 585 

US h) 17 590 21 147 23 689 27 805 29 690 31 640 34 186 37 185 37 396 36 764 

a) Eurostat estimate, b) Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA), c) Source: Media Salles (MS), d) Source: 

Finnish Chamber of Film, e) Source: SFI (Swedish Film Institute), f) Source: BFI Handbook, Screen Finance, g) EAO, h) Source: Motion 

Picture Association of America, i) Source: Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan, j) Source: FFA (German Federal Film Board), 

k) Data include village cinema clubs, m) Source: UNESCO, Including non-commercial units, n) Source: UNESCO 

57

T. 3.36: Number of seats, thousand 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : : : : 5 294 5 859 : : 

BE 174 116 98 101 103 104 108 107 107 : 

DK 112 76 57 50 50 51 51 52 55 55 

DE 910 723 781 730 760 773 801 835 874 884 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : 2 370 886 900 900 1 000 b) 1 150 b) 1 230 b) 1 280 b) 1 308 b) 

FR 1 409 1 276 1 007 922 954 975 991 1 025 1 051 1 071 

IE : 53 : 38 49 44 50 53 b) 59 b) 58 b) 

IT : : : : : : : : : : 

LU : 4 4 3 3 5 4 4 5 5 

NL 159 122 102 94 96 89 93 98 105 98 

AT 146 129 77 73 70 75 76 72 c) 91 c) 100 c) 

PT 237 185 111 71 77 82 : 101 104 102 

FI 94 88 66 58 57 56 d) 58 d) 63 d) 59 d) 58 d) 

SE : 240 223 207 203 199 199 193 e) 190 e) 194 e) 

UK : : 472 552 567 603 b) 639 b) 710 b) 696 733 

CZ c) : : : : 300 290 290 292 295 195 

EE c) : : : : : 4 3 3 4 5 

CY c) : : : : : 8 : 10 10 11 

LV : : : : 29 c) 23 c) 24 c) 26 23 25 

LT : : : : 26 c) 28 c) 27 c) 30 27 23 

HU : : : : 138 c) 144 c) 146 c) 117 : 134 

MT c) : : : : : : : 9 10 10 

PL : : : : 238 230 229 211 227 : 

SI : : : : 28 c) 27 c) 26 c) 25 22 : 

SK : : : : 87 c) 84 c) 84 c) 95 93 96 

BG : : : : 67 c) 51 c) 51 c) 83 71 : 

RO : : : : 150 c) 164 c) 110 c) 129 114 111 

IS f) 6 6 5 6 6 10 9 10 10 : 

NO 137 125 101 92 92 90 88 89 : 85 

CH 164 128 101 100 101 101 100 102 : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) Eurostat estimate, based on screens multiplied by the seats per screen, b) Source: Media Salles (MS), 

c) EAO, d) Source: Finnish Chamber of Film, e) Source: SFI (Swedish Film Institute). 

f) IS data 1980-1996: only include Reykjavik 

T. 3.37: Screens per cinema 

58 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : : 1.8 : : 2.2 2.3 2.4 

BE : : : 3.0 3.1 : 3.4 3.4 3.4 : 

DK 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 

DE : : 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.6 

EL : : : 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 : 

ES : : : 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.0 

FR 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 

IE : : : 3.0 3.4 3.7 4.1 4.5 4.6 4.6 

IT : : : 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 

LU : : 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3 

NL : : : 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.2 

AT : : 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.4 2.6 2.8 

PT : : : 1.2 1.2 : : 1.9 1.9 1.9 

FI 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 

SE : : 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 

UK 1.7 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.4 3.2 3.4 4.0 4.3 4.6 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : 1.1 

LV : : : : : : : 1.1 1.1 1.1 

LT : : : : : : : 0.8 1.1 1.1 

HU : : : : : : : 1.5 : 1.5 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 1.1 1.2 1.3 

SI : : : : : : : 1.0 1.1 : 

SK : : : : : : : 1.0 1.1 1.1 

BG : : : : : : : 1.0 1.1 : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 1.3 2.6 3.7 0.7 0.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 : 

NO 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 

CH : : : : 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : 3.6 3.8 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.0 5.2 


A

T. 3.38: Cinemas per 100 000 inhabitants 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : : 2.8 : : 2.8 2.8 2.8 

BE : : : 1.4 1.4 : 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 

DK : : 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 

DE : : 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 

EL : : : 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 : 

ES : : : 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 

FR : : 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 

IE : : : 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 

IT : : : 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.9 

LU : : 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.5 

NL : : : 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 

AT : : 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 

PT : : : 2.0 2.2 : : 2.1 2.2 2.3 

FI : : 5.3 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.2 

SE : : 10.8 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.2 9.2 9.1 

UK : : 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : 0.6 0.7 0.7 

CY : : : : : : : : : 6.4 

LV : : : : : : : 1.3 1.3 1.4 

LT : : : : : : : 3.4 2.7 2.0 

HU : : : : : : : 4.1 : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 1.8 1.7 1.7 

SI : : : : : : : 4.3 3.9 : 

SK : : : : : : : 6.2 5.2 5.1 

BG : : : : : : : 2.3 2.2 : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : 2.4 11.6 11.6 11.1 9.2 9.1 9.0 : 

NO : : 7.8 6.3 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.4 

CH : : : : 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 


T. 3.39: Screens per 100 000 inhabitants 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.7 6.1 6.3 6.6 

BE : : 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.5 : 

DK : : 6.8 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.5 6.6 6.7 

DE : : 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.8 5.8 

EL : : 4.9 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.7 : 

ES : : 4.6 5.3 6.0 6.5 7.7 8.5 8.8 9.4 

FR : : 8.0 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.7 8.9 

IE : : 4.9 5.3 5.9 6.2 7.1 8.0 8.4 8.4 

IT : : 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.9 5.1 5.5 

LU : : 4.5 4.2 3.9 6.2 5.0 4.9 5.7 5.7 

NL : : 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.5 

AT : : 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.3 6.2 6.5 7.2 

PT : : 2.8 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.4 

FI : : 6.8 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.5 

SE : : 13.6 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 12.8 12.8 13.0 

UK : : 2.3 2.8 3.0 4.0 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.3 

CZ : : : 7.9 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.3 

EE : : : 14.3 13.3 12.3 5.2 12.0 5.5 5.9 

CY : : : 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.5 4.0 3.7 5.8 

LV : : : : : : : 1.4 1.3 1.5 

LT : : : 4.7 3.2 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.3 

HU : : : 4.9 4.9 5.1 6.0 6.0 5.6 : 

MT : : : : : : : 9.5 12.1 11.5 

PL : : : : 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 

SI : : : : 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.6 

SK : : : 6.1 6.2 5.5 5.5 6.3 5.4 5.4 

BG : : : 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 

RO : : : 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2 

IS : : 8.7 8.6 9.7 18.5 16.5 16.7 16.8 18.0 

NO : : 9.4 9.1 9.0 9.2 8.9 9.0 8.7 8.7 

CH : : 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.5 7.3 6.6 7.0 7.1 

JP : : 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8 : : 

US : : 9.5 10.4 11.0 11.6 12.4 13.3 13.3 12.9 


59

T. 3.40: Admissions per screen, thousand 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : 32 35 37 38 38 36 35 37 

BE 41 41 42 45 48 46 55 47 51 : 

DK 34 26 28 28 31 34 34 32 31 33 

DE 43 30 27 32 33 35 35 34 32 37 

EL : 38 26 23 26 34 34 34 35 : 

ES 43 33 44 45 44 41 37 39 39 39 

FR 39 34 27 30 30 32 36 31 32 35 

IE 58 33 43 52 53 50 48 42 47 50 

IT : : 40 40 41 41 45 36 35 35 

LU 54 39 32 40 47 46 67 63 54 57 

NL 51 31 32 37 36 43 44 36 38 43 

AT 36 25 26 29 28 32 36 30 31 32 

PT 73 53 35 31 39 44 45 42 42 42 

FI 28 18 18 16 17 18 19 19 21 19 

SE 18 16 14 13 13 13 14 14 15 16 

UK 64 55 59 60 68 58 53 51 48 49 

CZ : : : 11 12 13 12 11 12 14 

EE : : : 5 5 5 14 5 14 16 

CY : : : 35 37 40 39 28 36 20 

LV : : : : : : : 40 46 32 

LT : : : 4 4 5 14 17 19 28 

HU : : : 28 27 31 24 24 25 25 

MT : : : : : : : 28 21 23 

PL : : : : 30 35 30 38 26 32 

SI : : : : 27 27 28 22 26 27 

SK : : : 17 15 14 14 9 9 10 

BG : : : 29 22 22 22 10 11 10 

RO : : : 39 31 21 18 13 17 21 

IS 119 68 56 53 50 30 34 33 33 31 

NO 39 29 29 28 29 27 29 28 29 31 

CH 43 38 36 34 34 34 31 33 31 34 

JP 70 73 79 72 65 75 77 65 54 63 

US 58 50 50 45 45 44 43 39 38 40 


T. 3.41: Admissions per seat 

60 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : : : : 155 138 : : 

BE 119 154 174 191 205 195 236 205 221 : 

DK 142 149 168 177 198 214 218 214 194 216 

DE 158 144 131 171 175 185 186 178 175 201 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : 43 89 105 116 105 98 107 106 112 

FR 125 137 121 141 143 153 172 150 158 174 

IE : 86 : 257 235 261 250 236 253 277 

IT : : : : : : : : : : 

LU : 150 156 217 251 224 316 294 267 277 

NL 179 130 149 190 184 213 217 190 205 245 

AT 120 102 132 164 168 182 202 209 179 190 

PT 130 108 86 104 136 168 : 168 171 190 

FI 106 76 93 91 96 107 109 112 120 112 

SE : 73 70 73 76 76 79 83 89 93 

UK : : 167 176 209 231 212 197 205 213 

CZ : : : : 30 33 32 29 30 53 

EE : : : : : 244 309 266 304 238 

CY : : : : : 113 : 88 105 77 

LV : : : : 33 56 59 53 64 46 

LT : : : : 18 20 60 59 78 102 

HU : : : : 96 114 100 123 : 116 

MT : : : : : : : 114 96 104 

PL : : : : 90 106 89 130 92 : 

SI : : : : 97 93 98 80 99 : 

SK : : : : 56 48 49 32 28 30 

BG : : : : 50 52 46 23 31 : 

RO : : : : 84 58 62 32 45 52 

IS 290 243 226 207 200 141 166 159 161 : 

NO 127 104 113 119 125 121 131 126 : 145 

CH 128 129 141 148 150 154 158 151 : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


A

T. 3.42: Seats per screen 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : : : : 248 257 : : 

BE 347 264 239 238 235 237 233 231 229 : 

DK 236 177 165 159 155 158 154 149 157 153 

DE 271 210 207 190 187 187 189 188 183 184 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : 762 500 431 382 390 380 367 366 347 

FR 313 248 223 211 211 209 208 206 206 204 

IE : 389 : 200 227 193 190 177 186 180 

IT : : : : : : : : : : 

LU : 259 207 182 188 204 213 213 204 204 

NL 282 238 217 195 194 201 201 188 187 175 

AT 304 250 197 176 166 178 178 143 174 170 

PT 561 489 403 295 284 261 : 251 249 224 

FI 266 233 195 177 176 172 176 173 172 172 

SE : 215 192 177 174 171 171 171 168 168 

UK : : 355 341 326 253 249 257 235 232 

CZ : : : : 392 402 380 392 397 260 

EE : : : : : 22 45 19 47 68 

CY : : : : : 358 : 320 343 252 

LV : : : : : : : 767 716 698 

LT : : : : 223 227 236 285 248 276 

HU : : : : 277 275 241 194 : 215 

MT : : : : : : : 246 220 223 

PL : : : : 337 335 334 294 280 : 

SI : : : : 283 290 282 279 267 : 

SK : : : : 260 283 283 279 318 333 

BG : : : : 433 425 478 436 353 : 

RO : : : : 368 371 290 410 389 402 

IS 410 278 249 254 249 209 203 209 208 : 

NO 309 278 253 234 234 224 224 224 : 215 

CH 339 293 254 229 226 219 194 216 : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


T. 3.43: Average ticket price, ECU/EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 1.9 3.1 4.2 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.6 

BE 2.6 3.1 3.8 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.6 

DK 2.6 3.4 4.3 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 7.0 7.3 

DE 2.5 3.3 3.9 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.5 

EL : 1.8 3.2 4.3 4.3 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.6 

ES 1.3 1.9 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 

FR 2.7 3.7 4.5 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5 

IE : 5.1 3.4 3.5 3.5 4.7 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.2 

IT 1.4 2.8 4.4 4.1 4.6 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.3 

LU 1.8 2.7 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.0 

NL 2.7 3.9 4.8 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.9 6.2 

AT : 3.6 4.0 5.4 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.8 6.3 6.3 

PT 0.7 1.2 1.6 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.7 3.9 

FI 2.6 5.2 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.1 

SE 3.4 5.0 6.7 6.2 7.1 : : 7.5 8.0 8.1 

UK 2.4 2.9 4.8 5.0 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.2 6.6 6.7 

CZ : : : : 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.9 : 

EE : : : : 1.7 1.9 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.7 

CY : : : : 5.9 4.8 8.7 5.3 5.6 6.4 

LV : : : : 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.8 

LT : : : : 0.5 0.9 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.8 

HU : : : : 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 

MT : : : : : : : 4.4 4.7 4.7 

PL : : : : : : : 2.9 3.0 3.6 

SI : : : : 2.1 3.0 2.7 4.2 4.1 : 

SK : : : : 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 

BG : : : : : : : 2.1 1.7 : 

RO : : : : 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.1 

IS 1.8 4.1 5.3 6.5 6.2 6.7 6.7 7.9 8.7 : 

NO 1.7 3.5 4.2 4.9 5.2 5.6 5.9 6.3 6.4 6.9 

CH 3.0 4.8 5.9 8.4 8.4 8.0 7.9 8.3 8.9 9.4 

JP 3.1 6.2 6.4 10.1 9.0 9.2 8.6 10.4 12.7 11.3 

US 1.9 4.7 3.3 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.8 5.9 6.3 


61

T. 3.44: New feature films released for the first time 

62 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) 367 325 260 259 275 276 280 301 323 298 

BE 135 385 343 518 477 573 480 447 b) 444 b) : 

DK 263 227 172 151 183 170 176 176 192 172 

DE 334 309 303 260 287 286 287 327 373 338 

EL : 304 145 183 168 135 169 154 191 220 

ES 500 456 328 417 524 481 c) 501 c) 479 c) 523 c) 516 c) 

FR 694 456 370 405 410 417 470 528 567 506 

IE : : 145 168 184 166 156 b) : : : 

IT 541 354 461 342 390 380 d) 383 e) 420 e) 415 e) 414 d) 

LU : 266 220 144 140 231 218 221 289 : 

NL 336 295 187 254 256 227 232 247 272 248 

AT 304 384 292 241 254 249 260 242 b) 236 b) 239 b) 

PT 395 : 289 185 207 200 209 181 241 208 

FI 236 218 172 138 162 145 148 188 170 f) 165 f) 

SE 302 247 212 204 203 201 186 210 g) 223 g) 203 g) 

UK : : : 280 h) 284 h) 284 329 393 383 352 

CZ : : : 131 b) 167 b) 173 b) 150 b) 158 b) 164 b) 116 

EE : : : 85 b) 82 b) 83 b) 82 b) 81 81 105 

CY b) : : : 179 186 212 162 118 130 120 

LV : : : : : : : 85 88 141 

LT : : : 79 b) : : 72 b) 109 b) 125 b) 196 

HU : : : 143 b) 159 b) 173 b) 165 b) 176 199 164 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 176 b) : 157 b) 156 197 204 

SI b) : : : 192 145 : 229 85 146 : 

SK : : : 125 b) 133 b) 142 b) 108 b) 132 135 160 

BG : : : 136 b) 142 b) 101 b) 144 b) 149 143 120 

RO b) : : : 108 109 97 89 101 102 135 

IS 216 233 179 189 198 188 157 193 164 177 

NO 261 268 181 205 202 218 229 237 209 189 

CH : 346 343 : 332 329 350 b) 310 b) 270 b) 238 b) 

JP j) 528 583 704 610 598 611 555 568 644 630 

US i) 191 389 385 370 420 461 490 442 478 482 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain, a) Eurostat estimate; Reflects average per country, b) Source: European Audiovisual Observatory, c) 

Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA), d) Società Italiana Autori Editori (SIAE), e) ANICA (trade organisation 

of film producers), f) Source: Finnish Chamber of Film, g) Source: SFI (Swedish Film Institute), h) Source: BFI Handbook, BFI/EDI, i) Source: 

Motion Picture Association of America, j) Source: Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan 

T. 3.45: New feature films of national origin released for the first time 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE 2 3 7 24 31 31 30 : : : 

DK 14 10 13 13 22 17 23 22 21 24 

DE 49 64 48 63 64 61 50 74 75 83 

EL 27 33 6 17 10 2 b) 4 b) 5 b) 12 b) 10 b) 

ES : 65 33 59 93 80 c) 65 c) 82 c) 98 c) 109 c) 

FR 238 158 129 149 161 170 176 201 225 204 

IE 0 2 : 8 5 4 9 : : : 

IT 160 89 119 75 109 87 d) 92 e) 108 e) 103 e) 108 d) 

LU : 2 1 3 2 2 3 1 0 : 

NL 7 16 14 38 36 : 32 f) 20 28 24 

AT 8 18 19 22 15 30 24 g) 23 g) 17 g) 12 g) 

PT 9 : 4 13 6 7 : 15 13 13 

FI 10 13 14 8 10 9 8 16 9 h) 12 h) 

SE 24 20 16 24 27 30 20 23 i) 38 i) 25 i) 

UK : : : 49 38 82 j) 75 j) 99 j) 86 j) 86 j) 

CZ : : : 20 g) 19 g) 20 g) 14 g) 15 g) 19 g) 16 

EE : : : 1 g) 0 g) 1 g) 3 g) 2 0 3 

CY g) : : : 0 1 2 : 0 2 0 

LV : : : : : : : 1 1 : 

LT : : : 3 g) : : 0 g) 0 g) 1 : 

HU : : : 9 g) 20 g) 16 g) 13 16 22 23 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : 20 g) 26 g) : 21 g) 16 24 27 

SI g) : : : 4 3 : 7 4 : : 

SK : : 4 g) 4 g) 2 g) 4 g) 2 3 2 

BG : : : 2 g) 6 g) 3 g) 1 g) 4 2 4 

RO g) : : : 9 6 4 3 3 0 8 

IS 3 3 2 7 2 4 2 2 6 4 

NO 10 10 10 18 13 18 14 12 9 9 

CH g) : : 25 : : : 28 30 34 27 

JP l) 320 319 239 289 278 278 249 270 282 281 

US k) : 257 287 : : 394 : : : : 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain, a) Eurostat estimate; Reflects average per country, b) Source: Ministry of Press and Mass Media, c) 

Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA), d) Società Italiana Autori Editori (SIAE), e) ANICA (trade organisation 

of film producers), f) Source: Media Salles (MS), g) Source: European Audiovisual Observatory, h) Source: Finnish Chamber of Film, 

i) Source: SFI (Swedish Film Institute), j) Source: BFI Handbook, BFI/EDI. Films released during the year, including re-releases of old films, 

k) Source: Motion Picture Association of America, l) Source: Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan 

A

T. 3.46: New feature films of national origin released for the first time, share of total in % 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE 1 1 2 5 6 5 6 : : : 

DK 5 4 8 9 12 10 13 13 11 14 

DE 15 21 16 24 22 21 17 23 20 25 

EL : 11 4 9 6 1 2 3 6 5 

ES : 14 10 14 18 17 13 17 19 21 

FR 34 35 35 37 39 41 37 38 40 40 

IE : : : 5 3 2 6 : : : 

IT 30 25 26 22 28 23 24 26 25 26 

LU : 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 : 

NL 2 5 7 15 14 : 14 8 10 10 

AT 3 5 7 9 6 12 9 10 7 5 

PT 2 : 1 7 3 4 : 8 5 6 

FI 4 6 8 6 6 6 5 9 5 7 

SE 8 8 8 12 13 15 11 11 17 12 

UK : : : 18 13 29 23 25 22 24 

CZ : : : 15 11 12 9 9 12 14 

EE : : : 1 0 1 4 2 0 3 

CY : : : 0 1 1 : 0 2 0 

LV : : : : : : : 1 1 : 

LT : : : 4 : : 0 0 1 : 

HU : : : 6 13 9 8 9 11 14 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 15 : 13 10 12 13 

SI : : : 2 2 : 3 5 : : 

SK : : : 3 3 1 4 2 2 1 

BG : : : 1 4 3 1 3 1 3 

RO : : : 8 6 4 3 3 0 6 

IS 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 2 

NO 4 4 6 9 6 8 6 5 4 5 

CH : : 7 : : : 8 10 13 11 

JP 61 55 34 47 46 45 45 48 44 45 

US : 66 75 : : 85 : : : : 


T. 3.47: New feature films of US origin released for the first time 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE 63 : 177 263 204 265 217 178 182 : 

DK 144 139 120 91 110 89 101 95 108 92 

DE 109 146 155 135 150 135 146 132 165 144 

EL : 178 116 114 107 100 103 b) 120 b) 134 b) 137 b) 

ES : 179 173 191 207 212 c) 240 c) 216 c) 257 c) 223 c) 

FR 135 121 138 139 141 144 173 183 194 162 

IE : : : 112 133 115 114 : : : 

IT 141 152 227 179 189 182 d) 183 e) 178 e) : 179 d) 

LU : 118 110 90 91 130 120 112 138 : 

NL 141 192 118 121 138 130 120 f) 119 116 107 

AT 107 192 154 129 142 121 g) 132 g) 119 g) 130 g) 128 g) 

PT 131 : 187 89 138 133 138 118 136 129 

FI 111 125 110 86 87 88 82 100 105 h) 94 h) 

SE 145 141 112 95 104 108 106 108 120 i) 112 i) 

UK : : : 153 170 153 j) 159 j) 148 j) 140 j) : 

CZ : : : 85 g) 103 g) 115 g) 98 g) 84 g) 94 g) 73 

EE : : : 68 g) : : : 57 69 79 

CY g) : : : 159 164 198 142 107 116 97 

LV : : : : : : : 64 75 100 

LT : : : 40 g) : : 53 g) 73 g) 91 g) 171 

HU : : : 98 g) 99 g) 118 g) 110 g) 119 125 93 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : 98 g) 119 g) : 96 g) 93 116 109 

SI g) : : : 152 117 : 174 58 114 : 

SK : : 77 g) 99 g) 106 g) 80 g) 82 82 95 

BG : : : 118 121 85 110 116 105 91 

RO g) : : : 74 86 80 76 72 91 108 

IS 135 189 158 140 159 149 133 158 132 131 

NO 131 150 115 107 114 121 126 129 117 105 

CH : 171 196 : : : 240 g) 225 g) 115 g) 110 g) 

JP k) 141 180 248 176 175 169 152 158 : : 

US : 257 287 : : : : : : : 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain, a) Eurostat estimate; Reflects average per country, b) Source : Ministry of Press and Mass Media, 

c) Source:Instituto de la Cinematografía y las Artes Audiovisuales( ICAA), d) Società Italiana Autori Editori (SIAE), e) ANICA (trade organisation 

of film producers), f) Source: Media Salles (MS), g) Source: EAO, h) Source: Finnish Chamber of Film, i) Source: SFI (Swedish Film 

Institute), j) Source: BFI Handbook, BFI/EDI. Films released during the year, including re-releases of old films, k) Source: Motion Picture 

Producers Association of Japan 

63

T. 3.48: New feature films of US origin released for the first time, share of total in % 


a) Source: Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan 

64 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE 47 : 52 51 43 46 45 40 41 : 

DK 55 61 70 60 60 52 57 54 56 53 

DE 33 47 51 52 52 47 51 40 44 43 

EL : 59 80 62 64 74 61 78 70 62 

ES : 39 53 46 40 44 48 45 49 43 

FR 19 27 37 34 34 35 37 35 34 32 

IE : : : 67 72 69 73 : : : 

IT 26 43 49 52 48 48 48 42 : 43 

LU : 44 50 63 65 56 55 51 48 : 

NL 42 65 63 48 54 57 52 48 43 43 

AT 35 50 53 54 56 49 51 49 55 54 

PT 33 : 65 48 67 67 66 65 56 62 

FI 47 57 64 62 54 61 55 53 62 57 

SE 48 57 53 47 51 54 57 51 54 55 

UK : : : 55 60 54 48 38 37 : 

CZ : : : 65 62 66 65 53 57 63 

EE : : : 80 : : : 70 85 75 

CY : : : 89 88 93 88 91 89 81 

LV : : : : : : : 75 85 71 

LT : : : 51 : : 74 67 73 87 

HU : : : 69 62 68 67 68 63 57 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 68 : 61 60 59 53 

SI : : : 79 81 : 76 68 78 : 

SK : : : 62 74 75 74 62 61 59 

BG : : : 87 85 84 76 78 73 76 

RO : : : 69 79 82 85 71 89 80 

IS 63 81 88 74 80 79 85 82 80 74 

NO 50 56 64 52 56 56 55 54 56 56 

CH : 49 57 : : : 69 73 43 46 

JP a) 27 31 35 29 29 28 27 28 : : 

US : 66 75 : : : : : : : 

A

4. DVD and video market

The total DVD and video market increased by 

20% in 2001 

The total DVD and video market in the EU 

increased by 1.5 billion EUR (+20%) reaching 8.9 

billion euro in 2001. The US market increased 

14%, totalling 22.9 billion euro. Sales of prerecorded 

videocassettes still account for the majority 

of sales in the EU-15 (41%), but the format lost 

12 percentage points compared to 2000. This was 

mainly due to the gain of market share for retail 

DVD sales, which increased 1.6 billion euro (32% 

of the market). Including sales and rentals, the 

DVD format accounts for 36% of the turnover in 

the EU and 34% in the US. A large difference 

between the US and the EU-15 is the VHS rentals 

market: 42% in the US against 24% in the EU-15. 

Several large companies announced the DVD (digital 

versatile disc) standard in November 1995. In 

1998 only few households owned a DVD player: 

284 thousand, or 0.2% of all EU-15 households. 

Eurostat estimates (see also table 4.2 on page 74) 

that at least 8.3 million DVD players were sold in 

the EU-15 in 2001, resulting in an increase of the 

share of DVD households to 8.6%. 

As the DVD market in Europe is just emerging, it 

may be too early to draw any further conclusions 

than to note that Iceland (19.2%), France (12.6%) 

and the UK (12.3%) had relatively high household 

penetration rates in 2001. Still, the US was the 

largest market for DVD by the end of 2001, with 

an installed base of 25 million players. In 2002 the 

number of DVD households in the US increased to 

39 million. United Kingdom, France and Germany 

each have about three million DVD players, 

accounting for 70% of the stock in the EU-15. 

A 

[%] 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

19 

12 

13 


F. 4.1: Share of TV households owning DVD player in 2001 

12 11 10 

10 10 8 

8 8 7 

7 

4 

4 4 

4 3 

3 3 2 

IS FR UK CH DK BE NL NO DE SE AT IE ES LT CZ FI EL PT IT HU PL E 

U- 

15 

US JP 

F. 4.3: Consumer spending on video cassettes and DVDs in the EU and in the US comparing 2000 with 2001 

DVD 

rental 

1.2% 

VHS 

rental 

28.9% 

Retail 

DVD 

17.8% 

Retail 

VHS 

52.2% 

DVD 

rental 

3.1% 

VHS 

rental 

24.0% 

Retail 

DVD 

32.4% 

Retail 

VHS 

40.5% 

F. 4.2: DVD player households,1997 - 2002 

[million] 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

0.3 

0.1 

DVD 

rental 

3.7% 

1.2 

0.3 

VHS 

rental 

51.2% 

Retail 

DVD 

17.3% 

4.6 

1.4 

Retail 

VHS 

27.8% 

13.0 

4.6 

DVD 

rental 

8.1% 

VHS 

rental 

41.9% 

24.8 

12.9 

97 98 99 00 01 02 

EU-15, 2000: 7.4 billion EUR EU-15, 2001: 8.9 billion EUR US, 2000: 20.1 billion EUR US, 2001: 22.9 billion EUR 

US 


9 

Retail 

DVD 

26.2% 

Retail 

VHS 

23.9% 

24 

38.8 

67 

19

Compared to the United States, Europe is about 

one year behind in number of DVD players sold. 

There were 1.4 million DVD households in 1999, 

4.6 million in 2000 and 12.9 million in 2001 in 

EU-15 compared to 1.2 million in the US in 1998, 

4.6 million in 1999 and 13.0 million in 2000. 

DVD equipment: 2.7 billion euro spend on 

DVD players in the EU in 2001 

According to EAO, the French invested 536 million 

euro on DVD players. The British spent slightly 

less: 490 million euro, followed by the Germans 

(403 million euro). Eurostat estimates the average 

DVD player purchase amounted to 330 euro in 

2001. 

118 million DVDs sold in 2001 in the EU 

The DVD market is expected to continue to 

expand strongly in the near future: The DVD 

drives will be considered as standard equipment 

on PCs. The European launch of PlayStation2 in 

2000 and Xbox in 2002 (game consoles including 

DVD) has encouraged the development of the 

DVD market. Increased competition from new 

manufacturers entering the European market has 

led to decreasing retail prices on players and 

boosts sales in the lower market segments. As 

seen in DVD-Video, highly competitive pricing at 

the retail level helped boost the market to some 

194 million units sold in 1999 worldwide, with a 

474 million forecast for 2000 according to the 

International Recording Media Association. 

Since its 1997 introduction, DVD technology has 

gained on VHS and VCRs. DVD players use CDsize 

disks to play full-length films with sharp video 

images and dynamic sound. 

EU-15 households bought 118 million discs in 

2001 generating a total turnover of 2.9 billion 

euro. Compared to 2000, the revenues increased 

119%, confirming the potential for growth of 

this new technology. Three quarter of the sales 

turnover came from three countries: United 

Kingdom, France and Germany. 41.3 million DVD 

discs were sold in the UK in 2001, compared with 

16.6 million in 2000. DVDs popularity increased 

also because of the extras they contain: director's 

cuts and commentaries, outtakes, interviews and 

behind-the-scenes footage. 

68 

[million] 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

764 

407 

US rented 

US sold 

EU-15 sold 

EU-15 rented 

202 


T. 4.1: Household expenditure on DVD players, 

million EUR, Source: European Audiovisual Observatory 

1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : 1 640 2 673 

BE 2 11 20 47 

DK : : : : 

DE 29 117 252 403 

EL : : : : 

ES 7 35 87 195 

FR 3 177 327 536 

IE : : : : 

IT 7 33 74 101 

LU : : : : 

NL 4 29 58 97 

AT 2 7 19 34 

PT : : : : 

FI : : : : 

SE : : 36 40 

UK 16 125 287 490 

CZ : : 6 9 

HU : : 8 12 

SK : : 2 2 

IS : : : : 

NO : : : : 

CH 7 25 46 63 

F. 4.4: Turnover from DVD sales and rentals in EU Member 

States in 2001 


1200 

1 039 

1000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

Sales Rentals 

133 119 

117 117 

53 35 

29 

25 

14 12 

3 

UK FR DE ES IT NL BE SE DK AT FI IE PT EL 

F. 4.5: DVDs sold and rented in the EU and US in 2000 and 

2001 

535 

294 

147 118 

52 81 

35 

2 000 2 001 

A

DVD households in the EU-15 seem to be more 

active in buying DVDs (9.2 per DVD household) 

than VCR households buying video cassettes (with 

only 2.4 video cassettes sold per VCR household), 

even though the average DVD is nearly twice as 

expensive as the average video cassette (24 euro 

against 13 euro). 

Video and DVD revenues are very important to film 

studios because they often represent more than 

half of a film's overall revenue. Film exhibition (cinema 

+ VHS + DVD) in 2001 amounted to 14 billion 

euro, of which 41% was spend on VHS, 37% on 

cinema exhibition and 22% on DVD. 

Among the EU Member States, Portuguese, British, 

and Finns buy most DVDs per DVD player household 

(18, 14 and 13 DVDs respectively). The average 

number of titles released on DVD per EU country 

has increased strongly and overtook the video 

cassette releases: About 1 250 titles on video, 

against 1 830 on DVD. 

On average, 1830 different titles for sale were 

released in 2001 per EU country. In Finland the 

number of titles on DVD reached 4400 different 

titles and 3000 different titles were available in the 

UK in 2001. 

New DVD film sales made up about half of overall 

sales and have kept pace with older films released 

in DVD format. 

The average price per DVD in the EU-15 was 24 

euro in 2001. The average sales price in the United 

States was 17% lower than the average EU-15 

price: 20 euro (using average exchange rate of 

2001). 

81 million DVDs rented in 2001 in the EU 

Among rentals, VHS still dominates. In 2001, 648 

million VHS videos were rented at EU-15 video 

stores. But DVD film rentals increased in 2001 to 

81 million, up from 35 million in 2000. 

EU-15 households rented 81 million DVD discs in 

2001 generating a total turnover of 277 million 

euro. Compared to 2000, the revenues increased 

224%. 

The average rentals price for a DVD in the EU-15 

was 3.4 euro, slightly cheaper than in the US (3.5 

euro). 

A 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

18 


F. 4.6: DVDs sold in EU Member States in 2000 and 2001 

[million] 

45 41.3 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

[million] 25.0 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

26.4 

15.0 

18.9 

6.3 

9.4 8.3 

5.6 

2000 2001 

5.0 4.9 2.8 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.2 0.7 0.1 

UK FR DE ES IT BE NL SE PT DK AT FI IE EL 

F. 4.7: DVDs rented in EU Member States in 2000 and 2001 

2000 2001 

4.9 4.5 3.4 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.0 0.4 

UK DE FR NL BE ES EL SE DK IT IE AT FI PT 

F. 4.8: Number of DVDs sold and rented per DVD household 

in EU Member States in 2001 

DVD sold DVD rented 

14 

13 

12 

12 12 

11 

9 

8 

9 9 

7 7 7 7 7 

7 

7 

5 

6 

5 

5 

4 

3 3 

PT UK FI BE IT FR SE ES NL IE DK DE AT EL 

19 

1 

69 

21

DVD households in EU-15 rented an average of 6.3 

DVD films in 2001 while VCR owners rented about 

5.7 VHS films. 

European market shows different consumption 

preferences: Italian, Portuguese and French residents 

buy DVDs while the Greek, Irish and Dutch 

residents rent. 

Nearly 76% of EU's TV households were 

equipped with a video player in 2001 

Since the introduction of the VHS format and when 

videocassette recorders (VCRs) became affordable in 

the early eighties, the number of VCR households 

grew steadily. As a result of market saturation the 

growth slowed down after 1995. In five EU countries, 

as well as in Iceland Norway and Switzerland, 

United States and Japan, the penetration of VCRs in 

TV households exceeds 80%. On the other end of 

the scale, just 37% of the Greek TV households 

own VCRs. In the Candidate countries, except in 

Poland, the VCR household penetration was low. 

EU-15 citizens spend more per capita on buying 

than renting videocassettes 

The value of the video market (sales + rentals of prerecorded 

video cassettes) of the EU-15 in 2001 was 

5.7 billion euro, which is only 38% of the size of the 

US market: 15.1 billion euro. The value of the 

Japanese video market in 1998 was 4 billion euro. 

F. 4.11: Share of TV households owning VCR in 2001 

70 

[%] 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

92 

IS 

86 84 84 

87 86 84 

82 77 

78 76 

DK 00 

SE 

NO 

CH 

UK 00 

AT 

FR 

NL 

BE 

IE 

75 

FI 

75 

LU 

73 

PL 

71 

ES 

70 

DE 

69 

IT 

63 

PT 

62 

CZ 

49 

SI 

40 

HU 


F. 4.9: Average DVD consumer price and overnight rentals 

charge, 1998 - 2001 


30 

25 

20 

15 

10 


29 

30 

26 25 

24 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

5 

0 

25.8 25.8 25.1 24.3 

21.7 21.7 

2.8 

23.8 

23 

22 22 21 21 

22 21 20 

4 

3 3 3 2 3 2 3 

1 

37 34 

EL 99 

EE 

20.4 

3.2 3.7 

3.5 

2.8 2.1 2.5 3.4 

98 99 00 01 

Average DVD consumer price 

Average overnight DVD rental charge 

27 

BG 

19 

LT 

4 

EU-15 average 

DVD consumer 

price 

US average 

DVD consumer 

price 

EU-15 average 

overnight DVD 

rental charge 

US average 

overnight DVD 

rental charge 

F. 4.10: Average DVD consumer price and overnight rentals 

charge in EU Member States in 2001 

2 2 

76 


20 

94 91 

US 

JP 00 

A 

19 

4 4 

FR EL UK NL BE PT AT DE IE IT ES FI DK SE

In 1990, rentals of videocassettes dominated in 

the EU-15 (63%), the United States (71%) and 

Japan (79%). Since the mid nineties, the sales 

dominated in the EU with two thirds of the 

turnover. In the US and in Japan the sales 

increased threefold during the nineties, while the 

rentals increased marginally, but rentals still dominate 

with two thirds of the total video market. 

Two thirds of the total turnover in the EU-15 

came from three Member States: United 

Kingdom (1.4 billion euro from sales and 0.7 billion 

euro from rentals), France (0.9 billion euro 

and 0.2 billion euro) and Germany (0.4 billion 

euro and 0.4 billion euro). 

If comparing the turnover per capita, the disparities 

are significant. Sales of video cassettes per 

capita reached 9.5 euro in the EU-15, which was 

one half of the sales per capita in the United 

States (19.2) and lower than in Japan with 10.8 

euro per capita in 1998. Among the EU Member 

States, only the UK (22.6 euro per head) exceeds 

the United States' spend on buying videocassettes. 

Second was Denmark with 18 euro followed 

by France with 15 euro per head. The lowest 

spend on video sales was recorded in Greece, 

Portugal and Spain (0.8 euro, 2.9 euro and 3.2 

euro per head). 

EU-15 citizens spend about half as much (5.6 

euro per capita) on renting videocassettes as on 

buying. The average American spends more on 

renting than buying (34 euro). No other country 

in this comparison spends more on video rentals 

per capita than Iceland (38 euro), which also can 

explain the relatively high number of outlets renting 

videos. 

The two Member States with the highest number 

of outlets renting videos also had the highest 

spend on renting video cassettes per capita: 

Ireland (19.3 euro) and Denmark (12.2 euro). 

Greeks and Portuguese spend only little on video 

rentals. 

A 


F. 4.12: Home video sales and rentals in EU Member States 

in 2001 


2500 

2000 

1500 

1000 

500 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

[%] 

70 

5.5 

UK 

00 

2 104 

37 

21 

29 

3.6 

1 110 


US 

JP 

740 

477 

310 

186 162 160 127 115 75 66 43 31 

UK FR DE IT ES NL SE DK BE IE AT FI PT EL LU 

97 

F. 4.13: Share of home video sales in home video sales and 

rentals 

3.1 

2.9 

2.7 

2.5 

2.2 

1.9 

67 

45 

66 66 67 65 

40 41 40 36 

26 30 31 34 

90 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 

F. 4.14: Home videos sold per VCR household in 2001 

1.8 

1.7 

1.4 1.4 1.2 

0.3 

DK PT FR IE IT SE FI BE NL ES AT DE EL 

99 

2.4 

EU- 

15 

64 

35 

4.4 

71 

4 

63 

36 

1.3 

US JP 

97

Sales of video cassettes soaring 

Nearly 275 million videocassettes were sold in the 

EU-15 in 2001, of which 94 million (34% of the 

EU-15) in the UK. Despite a relatively large share 

of the EU-15 sales, the British video sales per VCR 

household were higher than the Americans': 4.4 

cassettes against 5.5. In the EU-15, the average 

purchases were just 2.4 cassettes per VCR household. 

The market for selling videocassettes in the EU-15 

has increased threefold since 1990, while the 

rentals of videocassettes have decreased 6% during 

the same period. The situation is different in 

the United States. Sales increased twice in the 

United States, whilst rentals increased 32% since 

1996. In Japan, sales doubled during the same 

period, but Japanese VCR owners only buy one 

videocassette per year, on average. In Japan, 

rentals still play a dominant role, as the number of 

videocassettes rented increased to 849 million 

(+15%) from 1990 to 1998, i.e. the average 

Japanese VCR household rented videos 25 times 

per year. 

The average EU-15 VCR household rents videocassettes 

5.7 times per year. Video cassette 

rentals is nearly six times as popular in the 

American VCR households: 33.5 times per year. 

Among the EU Member States, only Ireland 

shows high levels of video rentals: 28.5 rentals 

per video household and year. Greece was second 

with 11.7 rentals per VCR household per year. It 

was very popular to rent videos in Iceland, 33 

rentals per year per VCR household. 

Cheaper to rent and buy a video cassette in 

the United States than in EU-15 

The average price per videocassette sold in the EU 

was 13.0 euro in 2001. The average sales price 

was much higher in Japan, 32.4 ECU (data for 

1997), which may explain the relatively low sales 

figures. The average sales price in the United 

States was nearly the same as the average EU-15 

price: 12.8 euro in 2001. 

The average rentals price for a videocassette in 

the EU-15 was 8% higher than in the United 

States (3.3 euro versus 3.0 euro) in 2001. 

72 


5 4.6 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

4.0 

3.6 

3.4 


F. 4.15: Home videos rented per VCR household in 2001 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 


35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

28.5 

11.7 

9.9 9.0 

8.8 6.6 

6.1 5.7 

5.3 5.3 4.5 3.7 

3.3 3.2 

2.8 

IE EL 

99 

ES UK 

00 

DK NL BE SE LU 

98 

13.3 

12.8 12.7 12.4 12.1 21.5 

16.5 

16.5 

14.5 

11.910.5 9.8 

10.2 

9.1 

3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.4 

2.0 

UK SE DK FR IT DE NL BE IE AT FI LU 

97 

1.5 

13.0 12.8 

EL FR IE UK AT DK FI PT DE BE SE IT ES NL EU- 

15 

5.7 

FI DE IT FR AT PT EU- 

15 

F. 4.16: Average home video consumer price in 2001 

PT ES EL EU- 

15 

33.5 

3.3 

3.0 3.1 

US JP 

98 

A 

25.3 

US JP 

97 

32.4 

US JP 

97 

F. 4.17: Average overnight home video rentals charge in 

2001

Decrease in rentals outlets and stagnation in 

sales outlets 

There has been a decline of 39% in the number 

of rentals outlets in the Nineties: from 40 thousand 

in 1990 to 24 thousand in 2001. During the 

same time, the number of outlets selling videos 

has stayed at the same level in most countries. 

While there were more outlets renting than selling 

videos in 1990, in 1995 there were nearly 

twice as many outlets selling as renting videos in 

most of the countries with available data. 

Between 1995 and 2001 the growth was more 

moderate, with the number of outlets selling 

videos in Europe increasing from 40 to 42 thousand. 

One exception was Iceland with more than 6 

times as many rentals stores than selling stores, 

which is reflected in the spend on rentals per 

capita. 

Big differences in outlet density among EU 

Member States 

Sweden has the highest number of outlets selling 

videos per 100 000 inhabitants (56.3), followed 

by Ireland (44.2) and Denmark (29.2). The average 

in the EU-15 is 11.0, lower than in the United 

States (18.8) and Japan (14.7). On the other end 

of the scale was Greece with just 1.4 shops per 

100 000 inhabitants, followed by Portugal (2.7) 

and Italy (5.2). 

Iceland had the highest density of stores renting 

videos (72.7 outlets per 100 000 inhabitants). In 

the EU-15, Denmark is highest (41.8), followed by 

Ireland (26.8) and Finland (19.3). France is lowest 

with just 2.0 outlets per 100 000 inhabitants renting 

videos. 

A 


F. 4.18: Number of outlets selling and renting videos 

in the EU 

50 000 

40 000 

30 000 

20 000 

10 000 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

45 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

0 

56.3 

41.8 

44.2 

SE IE 

99 

26.8 

DK IE 

99 

40 247 

29.2 

29.0 

19.3 

outlets selling videos 

12.7 

8.9 

7.2 

6.8 6.2 5.7 5.5 5.0 

4.3 

3.7 3.5 2.0 

FI ES 

99 

39 500 

24 521 

outlets renting videos 

42 800 

24 084 

17.1 15.612.2 9.3 8.8 8.5 8.4 5.2 2.7 1.4 

DK FI BE NL DE AT FR ES UK IT PT EL 

99 

SE NL BE UK PT DE EL 

99 

27 100 

AT 

99 

43 493 

27 778 

LU 

99 

42 730 

26 647 

41 676 

25 616 

42 425 

24 423 

90 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 

F. 4.19: Number of outlets selling videos per 100 000 inhabitants 

in 2001 

73 

11.0 

F. 4.20: Number of outlets renting videos per 100 000 

inhabitants in 2001 


15 

6.5 

IT FR EU- 

15

T. 4.2: DVD player households, thousand 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 

EU-15 a) 82 284 1 372 4 634 12 884 : 

BE 1 7 55 184 425 : 

DK 1 8 b) 20 b) 120 c) 260 c) : 

DE 2 40 340 1 182 3 153 : 

EL 0 3 15 50 h) 160 h) : 

ES 0 40 125 300 c) 850 c) : 

FR 70 118 359 1 188 2 888 : 

IE 0 1 8 30 h) 90 h) : 

IT 2 18 83 300 605 : 

LU 0 0 2 : : : 

NL 1 10 69 212 672 : 

AT 0 2 17 60 h) 250 h) : 

PT 0 4 13 30 h) 100 h) : 

FI 0 3 13 45 d) 95 d) : 

SE 1 6 31 103 317 : 

UK 4 24 e) 223 e) 823 e) 3 000 e) : 

CZ h) : 7 11 60 170 : 

EE : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : 

LT : : : : 64 : 

HU c) : : 10 16 98 : 

MT : : : : : : 

PL c) : : 20 100 200 : 

SI : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : 

IS 0 1 f) 2 f) 9 19 : 

NO 1 3 23 83 c) 191 c) : 

CH 0 6 51 140 h) 350 h) : 

JP h) : 310 670 1 420 3 120 : 

US g) 300 1 200 4 600 13 000 24 800 38 800 

DVD player households: see definition on the page 155, a) Eurostat estimate based on extrapolation of Screen Digest/IVF data where 

Eurostat data are not available, b) Source= AVL (BFE), c) Source: Screen Digest/IVF, d) Source: Finnpanel, e) British Video Association; This 

figure is for sales of DVD players rather than households with DVDs - it is likely that this will provide a good proxy figure, f) Estimates from 

different sources, among others Screen Digest (SD) and Social Science Research Institute at the University of Iceland (Consumer Surveys) 

(SSRI)/SI, g) Source: Motion Picture Association of America, Adams Media Research, by installed consumer base per year, h) Source: EAO 

T. 4.3: DVD sales and rentals (total), million ECU/EUR 

DVD disc sales and rental 

DVD disc sales in total DVD sales and rental (%) 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 48.5 396.8 1 391.7 3 141.1 98.4 96.2 93.9 91.2 

BE 1.8 19.7 68.2 131.2 99.5 91.2 91.8 88.9 

DK 2.0 5.4 19.2 43.2 98.5 90.1 90.8 81.9 

DE 11.5 44.0 183.0 447.3 99.7 96.4 93.1 90.9 

EL 0.4 2.3 6.3 7.6 100.0 91.3 42.9 34.2 

ES 3.9 26.6 69.5 142.3 100.0 99.2 98.6 93.1 

FR 15.5 129.5 379.7 795.1 100.0 98.9 97.9 96.1 

IE 0.1 1.6 7.1 15.5 100.0 81.3 88.7 89.7 

IT 3.5 27.1 73.4 131.7 100.0 99.3 98.5 90.2 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL 1.7 17.3 61.3 143.4 100.0 84.0 86.7 81.5 

AT 0.4 3.3 10.7 34.1 100.0 87.9 87.9 85.9 

PT 0.4 1.6 4.1 12.8 100.0 93.8 92.7 93.0 

FI 0.8 3.9 11.7 29.0 62.6 : 88.9 84.5 

SE 0.9 7.5 28.3 64.6 100.0 78.7 86.9 81.3 

UK 5.1 107.0 469.3 1 143.3 92.2 96.5 92.3 90.9 

CZ : 1.4 4.0 8.6 : 85.7 87.5 84.9 

EE : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : 0.2 : : : 100.0 

LT : : : : : : : : 

HU 0.2 1.4 2.8 9.0 100.0 100.0 89.3 94.4 

MT : : : : : : : : 

PL 1.1 4.5 9.1 23.8 100.0 86.7 90.1 88.2 

SI : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : 

IS 0.2 0.9 2.3 3.4 97.8 100.0 100.0 83.6 

NO 1.5 4.5 8.3 41.4 100.0 99.4 89.4 45.9 

CH 3.1 23.9 59.1 117.9 100.0 : : 92.6 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US 366.4 1 371.8 4 236.6 7 861.5 95.1 93.4 82.5 76.5 

74 


A

T. 4.4: DVD sales and DVD rentals, million ECU/EUR 

DVD disc sales 

DVD disc rental 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 47.7 381.9 1 306.3 2 864.1 0.8 14.9 85.4 277.0 

BE a) 1.8 17.9 62.6 116.6 0.0 1.7 5.6 14.6 

DK a) 2.0 4.9 17.4 35.4 0.0 0.5 1.8 7.8 

DE 11.4 42.4 170.4 406.7 0.0 1.6 12.6 40.6 

EL a) 0.4 2.1 2.7 2.6 0.0 0.2 3.6 5.0 

ES a) 3.9 26.4 68.5 132.5 0.0 0.2 1.0 9.8 

FR a) 15.5 128.1 371.6 763.7 0.0 1.5 8.1 31.4 

IE c) 0.1 1.3 6.3 13.9 0.0 0.3 0.8 1.6 

IT 3.5 26.9 72.3 118.8 0.0 0.2 a) 1.1 a) 12.9 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL 1.7 14.5 53.1 116.9 a) 0.0 2.8 8.2 26.5 a) 

AT c) 0.4 2.9 9.4 29.3 0.0 0.4 1.3 4.8 

PT 0.4 1.5 3.8 11.9 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 

FI b) 0.5 3.9 10.4 24.5 0.3 : 1.3 4.5 

SE a) 0.9 5.9 24.6 52.5 0.0 1.6 3.7 12.1 

UK 4.7 103.2 433.2 1 038.8 0.4 3.8 36.1 104.5 

CZ c) : 1.2 3.5 7.3 : 0.2 0.5 1.3 

EE : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : 0.2 : : : 0.0 

LT : : : : : : : : 

HU a) 0.2 1.4 2.5 8.5 : : 0.3 0.5 

MT : : : : : : : : 

PL a) 1.1 3.9 8.2 21.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 2.8 

SI : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : 

IS 0.2 0.8 2.1 2.8 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 

NO 1.5 a) 4.4 a) 6.5 a) 19.0 a) 0.0 0.1 1.8 22.4 

CH c) 3.1 23.5 56.4 109.2 0.0 0.4 2.7 8.7 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US a) 348.5 1 280.8 3 493.9 6 010.3 17.8 91.0 742.7 1 851.2 

Source: Eurostat AUVIS domain 

a) Source: Screen Digest/IVF 

b) Source: Finnish Film Distributors Association 

c) Source: EAO 

T. 4.5: DVDs sold, thousand 

DVD disc sold 

DVD disc sold per DVD household 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 1 851 14 802 52 084 118 020 6.5 10.8 11.2 9.2 

BE a) 67 689 2 553 4 980 10.2 12.6 13.9 11.7 

DK a) 60 183 898 1 770 7.5 9.2 7.5 6.8 

DE 450 2 100 8 200 18 900 11.4 6.2 6.9 6.0 

EL a) 14 77 100 100 4.1 5.0 2.0 0.6 

ES a) 162 1 100 3 000 6 300 4.1 8.8 10.0 7.4 

FR 550 4 200 12 500 26 400 a) 4.7 11.7 10.5 9.1 

IE a) 5 77 260 650 7.1 10.0 8.7 7.2 

IT 200 1 100 3 300 5 600 11.1 13.3 11.0 9.3 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL 60 500 1 900 4 880 a) 6.1 7.3 9.0 7.3 

AT a) 14 121 420 1 350 6.1 7.0 7.0 5.4 

PT b) 16 187 662 1 797 4.0 15.0 22.1 18.0 

FI c) 20 160 500 1 200 6.5 12.2 11.1 12.6 

SE 38 308 1 191 2 793 6.4 10.0 11.6 8.8 

UK e) 195 4 000 16 600 41 300 8.1 17.9 20.2 13.8 

CZ f) 10 50 150 310 1.4 4.5 2.5 1.8 

EE : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : 9 : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : 

HU f) 10 60 110 360 : 6.0 6.9 3.7 

MT : : : : : : : : 

PL f) 60 240 450 1 260 : 12.0 4.5 6.3 

SI : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : 

IS d) 5 24 69 97 10.0 14.1 7.7 5.1 

NO a) 43 175 300 1 300 15.9 7.7 3.6 6.8 

CH f) 103 737 2 110 4 110 18.1 14.5 15.1 11.7 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US a) 16 000 59 000 147 000 294 000 13.3 12.8 11.3 11.9 


a) Source: Screen Digest/IVF, b) Source: IGAC, c) Source: Film Distributors' Association, d) No. of DVD sold: No. of 

copies shipped from distributors to retail. Source: SI, e) Source: British Video Association 

f) Source: EAO 

A 


75

T. 4.6: DVDs rented, thousand 

DVD discs rented (1 000) DVD discs rented per DVD household 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 280 7 015 34 711 81 200 1.0 5.1 7.5 6.3 

BE a) 4 538 1 871 4 900 0.6 9.9 10.2 11.5 

DK 9 138 442 1 900 1.1 6.9 3.7 7.3 

DE 13 500 5 200 15 000 0.3 1.5 4.4 4.8 

EL a) 1 : 2 400 3 400 0.3 : 48.0 21.3 

ES a) 27 100 500 4 500 0.7 0.8 1.7 5.3 

FR 15 452 2 360 9 400 a) 0.1 1.3 2.0 3.3 

IE 2 96 289 1 700 2.9 12.5 9.6 18.9 

IT a) 5 60 500 1 900 0.3 0.7 1.7 3.1 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL 6 500 3 000 8 300 a) 0.6 7.3 14.2 12.4 

AT a) 1 152 464 1 700 0.4 8.8 7.7 6.8 

PT b) 1 63 165 400 0.3 5.0 5.5 4.0 

FI c) 1 126 260 1 000 0.3 9.6 5.8 10.5 

SE 0 290 660 2 100 0.0 9.4 6.4 6.6 

UK e) 194 4 000 16 600 25 000 8.1 17.9 20.2 8.3 

CZ e) : 120 360 920 : 10.9 6.0 5.4 

EE : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : 7 : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : 

HU e) : 0 150 280 : 0.0 9.4 2.9 

MT : : : : : : : : 

PL e) : 240 410 1 160 : 12.0 4.1 5.8 

SI : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : 

IS d) 1 25 52 130 2.0 14.7 5.8 6.8 

NO a) 0 17 320 2 880 0.0 0.7 3.9 15.1 

CH e) 1 110 710 2 320 0.2 2.2 5.1 6.6 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US a) 6 400 28 000 202 000 535 000 5.3 6.1 15.5 21.6 


a) Source: Screen Digest/IVF, b) Source: IGAC, c) Source: Film Distributors' Association 

d) No. of DVD sold: No. of copies shipped from distributors to retail. Source: SI 

e) Source: EAO 

T. 4.7: Average prices and releases for DVD sales 

Average DVD consumer price (ECU/EUR) DVD titles released for sale 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 26 26 25 24 163 545 993 1 830 

BE a) 27 26 25 23 275 722 1 167 2 220 

DK a) 33 27 19 20 92 344 500 700 

DE a) 25 20 21 22 300 700 1 200 2 200 

EL a) 29 27 27 26 50 350 580 b) 750 b) 

ES 24 24 23 21 300 441 712 978 

FR a) 28 30 30 29 197 730 1 440 2 100 

IE 20 23 24 21 142 b) 960 b) 1 734 b) 2 970 b) 

IT 17 24 22 21 120 320 500 a) 750 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL a) 29 29 28 24 125 400 1 600 2 500 

AT 29 24 22 22 300 b) 700 b) 1 200 b) : 

PT 25 24 23 22 50 350 b) 450 b) 624 b) 

FI b) 25 24 21 20 95 400 580 4 400 

SE a) 25 19 21 19 96 255 500 600 

UK 24 26 26 25 142 a) 960 a) 1 734 a) 3 000 

CZ b) : 24 23 24 300 700 1 200 2 200 

EE : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : 

HU a) 20 23 23 24 60 430 500 600 

MT : : : : : : : : 

PL a) 18 16 18 17 57 320 510 700 

SI : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : 

IS 44 32 31 29 83 310 331 441 

NO 34 25 22 15 96 255 392 744 

CH b) 30 32 27 27 300 1 000 1 000 1 500 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US a) 22 22 24 20 1 500 5 000 8 500 13 000 


a) Source: Screen Digest 

b) Source: EAO 

76 


A

T. 4.8: Average prices and releases for DVD rentals 

Average overnight DVD rental charge (ECU/EUR) DVD titles released for rental 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE a) 3 3 3 3 188 526 712 678 

DK a) 3 4 4 4 46 206 500 700 

DE a) 3 3 2 2 300 1 000 2 200 4 400 

EL b) 1 1 1 1 50 470 580 750 

ES a) 2 2 2 2 300 441 712 978 

FR 3 3 3 3 158 731 1 444 2 114 

IE 3 3 3 3 142 960 1 734 2 790 

IT a) 2 3 3 4 80 176 400 800 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL a) 3 3 3 3 125 400 1 600 2 500 

AT 3 3 3 3 300 b) 700 b) 1 200 b) : 

PT b) 2 2 2 2 50 350 450 624 

FI b) 3 3 3 2 46 206 500 400 

SE 4 4 5 4 46 255 346 600 a) 

UK a) 3 4 5 4 142 960 1 734 2 970 

CZ b) : 2 1 1 60 240 258 338 

EE : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : 

HU a) : : 2 2 : : 300 600 

MT : : : : : : : : 

PL a) : 2 2 2 : 320 510 700 

SI : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : 

IS 3 4 : : 0 205 166 254 

NO 5 5 6 6 46 206 350 399 

CH a) 4 4 : : 300 1 000 : : 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US a) 3 3 4 3 : : : : 


a) Source: Screen Digest 

b) Source: EAO 

A 


T. 4.9: VCR households, million 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : 58.56 89.32 95.74 100.23 103.47 106.65 109.51 113.84 

BE 0.04 0.52 1.51 2.27 2.79 2.92 b) 3.01 b) 3.09 e) 3.20 e) 3.20 e) 

DK 0.04 0.35 0.84 1.63 1.71 1.92 c) 1.99 c) 2.01 c) 2.01 l) 2.06 l) 

DE : 5.45 13.32 21.80 22.82 23.71 24.13 24.83 25.12 26.38 

EL : : 0.85 1.17 1.25 1.31 d) : d) 1.47 d) : : 

ES 0.04 1.60 4.75 6.30 6.45 7.90 e) 8.40 e) 8.80 e) 9.10 e) 9.30 

FR 0.23 2.75 9.39 15.59 : 16.00 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.70 

IE : : 0.51 0.74 0.77 0.81 e) 0.84 e) 0.88 e) 0.91 k) 0.94 k) 

IT : 0.79 5.47 9.43 11.15 13.14 13.15 13.65 13.85 14.57 

LU : : 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 f) 0.11 k) 0.11 k) 0.12 k) 

NL 0.15 1.26 3.00 4.43 4.66 4.85 : 5.17 5.22 5.30 e) 

AT 0.04 0.25 1.04 1.98 2.10 2.23 2.34 2.57 2.67 k) 2.72 k) 

PT : : 0.88 1.34 : : 1.97 : 1.79 1.91 k) 

FI 0.00 0.30 0.97 1.36 1.44 1.64 g) 1.65 g) 1.70 g) 1.67 g) 1.71 g) 

SE 0.14 0.84 2.24 3.08 3.33 3.31 3.42 3.29 h) 3.33 3.50 e) 

UK 0.58 8.44 13.73 18.14 19.02 19.89 : 19.60 20.60 : 

CZ k) : : : 1.59 1.77 1.93 2.08 2.22 2.34 2.46 

EE : : : : : : : 0.12 0.16 0.18 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 0.23 0.24 0.28 

HU e) : : : 1.01 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.45 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL e) : : : 4.78 5.50 6.10 6.80 7.50 8.10 8.80 

SI : : : : : : : 0.27 0.31 0.33 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : 0.69 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.08 i) 0.08 i) 0.08 i) 0.09 0.09 

NO 0.02 0.34 0.79 1.14 1.27 1.39 1.50 1.51 e) 1.60 e) 1.70 e) 

CH : : 1.08 1.82 1.92 1.99 2.04 2.37 k) 2.46 k) 2.56 k) 

JP 1.98 15.15 28.29 34.97 36.04 37.42 : 39.60 40.00 e) : 

US j) 1.85 23.50 65.36 75.80 78.80 80.36 84.10 85.80 88.12 96.20 

VCR households: see definition on the page 155, Source: Eurostat AUVIS domain, a) Eurostat estimate based on extrapolation of Screen Digest/IVF 

data where Eurostat data are not available, b) Source: Household budget survey (EBM) 96-97 and 97-98, beginning of the year, c) Source= AVL 

(BFE), d) Source : Hellenic Audiovisual Institute (IOM), e) Source: Screen Digest/IVF, f) SOURCE:Enquête "budget des ménages 1998": 75%, g) 

Finnpanel, TV-household surveys, h) Source: Dagspresskollegiet at Göteborg University (Newspaper research programme at Göteborg University), i) 

Estimates from different sources, among others Screen Digest (SD) and Social Science Research Institute at the University of Iceland (Consumer Surveys) 

(SSRI)/SI, j) Source: Nielsen Media Research, k) Source: EAO, l) Eurostat estimate based on EAO data 

77

T. 4.10: Home video sales and rentals turnover, million ECU/EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : 80 178 152 154 169 160 143 127 

DK : : 89 151 160 161 176 154 154 160 

DE : 270 702 950 958 826 856 818 764 740 

EL : : : 16 17 17 19 18 20 31 

ES : : 339 266 272 287 310 321 352 310 

FR 36 169 544 898 921 896 995 1 025 1 186 1 110 

IE : : 72 94 101 113 114 108 109 115 

IT : : 179 177 192 485 571 568 545 477 

LU : : 3 4 4 4 : : : : 

NL : : 97 195 187 205 215 201 209 186 

AT : : 44 61 63 84 87 78 77 75 

PT : : 65 52 56 51 45 44 44 43 

FI : 40 63 55 63 65 69 71 b) 70 b) 66 

SE : : 139 146 162 167 162 169 180 162 

UK : : 1 109 1 376 1 456 1 772 2 036 1 847 2 107 2 104 

CZ : : : : : 23 25 23 24 24 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : 2 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 18 29 23 29 33 32 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 43 38 39 33 32 32 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : 21 : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : 7 9 9 10 13 13 15 14 

NO : : 118 118 112 98 100 103 116 121 

CH : : 79 97 108 85 89 81 : : 

JP : : 2 430 3 753 3 894 3 982 3 984 : : : 

US : : 9 220 10 470 12 026 13 368 14 225 14 629 15 916 15 082 


a) Eurostat estimate 

b) Finnish Film Distributors' Association 

78 


T. 4.11: Home video sales turnover, million ECU/EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : 20 128 102 102 106 93 75 b) 69 b) 

DK : : 10 85 89 91 102 b) 84 b) 84 b) 95 b) 

DE : 0 146 555 550 470 532 478 424 384 

EL : : : 5 5 5 7 b) 6 b) 9 b) 9 b) 

ES : : 49 178 178 175 178 163 166 b) 127 b) 

FR 3 11 326 730 748 718 805 838 964 b) 902 b) 

IE : : 13 32 33 37 37 b) 33 b) 30 b) 41 b) 

IT : : 122 127 138 327 c) 414 c) 403 c) 377 c) 310 c) 

LU : : 1 3 3 3 : : : : 

NL : : 22 113 104 106 116 98 104 82 b) 

AT : : 17 38 41 53 57 b) 53 b) 52 b) 51 b) 

PT : : 14 33 36 37 33 b) 32 b) 32 b) 30 b) 

FI : 1 14 37 43 41 d) 45 d) 47 d) 45 42 

SE : : 19 78 83 86 84 91 96 b) 83 b) 

UK : : 524 952 987 1 239 e) 1 390 e) 1 228 e) 1 379 e) 1 356 e) 

CZ f) : : : : : 12 13 12 13 12 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : 1 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 4 7 6 13 11 13 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 7 12 12 18 20 20 

SI : : : : : : : 16 29 26 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG f) : : : : 18 : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : 0 2 2 3 4 3 5 3 

NO : : 6 38 44 45 47 b) 48 b) 56 b) 61 b) 

CH : : 23 65 73 55 63 57 : : 

JP : : 522 978 1 166 1 217 1 359 : : : 

US : : 2 632 g) 4 685 g) 4 762 b) 5 456 b) 5 632 b) 5 243 b) 5 593 b) 5 479 b) 


a) EU-15 data estimated, b) Source: Screen Digest/IVF, c) Univideo, d) Film Distributors' Association 

e) Source: British Video Association, f) Source: EAO, g) Video Software Dealers Association and 

International Trade Administration and Eurostat estimates 

A

T. 4.12: Home video rentals turnover, million ECU/EUR 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : 39 60 50 50 52 64 b) 67 b) 68 b) 58 b) 

DK : : 79 66 71 70 74 b) 70 b) 70 b) 65 b) 

DE : 270 556 395 408 356 324 340 340 356 

EL : : 31 11 11 12 12 b) 12 b) 11 b) 23 b) 

ES : : 290 87 93 112 132 b) 159 b) 186 b) 183 b) 

FR 33 158 217 169 173 178 189 187 b) 222 b) 208 b) 

IE : : 59 61 68 75 77 b) 75 b) 79 b) 74 b) 

IT : : 56 49 53 158 157 b) 165 168 167 

LU : : 2 1 1 1 : : : : 

NL : : 75 82 83 99 99 103 105 104 b) 

AT : : 27 23 22 30 31 b) 25 b) 25 b) 24 b) 

PT : : 51 19 20 14 12 b) 12 b) 12 b) 13 b) 

FI 1 39 48 18 21 24 24 c) 24 c) 25 c) 24 c) 

SE : : 120 68 78 81 78 b) 78 b) 83 b) 79 b) 

UK : : 586 424 469 533 646 619 728 748 

CZ d) : : : : 10 11 12 11 11 11 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : 1 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 14 22 17 16 22 20 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 36 26 27 15 12 11 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG d) : : : : 3 : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : 2 6 7 7 7 9 10 11 11 

NO : : 112 80 68 53 53 55 60 60 

CH : : 57 32 35 30 26 24 : : 

JP : : 1 908 2 774 2 728 2 765 2 625 : : : 

US : : : 5 784 7 263 b) 7 912 b) 8 593 b) 9 386 b) 10 323 b) 9 603 b) 


a) EU-15 data estimated 

b) Source: Screen Digest/IVF 

c) Finnish Film Distributors' Association 

d) Source: EAO 

T. 4.13: Share of home video sales in home video sales and rentals, % 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : 25 72 67 66 62 58 53 54 

DK : : 12 56 56 56 58 55 54 59 

DE : 0 21 58 57 57 62 58 55 52 

EL : : : 33 32 32 35 35 44 27 

ES : : 14 67 66 61 58 51 47 41 

FR 8 7 60 81 81 80 81 82 81 81 

IE : : 18 35 33 33 32 31 28 36 

IT : : 68 72 72 67 73 71 69 65 

LU : : 30 67 67 69 : : : : 

NL : : 22 58 56 52 54 49 50 44 

AT : : 39 63 65 64 65 68 68 68 

PT : : 21 64 65 73 73 73 73 70 

FI : 3 23 67 68 63 65 66 64 64 

SE : : 14 53 52 52 52 54 54 51 

UK : : 47 69 68 70 68 66 65 64 

CZ : : : : : 52 52 52 55 52 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : 52 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 23 23 28 45 34 39 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 16 31 31 54 63 64 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : 4 23 22 27 29 24 30 20 

NO : : 5 32 39 46 47 47 48 51 

CH : : 29 67 68 65 71 71 : : 

JP : : 21 26 30 31 34 : : : 

US : : 29 45 40 41 40 36 35 36 


79

T. 4.14: Home videos sold, million 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : 1.1 7.4 6.5 6.8 7.9 7.1 b) 6.3 b) 5.8 b) 

DK : : 1.1 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.5 b) 6.6 b) 7.4 b) 

DE : : 12.0 41.7 44.0 40.0 43.0 40.5 35.9 31.7 

EL : : : 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 b) 0.4 b) 0.4 b) 

ES : : 2.2 12.1 15.3 17.9 16.0 14.5 b) 14.0 b) 13.0 b) 

FR 0.1 0.5 21.5 46.0 47.0 47.0 58.5 57.9 55.0 54.7 

IE : : 1.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 3.0 2.8 b) 2.6 b) 2.5 b) 

IT : : 10.1 23.5 22.8 43.4 41.9 e) 38.0 e) 36.6 e) 35.8 e) 

LU : : 0.0 : : : : : : : 

NL : : 1.6 8.2 8.2 8.4 9.5 9.0 9.5 9.0 

AT : : 1.3 2.0 : 4.1 4.4 4.0 b) 4.0 b) 3.8 b) 

PT : : : 2.2 2.7 2.7 8.5 d) 7.4 d) 7.6 d) 5.8 d) 

FI : : 0.6 1.9 3.0 3.0 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.3 

SE : : 1.0 5.3 6.2 5.9 6.6 7.2 7.7 7.9 

UK : : 40.0 73.0 79.0 87.0 100.0 96.0 114.0 93.7 

CZ f) : : : : : : 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : 0.2 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.2 1.3 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 1.2 1.6 1.8 3.0 3.3 3.4 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 

NO : : 0.3 2.6 2.9 2.6 3.0 3.7 b) 4.2 b) 4.7 b) 

CH : : 0.8 3.5 4.2 4.1 4.5 f) 3.6 f) 3.4 f) 3.3 f) 

JP : : 23.5 31.4 40.4 50.2 42.0 : : : 

US 3.0 c) 40.9 c) 241.8 c) 522.4 c) 469.0 b) 485.0 b) 501.0 b) 447.0 b) 446.0 b) 428.0 b) 


a) EU-15 data estimated, b) Source: Screen Digest/IVF 

c) Source: Adams Media Research, d) Source: IGAC, Estimated by direct sales of (VHS+CDROM+DVD+LASER DISK) 

e) Univideo, f) EAO 

80 


T. 4.15: Home videos sold per VCR household 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : 0.7 3.3 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.8 

DK : : 1.3 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.6 

DE : : 0.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 

EL : : : 0.3 0.3 0.3 : 0.3 : : 

ES : : 0.5 1.9 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.4 

FR 0.4 0.2 2.3 3.0 : 2.9 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.9 

IE : : 1.9 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 

IT : : 1.8 2.5 2.0 3.3 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.5 

LU : : 0.7 : : : : : : : 

NL : : 0.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 : 1.7 1.8 1.7 

AT : : 1.2 1.0 : 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.4 

PT : : : 1.6 : : 4.3 : 4.2 3.1 

FI : : 0.7 1.4 2.1 1.8 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.9 

SE : : 0.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.2 

UK : : 2.9 4.0 4.2 4.4 : 4.9 5.5 : 

CZ : : : : : : 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 0.9 1.4 1.8 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.7 

NO : : 0.4 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.6 2.8 

CH : : 0.7 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 

JP : : 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 : : : : 

US 0.5 1.7 3.7 6.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.2 5.1 4.4 


a) EU-15 data estimated, based on last known year for countries with data not available 

A

T. 4.16: Home video rental transactions, million 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : 11.6 22.0 18.4 19.6 20.2 23.5 b) 23.4 b) 23.8 b) 19.5 b) 

DK : : 24.8 19.4 20.0 20.1 22.1 b) 20.7 b) 20.1 b) 18.1 b) 

DE : : 220.0 163.0 173.0 153.0 159.0 : 126.0 119.3 

EL : : : 8.0 8.8 9.2 10.2 c) 17.2 c) 15.7 c) 15.5 c) 

ES : : 125.0 44.9 48.9 60.1 73.3 82.5 89.7 b) 92.4 b) 

FR 8.0 61.6 74.2 63.0 66.2 69.8 57.0 56.0 67.0 62.0 

IE : : 27.3 25.0 27.0 27.4 28.9 28.0 28.8 26.8 

IT : : 68.9 41.0 b) 42.5 b) 42.6 b) 45.0 b) 71.0 65.0 54.0 

LU : : 0.7 : 0.6 0.6 0.6 : : : 

NL : : 33.0 27.6 28.4 32.0 35.5 36.0 37.0 34.9 

AT : : 13.0 10.0 10.0 11.5 11.3 9.2 9.1 b) 8.8 b) 

PT : : : 10.6 11.0 8.2 7.2 6.8 5.7 b) 5.4 b) 

FI : : 13.0 6.5 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 

SE : : 22.5 16.6 18.8 19.6 20.6 18.0 18.2 19.8 

UK : : 277.0 167.0 175.0 161.0 186.0 174.0 186.0 162.0 

CZ c) : : : : : : 20.3 18.0 17.0 16.4 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : 0.4 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 20.4 29.7 21.0 18.2 16.0 14.5 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 74.6 49.1 30.3 15.0 12.0 11.6 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : 0.4 1.4 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0 

NO : : 26.7 19.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 18.0 b) 16.0 b) 

CH : : 10.0 7.1 9.2 8.2 7.0 6.3 6.5 c) 5.3 c) 

JP : : 739.0 843.7 941.7 947.5 848.5 : : : 

US : : 4 130.0 3 597.7 3 645.6 3 519.0 b) 3 595.0 b) 3 598.2 b) 3 324.0 b) 3 221.0 b) 




c) Source: EAO 

T. 4.17: Home video rental transactions per VCR household 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : 22.2 14.6 8.1 7.0 6.9 7.8 7.6 7.4 6.1 

DK : : 29.5 11.9 11.7 10.5 11.1 10.3 10.0 8.8 

DE : : 16.5 7.5 7.6 6.5 6.6 : : 4.5 

EL : : : 6.9 7.0 7.0 : 11.7 : : 

ES : : 26.3 7.1 7.6 7.6 8.7 9.4 9.9 9.9 

FR 34.0 22.4 7.9 4.0 : 4.4 3.4 3.2 3.7 3.3 

IE : : 53.3 33.8 34.9 33.8 34.4 31.9 31.6 28.5 

IT : : 12.6 4.3 3.8 3.2 3.4 5.2 4.7 3.7 

LU : : 12.1 : 5.5 5.1 5.3 : : : 

NL : : 11.0 6.2 6.1 6.6 : 7.0 7.1 6.6 

AT : : 12.5 5.1 4.8 5.1 4.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 

PT : : : 7.9 : : 3.6 : 3.2 2.8 

FI : : 13.4 4.8 4.8 4.3 4.8 4.7 5.4 5.3 

SE : : 10.1 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.7 

UK : : 20.2 9.2 9.2 8.1 : 8.9 9.0 : 

CZ : : : : : : 9.8 8.1 7.3 6.7 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 18.5 24.8 17.5 14.0 11.4 10.0 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 13.6 8.0 4.5 2.0 1.5 1.3 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : 16.7 23.3 25.3 26.0 27.6 32.9 34.5 : 33.0 

NO : : 33.8 16.7 14.2 12.2 11.4 11.3 11.3 9.4 

CH : : 9.3 3.9 4.8 4.1 3.4 2.7 2.6 2.1 

JP : : 26.1 24.1 26.1 25.3 : : : : 

US : : 63.2 47.5 46.3 43.8 42.7 41.9 37.7 33.5 



81

T. 4.18: Average home video consumer price, ECU/EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : 17.8 17.3 15.8 14.9 13.4 13.1 11.9 11.9 

DK : : 9.4 14.7 15.4 15.2 16.5 13.1 12.7 12.8 

DE : : 12.2 13.3 12.5 11.8 12.4 11.8 11.8 12.1 

EL : : : 15.2 13.8 13.6 13.3 13.5 21.8 21.5 

ES : : 22.2 14.7 11.7 9.8 11.1 11.2 11.9 9.8 

FR 27.3 23.0 15.2 15.9 15.9 15.3 13.8 14.5 17.5 16.5 

IE : : 13.5 14.6 14.1 14.2 12.5 12.0 11.6 16.5 

IT : : 12.1 5.4 6.1 7.5 9.9 10.6 10.3 10.2 

LU : : 19.4 : : : : : : : 

NL : : 13.5 13.8 12.7 12.6 12.2 10.9 10.9 9.1 

AT : : 13.3 19.3 : 13.0 13.0 13.1 13.1 13.3 

PT : : : 15.5 13.4 13.6 : : 12.7 12.4 

FI : : 22.3 19.4 14.3 13.6 11.8 12.1 12.5 12.7 

SE : : 18.4 14.7 13.5 14.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 10.5 

UK : : 13.1 13.0 12.5 14.2 13.9 12.8 12.1 14.5 

CZ : : : : : : 10.9 10.7 11.1 11.2 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : 5.5 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 8.0 8.5 8.0 9.1 9.2 9.7 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 5.8 7.4 6.8 6.0 6.1 6.0 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 27.8 17.7 18.6 19.5 19.8 24.1 16.9 

NO : : 21.0 14.8 14.9 17.2 15.5 13.0 13.3 13.0 

CH : : 29.3 18.5 17.5 13.5 14.0 15.8 : : 

JP : : 22.2 31.2 28.9 24.3 32.4 : : : 

US : : 10.9 9.0 10.2 11.2 11.2 11.7 12.5 12.8 


a) Eurostat estimate estimates, based on last known year for countries with data not available 

82 


T. 4.19: Average overnight home video rentals charge, ECU/EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : 3.4 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0 

DK : : 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.5 b) 3.6 

DE : : 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.0 : 2.6 b) 3.0 

EL : : : 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.7 1.5 

ES : : 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.0 

FR 4.1 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 

IE : : 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 

IT : : : 2.0 b) 2.2 b) 2.1 b) 2.5 b) 2.5 b) 2.3 b) 3.1 

LU : : 2.6 : 2.7 2.5 : : : : 

NL : : 2.3 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.0 

AT : : 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 

PT : : : 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 : 2.4 

FI : : 3.7 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 

SE : : 5.3 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.8 4.3 4.6 4.0 

UK : : 2.1 2.5 2.7 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.6 

CZ : : : : : : 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : 2.8 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.4 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : 4.4 4.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.6 

NO : : 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.7 

CH : : 5.7 4.5 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 : : 

JP : : 2.6 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.1 : : : 

US : : : 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 3.1 3.0 




A

T. 4.20: Home video titles released for sales 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : 1 421 1 634 1 518 1 681 1 479 1 274 1 248 

BE : : : 645 1 315 1 000 1 441 b) 994 b) 971 b) 1 570 b) 

DK : : : 800 800 800 800 930 b) 517 b) 544 b) 

DE : : : 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 837 800 b) 800 b) 

EL : : : 160 150 150 150 150 150 : 

ES : : : 557 823 719 1 040 976 b) 1 109 b) 962 b) 

FR b) : : : : : 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100 

IE : : : 4 900 5 600 5 349 5 431 5 515 e) 4 083 e) : 

IT : : : 650 650 630 2 000 1 500 b) 1 400 b) 1 350 b) 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : 387 789 696 696 900 b) 900 b) 900 b) 

AT : : : 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 837 b) : : 

PT : : : 479 420 453 450 450 e) 450 e) : 

FI : : : 400 500 500 c) 500 c) 500 c) 500 c) 500 c) 

SE : : : 600 550 500 500 b) 500 b) 500 b) 500 b) 

UK : : : 4 900 5 642 5 349 d) 5 431 d) 5 515 d) 4 083 4 250 

CZ : : : : : 400 450 589 620 : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU b) : : : : 300 420 400 350 180 200 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL b) : : : : 400 400 400 430 596 550 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 78 101 105 227 115 122 : 

NO : : : 386 328 450 450 734 573 421 

CH : : : 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 e) 1 000 e) 1 000 e) : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) EU-15 data reflect an average over Member State, b) Source: Screen Digest/IVF, c) Source: Film Distributors' Association 

d) Source: British Video Association, e) Source: EAO 

T. 4.21: Home video titles released for rental 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : 516 532 543 561 592 577 634 

BE : 640 : 895 862 850 1 176 b) 1 318 b) 1 113 b) 960 b) 

DK : : : 551 500 500 525 600 b) 750 b) 948 b) 

DE : 780 694 517 590 676 644 645 500 b) 500 b) 

EL : : : 560 634 600 600 600 e) 600 e) : 

ES : : : 292 334 354 334 486 b) 511 b) 483 b) 

FR b) : : : : : 500 500 500 500 500 

IE : : : 460 495 492 438 540 e) 510 e) : 

IT : : : 320 320 340 400 400 350 e) 550 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : 500 500 500 550 550 b) 550 b) 550 b) 

AT : : 694 517 590 676 644 502 b) : : 

PT : : : 480 435 432 432 432 e) 432 e) : 

FI : : : 400 450 500 c) 500 c) 500 c) 500 c) : 

SE 276 1 754 2 156 750 700 675 675 b) 675 b) 675 b) 675 b) 

UK : : : 460 500 500 d) 440 d) 540 d) 510 540 

CZ e) : : : : : 550 520 656 620 : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU b) : : : : 800 560 400 350 360 300 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL b) : : : : 1 000 800 620 480 464 450 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 447 452 450 503 544 541 580 

NO : : : 503 517 483 499 542 629 609 

CH : : : 300 300 300 300 e) 300 e) : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) EU-15 data reflect an average over Member State, b) Source: Screen Digest/IVF, c) Source: Film Distributors' Association 

d) British Video Association, e) EAO 

83

T. 4.22: Number of outlets selling videos 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : : 39 500 42 800 43 493 42 730 42 425 41 676 

BE : : : 2 000 1 900 1 900 1 900 1 850 b) 1 850 b) 1 750 b) 

DK : : : 1 500 1 500 1 800 1 800 1 564 1 564 b) 1 564 b) 

DE : : 5 350 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 b) 10 000 b) 

EL : : : 120 130 150 150 150 : : 

ES : : : 720 720 3 050 3 050 3 100 3 400 b) 3 400 b) 

FR : : 1 955 5 000 5 000 5 000 5 000 5 200 5 200 b) 5 200 b) 

IE : : : 1 650 1 650 1 650 1 650 1 650 : : 

IT : : 2 500 4 000 4 000 4 500 5 000 3 500 f) : 3 000 g) 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : 361 2 500 2 500 2 500 2 500 2 500 2 500 2 500 

AT : : : 350 750 750 750 750 : : 

PT : : : : 588 : 443 766 c) 404 c) 275 

FI : : 700 1 450 1 500 1 500 d) 1 500 d) 1 500 d) 1 500 d) 1 500 

SE : : 1 400 5 000 5 000 5 000 5 000 5 000 5 000 b) 5 000 b) 

UK : : : : : 4 500 e) 4 750 e) 5 200 e) 5 000 5 000 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU b) : : : : 2 000 2 200 3 000 1 200 2 000 2 100 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL b) : : : : : : : 1 200 850 850 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 

NO : : 560 1 500 1 500 1 750 1 750 1 900 2 125 2 400 

CH : : 1 348 1 520 1 500 1 400 1 400 1 400 : : 

JP : : 18 000 18 500 : : : : : : 

US : : 42 250 50 000 : : : : : : 


a) Eurostat estimate based on extrapolation of Screen Digest/IVF data where Eurostat data are not available, b) Screen Digest/IVF, c) Source: 

IGAC (Numero de empresas com registo para venda de video: (podem ter um ou mais video clubes), d) Source: Finnpanel, e) British Video 

Association, f) Source= AVL (BFE); It is relevant to consider further 38000 newspaper kiosks and all the great retail distributive channels as 

point of sales for videos, g) Source: Fonte ANVI, without automatic machines 

T. 4.23: Number of outlets selling videos per 100 000 inhabitants 

84 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : : 10.6 11.5 11.6 11.4 11.3 11.0 

BE : : : 19.7 18.7 18.7 18.6 18.1 18.1 17.1 

DK : : : 28.8 28.6 34.1 34.0 29.4 29.3 29.2 

DE : : 6.8 12.3 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 

EL : : : 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 : : 

ES : : : 1.8 1.8 7.8 7.7 7.8 8.6 8.5 

FR : : 3.5 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.9 8.9 8.8 

IE : : : 45.9 45.6 45.2 44.7 44.2 : : 

IT : : 4.4 7.0 7.0 7.8 8.7 6.1 : 5.2 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : 2.4 16.2 16.1 16.1 16.0 15.9 15.8 15.6 

AT : : : 4.4 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 : : 

PT : : : : 5.9 : 4.4 7.5 4.0 2.7 

FI : : 14.1 28.4 29.3 29.2 29.1 29.1 29.0 29.0 

SE : : 16.4 56.7 56.6 56.5 56.5 56.5 56.4 56.3 

UK : : : : : 7.6 8.0 8.8 8.4 8.4 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 19.6 21.6 29.6 11.9 19.9 20.9 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 3.1 2.2 2.2 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 13.1 13.1 13.0 12.8 12.7 12.5 12.4 

NO : : 13.2 34.5 34.3 39.8 39.6 42.7 47.4 53.3 

CH : : 20.2 21.7 21.2 19.8 19.7 19.7 : : 

JP : : 14.6 14.7 : : : : : : 

US : : 16.9 18.8 : : : : : : 


A

T. 4.24: VCR households per outlet selling videos 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : : 2 424 2 342 2 379 2 496 2 581 2 732 

BE : : : 1 136 1 469 1 537 1 584 1 668 1 730 1 829 

DK : : : 1 086 1 142 1 067 1 106 1 286 1 283 1 319 

DE : : 2 489 2 180 2 282 2 371 2 413 2 483 2 512 2 638 

EL : : : 9 717 9 638 8 733 : 9 767 : : 

ES : : : 8 750 8 958 2 590 2 754 2 839 2 676 2 735 

FR : : 4 804 3 117 : 3 200 3 400 3 365 3 462 3 595 

IE : : : 448 469 491 509 533 : : 

IT : : 2 190 2 357 2 788 2 919 2 630 3 901 : 4 856 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : 8 310 1 772 1 863 1 938 : 2 069 2 089 2 120 

AT : : : 5 646 2 805 2 973 3 120 3 427 : : 

PT : : : : : : 4 454 : 4 428 6 945 

FI : : 1 381 936 963 1 093 1 101 1 131 1 115 1 139 

SE : : 1 599 615 666 662 684 659 667 700 

UK : : : : : 4 420 : 3 769 4 120 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 550 545 400 1 083 700 690 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 6 250 9 529 10 353 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 2 143 2 200 2 171 2 343 2 400 2 543 2 600 

NO : : 1 411 761 848 797 855 793 753 708 

CH : : 799 1 199 1 281 1 419 1 455 1 693 : : 

JP : : 1 572 1 890 : : : : : : 

US : : 1 547 1 516 : : : : : : 


T. 4.25: Number of outlets renting videos (video shops) 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : 1 000 800 700 700 700 750 b) 800 b) 700 b) 

DK : : 1 200 1 550 1 700 1 700 2 025 2 118 2 195 b) 2 236 b) 

DE : 4 000 9 500 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 550 5 044 4 591 4 564 

EL : : 1 200 700 525 525 500 530 : : 

ES : : 6 000 3 200 3 100 4 500 4 600 5 000 : : 

FR : : 2 000 800 800 900 1 000 1 200 1 200 b) 1 200 b) 

IE : : 1 203 1 102 1 107 1 107 1 100 1 000 : : 

IT : : 4 000 2 200 2 200 4 500 g) 4 000 g) 3 500 g) : 2 000 

LU : : 14 19 17 18 16 16 : : 

NL : : 1 100 900 900 1 200 1 250 1 120 1 250 1 150 

AT : : 540 350 350 350 350 350 : : 

PT : : 600 500 700 : 787 519 c) 718 c) 583 

FI : : 1 970 1 050 1 000 1 000 d) 1 000 d) 1 000 d) 1 000 d) 1 000 

SE : : 920 650 625 600 600 600 600 b) 795 b) 

UK : : 9 000 5 200 4 860 4 500 e) 4 300 e) 3 900 e) 3 700 3 700 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU b) : : : : 2 100 2 200 2 200 1 900 1 600 1 300 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL b) : : : : 6 000 5 500 3 500 2 500 1 700 1 700 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : 200 183 191 193 f) 193 f) 200 f) 202 206 

NO : : 1 000 500 480 480 1 170 1 170 1 670 1 570 

CH : : 601 370 360 350 320 300 : : 

JP : : 12 000 8 000 10 000 : : : : : 

US : : 31 000 27 944 : : : : : : 


a) Eurostat estimate based on extrapolation of Screen Digest/IVF data where Eurostat data are not available, b) Screen Digest/IVF 

c) Source: IGAC, d) Source: Finnish Film Distributors' Association, e) British Video Association, f) Estimated by Myndmark/SI 

g) Univideo, h) Source: Fonte ANVI, without automatic machines 

85

T. 4.26: Number of outlets renting videos (video shops) per 100 000 inhabitants 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : 10.1 7.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.3 7.8 6.8 

DK : : 23.4 29.7 32.4 32.2 38.2 39.9 41.2 41.8 

DE : : 12.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.1 5.6 5.5 

EL : : 11.9 6.7 5.0 5.0 4.8 5.0 : : 

ES : : 15.5 8.2 7.9 11.4 11.7 12.7 : : 

FR : : 3.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.0 

IE : : 34.3 30.6 30.6 30.3 29.8 26.8 : : 

IT : : 7.1 3.8 3.8 7.8 6.9 6.1 : 3.5 

LU : : 3.7 4.7 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.7 : : 

NL : : 7.4 5.8 5.8 7.7 8.0 7.1 7.9 7.2 

AT : : 7.0 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 : : 

PT : : 6.0 5.0 7.0 : 7.8 5.1 7.0 5.7 

FI : : 39.6 20.6 19.5 19.5 19.4 19.4 19.3 19.3 

SE : : 10.8 7.4 7.1 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 8.9 

UK : : 15.7 8.9 8.3 7.6 7.3 6.6 6.2 6.2 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 20.6 21.6 21.7 18.8 15.9 12.9 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 15.5 14.2 9.1 6.5 4.4 4.4 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : 78.8 68.5 71.3 71.5 70.9 72.5 72.4 72.7 

NO : : 23.6 11.5 11.0 10.9 26.5 26.3 37.3 34.9 

CH : : 9.0 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.5 4.2 : : 

JP : : 9.7 6.4 8.0 : : : : : 

US : : 12.4 10.5 : : : : : : 


T. 4.27: VCR households per outlet renting videos (video shop) 

86 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : 1 455 3 643 3 975 3 699 3 725 4 002 4 275 4 661 

BE : : 1 509 2 839 3 987 4 171 4 298 4 114 4 000 4 571 

DK : : 700 1 051 1 008 1 129 983 949 914 923 

DE : 1 361 1 402 3 964 4 148 4 311 4 348 4 923 5 472 5 780 

EL : : 711 1 666 2 387 2 495 : 2 764 : : 

ES : : 792 1 969 2 081 1 756 1 826 1 760 : : 

FR : : 4 696 19 481 : 17 778 17 000 14 583 15 000 15 579 

IE : : 426 672 699 732 764 880 : : 

IT : : 1 369 4 285 5 070 2 919 3 287 3 901 : 7 284 

LU : : 4 143 5 000 5 882 6 000 6 875 6 875 : : 

NL : : 2 727 4 923 5 174 4 038 : 4 618 4 178 4 609 

AT : : 1 930 5 646 6 011 6 371 6 686 7 343 : : 

PT : : 1 472 2 676 : : 2 507 : 2 492 3 276 

FI : : 491 1 292 1 444 1 640 1 651 1 696 1 672 1 709 

SE : : 2 433 4 731 5 330 5 517 5 700 5 488 5 557 4 403 

UK : : 1 525 3 488 3 913 4 420 : 5 026 5 568 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : 524 545 545 684 875 1 115 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : 917 1 109 1 943 3 000 4 765 5 176 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : 300 410 403 394 425 420 441 442 

NO : : 790 2 282 2 650 2 904 1 279 1 287 958 1 083 

CH : : 1 792 4 927 5 336 5 677 6 366 7 900 : : 

JP : : 2 358 4 371 3 604 : : : : : 

US : : 2 108 2 713 : : : : : : 


A

5. TV Broadcasting market

Private TV broadcasters gaining market share in 


The TV broadcasting market (terrestrial, cable and 

satellite TV) in the EU-15 had a turnover of 53.9 bn 

euro in 2000, with an annual growth rate of 8.5% 

for public and 13.7% for private TV broadcasters 

between 1995 and 2000. 

The private and public TV markets were equally large 

in 1995. With the higher growth rate, mainly fuelled 

by the very positive development of commercial TV 

advertising, the private TV broadcasters in EU-15 

accounted for 55.6% of the TV broadcasting market 

in 2000. 

The main factor driving market growth in the broadcasting 

TV sector is the increase of income from 

advertising and sponsorship. Advertising revenue is a 

primary source of financing, which increased by 

142% during the nineties to reach 27.3 bn euro in 

2000 in EU-15, even though the amount of advertising 

on every TV channel is regulated (Television 

Without Frontiers Directive 89/552/EEC, amended in 

1997). About two thirds of advertising expenditure in 

the EU is directed towards the private broadcasters. 

Public funding is the second source of income for the 

TV broadcasting market (30.1% in 2000 in EU-15), 

after advertising (50.6%) and subscription fees for 

cable and satellite (19.4%). 

In general, public funding consists of licence fees 

(26.6% of the TV broadcasting market in 2000 in 

EU-15) paid by private households and by subsidies 

(3.5%) from public bodies. The licence fees corresponded 

to 59.9% of the turnover in public TV 

broadcasting and subsidies accounted for 7.8%. The 

rest, 32.3% was TV commercial income, of which 

mainly advertising. Licence fees were important in 

Sweden Finland, Denmark and Austria. In 2000, 

there were no TV licence fees in five of the EU 

Member States: Greece, Spain, Luxembourg, the 

Netherlands and Portugal. 

The four largest public TV broadcasting markets in 

EU-15 accounted for 75% of the turnover. Largest 

was Germany with 7.0 bn euro in 2000, which alone 

corresponded to 29% of EU-15. Second was United 

Kingdom with 5.4 bn euro (23%). The turnover for 

France (3.2 bn euro) was equally large as the eight 

smallest markets in the EU-15. 

The five largest markets for private TV broadcasting 

accounted for 89% of the turnover in the EU-15. 

United Kingdom was largest with 9.8 bn euro in 

turnover in 2000, which corresponded to one third 

A 

5. TV Broadcasting market 

F. 5.1: Turnover of public and private TV broadcasters in 

EU-15 in 2000 

Source: Eurostat 


broadcasters 

55.6% 

F. 5.3: Financing of public broadcasting in EU-15 in 2000 

Subsidies and other 

public revenues 

7.8% 

Subscription 

fees 

19.4% 

TV advertising 

50.6% 


commercial 

income 

32.3% 


broadcasters 

44.4% 

Total TV broadcasting market in EU-15: 53.9 bn euro 

F. 5.2: Source of income for public and private TV broadcasters 

in EU-15 in 2000 

Source: Eurostat 

Public 

funding 

30.1% 

Total TV broadcasting market in EU-15: 53.9 bn euro 

Licence 

fees 

59.9% 

Public TV broadcasting market in EU-15: 24.0 bn euro 

Source: Eurostat and EAO 

89

of the private TV broadcasting market in EU-15. 

Second was Germany with 6.4 bn euro (21%) 

and third was France with 5.6 bn euro (19%). 

The leading European television enterprise was 

BBC, located in the United Kingdom. In 2000, the 

turnover for BBC was 3.9 bn euro for its Home 

Service (excluding World Service) activities. The 

total income for all BBCs activities corresponded 

to 5.1 bn euro, of which 3.8 bn euro licence fees, 

0.5 bn merchandising, 0.3 bn euro aids/grants 

and 0.2 bn euro programme sales. The second 

largest TV enterprise was RAI, based in Italy. The 

total income for all RAIs activities was 2.8 bn 

euro, of which 1.3 bn was licence fees and 1.1 bn 

euro was advertising. 

The first two enterprises are publicly owned. The 

third company in 2000 was British Sky 

Broadcasting, a privately owned enterprise. The 

turnover in 2000 was 2.8 bn euro. In 2001, the 

turnover increased to 3.8 bn euro, which was on 

par with BBC. 

The Top 25 television enterprises accounted for 

two thirds of the EU-15 market (measured by 

turnover). 

F. 5.4: Turnover from public TV broadcasters of national 

origin in EU Member States, 2000 

90 

(bn euro) 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

7.0 

5.4 

3.2 

2.5 

1.7 

0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 

DE UK FR IT ES AT NL DK BE SE FI IE EL PT 


T. 5.1: The 25 leading European television enterprises 

Rank Company Country Turnover 

(2000), 

bn euro 

1 BBC UK 3.88 

2 RAI IT 2.82 

3 British Sky Broadcasting UK 2.81 

4 ProSiebenSat.1 Media DE 2.22 

5 RTL Television DE/LU 2.00 

6 R.T.I. IT 1.95 

7 TF1 FR 1.60 

8 Canal+ FR 1.60 

9 ZDF DE 1.58 

10 France 2 FR 1.44 

11 France 3 FR 1.28 

12 ITV Network UK 1.28 

13 WDR - Westdeutscher Rundfunk DE 1.13 

14 Channel 4 UK 1.06 

15 SRG SSR Idée Suisse CH 1.04 

16 TVE ES 0.96 

17 SWR - Südwestrundfunk DE 0.94 

18 NDR - Norddeutscher Rundfunk DE 0.91 

19 ORF AT 0.90 

20 BR - Bayerischer Rundfunk DE 0.82 

21 Publike Oemroep NL 0.76 

22 Central Independent Television UK 0.76 

23 London Weekend Television UK 0.70 

24 MDR - Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk DE 0.63 

25 Sogecable FR 0.62 

Sum Top 25 


35.68 

F. 5.5: Turnover from private TV broadcasters of 

national origin in EU Member States, 2000 

(bn euro) 

10 9.8 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

6.4 

5.6 

2.5 2.4 

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 

UK DE FR IT ES NL SE EL BE PT FI DK 

A

Digital reception in 16% of the EU-15 households in 

2002 

With a share of 97.2% of the private households in EU-15 

with TV sets in 2001, the penetration rate has saturated. 

The potential growth lies in the number of households itself 

and the upgrading of newer TV sets (wide-screen, plasmascreen 

TV sets etc). The penetration rate of TV households 

is slightly lower in the Candidate Countries (94.9%). In 

Romania, the share of private households with TV set was 

87.2% in 2001. 

While the growth of TV households were just 8% between 

1995 and 2001, the growth was higher for both cable 

(31%) and satellite (59%) TV households. In absolute numbers 

though, the growth roughly corresponded to 11 million 

households for each reception mode. 

The growth of digital TV households was 3 times the 

growth of general TV households in the period between 

1997 and 2001. There were 8 million TV households joining 

the digital TV audience in EU-15 in 2001. Nearly 24 million 

households received digital TV services in 2001, 16% of all 

TV households in EU-15. Satellite was the most popular dig- 

F. 5.6: Share of private households with TV set, 2001 

160 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

(%) 

100 

0 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

(million) 

A 


ital mode (72% of the digital reception households), followed 

by cable (23%) and terrestrial (6%). 

There were 40 public TV programme services in the EU-15 

with analogue terrestrial licence in 2002, while there were 

another 69 channels run on cable and/or satellite. In Italy 

and the United Kingdom there were 20 (of which 3 analogue 

terrestrial) public TV channels each in 2001. Germany 

followed with 13 channels, of which 2 were terrestrial analogue. 

France, Sweden and Spain also benefited from cable 

and satellite broadcasting of public TV channels. There were 

3 public TV channels in 10 countries, 2 public TV channels 

in 5 countries and 1 public TV channel in another 5 countries 

in Europe in 2001. 

There were 767 privately owned channels in EU-15 in 2002, 

of which 47 were run with analogue terrestrial licence, 584 

were nationwide channels run on cable and/or satellite and 

136 foreign channels targeting another EU Member State. 

There were another 2 100 regional or local stations in EU- 

15. 

CY EE DE EL PT NL SI SK CZ NO IS IE LU AT DK SE ES PL LT UKHU LV FI BE IT CH FR BGRO 

F. 5.7: TV households in EU-15, 1980 - 2001 

TV households 

TV licence fee accounts 

Cable TV households 

Satellite households 

Digital TV households 

80 85 90 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 

20 

19 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

11 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

IT UK 

DE 


CC-12 

US 

FR 

SE 

ES 

BE 

FI 

DK EL 

NL 

AT HU RO NO 

CY LV 

IE PT PL SI CH 

BG CZ SK 

EE MT 

LU LT IS 

JP 

Turkey not included in CC-12 

F. 5.8: Public TV channels with nationwide distribution, 

2002 

Cable/satellite 

Terrestrial analogue 

How to read the figure: Italy has 20 public TV channels, 

of which 3 are transmitted via cable, satellite and terrestrial 

signals and 17 by cable and satellite, etc. 

91

In the United States, terrestrial commercial television 

broadcasting is conducted on 68 channels. The US 

television market is the largest in the world, served 

by 1580 television channels in 2000, of which 88% 

commercial TV stations. There are four major networks: 

NBC, ABC, CBS and FOX. The first three reach 

84% of the TV households, and FOX reaches a significant 

75.9%. The largest cable network (TBS) 

reaches 44.8% of the TV households. ABC, CBS and 

NBC generally take in more than 40% of the domestic 

broadcast television industry’s annual advertising 

revenues. There were 357 public TV channels in the 

United States in April 2003. 126 public TV channels 

broadcast digital. 46.9% of US households tune into 

public TV during the week and 1.7 million households 

watch public TV per day. 

Audience market share of public TV decreasing 

Although there are some comparability problems due 

to different age groups used, it is interesting to note 

that the average TV viewing time (average hours of 

TV usager per household) in the United States 

exceeded 4 hours and 33 minutes, one hour more 

than the average viewing time in the EU-15: 3 hours 

and 30 minutes. The average viewing time in the 

Candidate Countries were slightly higher: 3 hours 

and 38 minutes. During the nineties, the average 

viewing time increased by 82 minutes in EU-15. 

Although there are some comparability problems, it 

is interesting to note that the two EU Member States 

with the highest viewing time, Greece and Italy, still 

had a lower average than United States: just above 4 

hours per day. Latvia, Estonia and Hungary had the 

highest viewing times in Europe: 4 hours and 10 to 

24 minutes. Luxembourg and Austria spend least 

time in front of the TV: less than 2 and a half hours 

per day. 

F. 5.11: Daily TV viewing time in European countries in 2001 

92 

(minutes) 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

(minutes) 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

(%) 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

45.8 

45.5 

US 

JP 

CC 


45.8 

43.7 


F. 5.9: Daily TV viewing time (annual average), 

1980 - 2002 

80 90 96 98 00 02 

F. 5.10: Daily audience market share of public TV in EU-15 

and the Candidate countries , 1997 - 2001 

44.9 

39.3 

44.6 

37.3 

44.3 


CC 

33.2 

0 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Eurostat estimate, based on European Audiovisual Observatory data 

LU: 2000 

264 259 250 243 242 241 236 219 218 216 213 209 205 202 199 197 189 181 178 168 167 166 158 154 148 146 144 142 

LV EE HU EL SK IT CY PL UK ES RO FR DE CZ LT PT BG BE IE SI FI NL NO DK SE IS LU AT 

A

The daily audience market share of public TV in the EU- 

15 are decreasing slowly but relentlessly each year. In 

1997, the share was 45.8% and in 2001 it was 44.3%. 

In the Candidate Countries, public TV lost viewers at a 

higher pace. In 1997 the market share was at the same 

level as EU-15, but in 2001 the audience market share 

was just 33.2%. In the United States, public TV had an 

audience market share of just 1.6%. 

Many European networks are moving towards mass 

market programming at peak hours, while home shopping 

plays an increasing role in off-peak hours. The 

original programme production sector is worth 17bn 

euro, according to Oliver & Ohlbaum (a UK media 

strategy adviser consultancy), of which independent 

production accounts for 6.6 bn euro. About 4.5 bn 

euro is spent on sports rights, with football accounting 

for 75%. In comparison, 3.9 bn euro is spent for feature 

films and 2 bn euro on import TV programme 

rights. 

Terrestrial TV reception still most common mode 

in the EU-15 

About half of the TV households in the EU-15 still rely 

entirely on terrestrial reception. Three of ten households 

have cable TV as main reception and two of ten 

households primarily watch satellite TV. Terrestrial TV 

dominates in Greece, Italy, Iceland, Spain and Lithuania 

(shares between 93% to 72%). The share is also above 

half in France, Czech Republic, United Kingdom, 

Finland and Portugal. In the Netherlands and Belgium 

over 90% of the TV households watched cable TV in 

2001. Also in Switzerland, Luxembourg, Hungary, 

Ireland and Germany, over half of the TV households 

watched cable TV. Satellite TV was most common in 

Austria with 48% of the TV households. In Slovakia, 

Germany, Norway, Denmark, United Kingdom and 

Sweden, satellite TV households represented between 

25% to 35%. Cable TV is the most commonly used 

reception mode in the United States (72%). 

F. 5.12: Main mode of TV reception among TV households in 2001 

A 

T. 5.2: Main mode of TV reception among TV households 

in 2001 


households 

(million) 


Satellite 

(%) 

Cable 

(%) 

Terrestrial 

(%) 

EU-15 150.33 21.8 30.2 48.0 

BE 4.13 5.3 94.7 0.0 

DK 2.38 26.1 44.1 29.8 

DE 37.69 32.3 53.9 13.8 

EL 3.97 6.6 0.3 93.2 

ES 13.05 11.4 8.4 80.2 

FR 22.90 18.6 12.2 69.2 

IE 1.24 13.7 55.1 31.2 

IT 21.02 16.9 0.4 82.7 

LU 0.16 14.4 75.0 10.6 

NL 6.80 5.0 92.9 2.1 

AT 3.23 48.3 37.2 14.6 

PT 3.04 9.9 36.8 53.3 

FI 2.28 15.8 32.5 51.7 

SE 4.05 25.2 42.0 32.8 

UK 24.40 26.2 15.7 58.2 

CZ 3.94 12.7 21.6 65.8 

EE 0.52 17.4 : : 

CY 0.22 : : : 

LV (98) 0.90 10.0 41.0 49.0 

LT (98) 1.44 3.2 25.0 71.8 

HU 3.62 18.0 56.0 26.1 

MT : : : : 

PL 12.08 18.9 : : 

SI 0.68 14.2 44.2 41.6 

SK 1.57 35.0 : : 

BG 2.54 7.2 : : 

RO 6.69 4.8 47.8 47.4 

IS 0.10 8.1 5.1 86.9 

NO (99) 1.97 27.9 42.6 29.4 

CH (99) 3.03 23.8 76.2 0.0 

JP (97) 43.90 20.0 33.0 47.0 

US 102.20 12.6 71.6 15.8 

Estimation method: Terrestrial = 100% less share of satellite and cable 

households. If terrestrial share < 0 in the calculation above then it is 

set to 0 and cable households = 100% less share of satellite households. 

5 

95 

5 

93 

24 

76 

14 

75 

18 14 

32 

5 14 

56 55 54 48 44 44 43 42 41 37 37 32 

25 22 16 12 8 5 

26 28 11 

26 31 

14 

47 

25 

10 

48 

10 16 

3 13 26 

19 

11 

8 17 

35 

19 17 

7 7 

42 30 29 33 

49 

15 

53 52 

72 66 58 (%) 

100 

80 

60 

40 

69 

80 

87 83 

65 

81 83 

93 93 

20 

0 

BE 

NL 

CH (99) 

LU 

HU 

IE 

DE 

RO 

SI 

DK 

NO (99) 

SE 

LV (98) 

AT 

PT 

FI 

LT (98) 

CZ 

UK 

FR 

ES 

IS 

IT 

SK 

PL 

EE 

BG 

EL 

Basic mode is terrestrial, 100%. Main mode terrestrial equals the basic mode less the share of 

cable and satellite households. The term “Other” is used as an aggregate of terrestrial and 

cable reception for Slovakia, Poland, Estonia and Bulgaria 

48 

22 

30 

16 

13 

72 


US 

47 

20 

33 

JP (97) 

Other 

Terrestrial 

Satellite 

Cable 

93

23.8 million digital satellite TV households in 

2001 

The number of digital TV households increased by 

52% from 2000 to 2001. Still, only 16% of the TV 

households have digital TV reception. With this pace 

digital reception will overtake analogue reception in 

2004. A switch-off of analogue signal would have 

less impact by the end of the decade. There were 

23.8 million digital TV households in the EU-15 in 

2001, of which 16.7 million received digital satellite. 

The digital households were most common in United 

Kingdom (37.7% of the TV households in 2001). In 

United Kingdom, 97% of the satellite households 

were digital, leaving just 200 000 homes receiving 

analogue channels. Satellite was the preferred digital 

reception method in the United Kingdom with a 

61% market share in 2001. Sky’s Pay TV package 

and free TV channels like BBC, Channel 4 and 5 were 

at demand. In Italy there were 4.72 million digital TV 

homes, of which 2.09 million receive digital satellite 

signals. 82% of the satellite reception was digital in 

2001. In France 2.43 million households received digital 

satellite signals in 2001. Most popular were the 

Canal+ package. Another 1.83 million homes receive 

digital signals in other modes in France. The share of 

digital TV households in Spain was 17.5% in 2001. 

More analogue cable TV subscribers than 

analogue satellite TV viewers 

Unlike broadcast television stations, cable system and 

satellite TV operators derive most of their income 

from monthly subscriber fees. According to Eurostat 

estimates, 10.5 bn euro of income was received from 

subscription fees to cable networks and satellite 

packages in 2000. In addition to recurring subscriber 

F. 5.15: Number of cable TV households in 2001 

(million) 

20.3 

20 

94 

15 

10 

5 

0 

17.6 14.2 

17.5 13.2 

11.8 

10.7 


F. 5.13: Number of digital TV households (CATV + DTT + 

DTH) in 2001 

(%) 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

6.8 5.5 4.0 3.8 2.5 1.8 

6.3 

5.0 4.4 

3.8 

3.2 2.8 2.6 

2.0 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 

0.12 

0.7 0.7 0.6 

0.01 

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.08 0.01 

DE NL PL BE UK RO FR CH HU SE AT PT ES DK CZ NO FI IE SK LV LT SI LU IT EL IS 

37.7 

21.2 

15.5 

UK IT FR ES SE IE DK FI PT AT EL DE BE NL EU- 

15 

CATV = community antenna television = cable TV 

DTT = Digital Terrestrial Television 

DTH = Direct To Home = satellite TV 

A 

25.7 

F. 5.14: Cable and satellite TV households as a share of TV 

households, 1990 - 2001 

(%) 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Cable US 

Cable EU-15 

Satellite EU-15 

Satellite US 

US 

71.6 

30.2 

21.1 

12.6 

90 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 

PL, CH & NO 2000; SK 1999; LV & LT 1998

programming revenues, operators get income from 

installation charges, sales of pay-per view films and 

events, set-top rentals, remote control sales and 

rentals, advertising and carriage fees from home 

shopping channels. 

While nearly 72% of the TV households in 2001 

were connected to operated cable networks in the 

United States, just 30% of the TV households in EU- 

15 were. Satellite reception reached 21% in EU-15 in 

2001, which on the other hand was almost double 

the share in United States (13%). 

Germany was the largest cable TV market as well as 

satellite TV market in Europe. 20.3 million German 

homes were connected to cable TV, while another 

12.2 million homes were receiving satellite signals. 

The Netherlands was the second largest cable TV 

market with 6.3 million homes, followed by Poland 

with 5.0 million homes. United Kingdom was the 

second largest satellite TV market in Europe with 6.4 

million subscribers, followed by France with 4.3 million 

households. 

TV production enterprises 

TV production companies in EU-15 had a turnover of 

10.4 bn euro in 2000, compared with 8.7 bn euro in 

1999. Leading TV production group is Endemol 

Entertainment, the creator of shows like ''Big 

Brother, based in the Netherlands, with a turnover of 

0.91 bn euro. Expand was a leading TV production 

company in 2001, with main programmes such as 

‘Popstar’. Leading TV news agency was Independent 

TV News followed by Reuter Television and London 

News Network, all three based in the United 

Kingdom. 

F. 5.16: Number of satellite TV households in 2001 

(million) 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

A 

12.2 

6.4 


T. 5.3: Top 5 leading EU television production enterprises 

by activity 

source: European Audiovisual Observatory / AMADEUS Database 

Rank Enterprise Ownership Turnover 

(2001), 

bn euro 

TV production groups in EU 

1 Endemol Entertainment NL Telefonica 0.91 

2 RTL Group (Content Division) DE RTL Group 0.90 

3 Mediatrade IT Mediaset 0.65 

4 Bavaria Film DE ARD 0.28 

5 Expand FR Canal + 0.27 

TV production companies in EU 


2ITN UK ITV 0.16 

3 Endemol France FR Telefonica 0.12 

4 Arbol Producciones ES 0.12 

5 Thames Television UK RTL Group 0.11 

TV fiction production companies in EU 

1 Arbol Producciones ES Telefonica 0.12 

2 Thames Television UK RTL Group 0.11 


4 Endemol UK UK Telefonica 0.09 

5 Grundy UFA TV Produktions DE 0.08 

Animation production companies in EU 

1 Hit Entertainment UK 0.09 

2 TV - Toonland DE 0.08 

3 RTV Family Entertainment DE 0.07 

4 Carrere Group FR 0.04 

5 BKN International DE 0.03 

TV News agencies in EU 

1ITN UK ITV 0.16 

2 Reuters Television UK 0.08 

3 London News Network UK 0.05 

4 Spiegel TV DE 0.05 

5 ATLSNE ES 0.04 

IS: 2000 

4.3 

3.6 

2.3 

1.6 1.5 1.0 0.1 

0.7 

0.09 0.02 

0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.09 0.05 0.01 

DE UK FR IT PL AT ES SE CH HU DK SK NO CZ FI NL RO PT EL BE BG IE SI EE LV LT LU IS 

95

T. 5.4: Television households, million 

96 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : 3.21 3.59 3.74 3.98 3.98 4.04 a) 4.09 a) : 4.13 i) 

DK 1.90 2.12 2.17 2.28 2.30 2.34 2.36 2.35 2.35 2.38 

DE : 24.27 26.46 35.60 36.10 36.97 36.97 37.27 37.36 37.69 

EL : : 2.88 3.41 3.52 3.59 3.66 3.35 a) : 3.97 j) 

ES : : 10.59 11.80 : 11.93 c) 11.95 c) 12.18 c) 12.11 13.05 

FR 17.28 19.00 20.34 21.39 21.69 21.80 22.20 22.40 22.70 22.90 

IE 0.81 0.94 1.02 1.07 a) 1.09 a) 1.13 a) 1.18 a) 1.15 a) 1.19 1.24 i) 

IT : 18.61 19.93 19.41 19.51 20.21 20.39 20.66 d) 20.71 d) 21.02 d) 

LU : 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 e) 0.15 a) 0.16 h) 0.16 

NL 4.76 5.33 5.88 6.34 6.43 6.51 a) 6.56 a) 6.67 6.73 6.80 i) 

AT : 2.67 2.79 2.95 2.98 3.00 a) 3.03 a) 3.11 h) 3.20 h) 3.23 i) 

PT : : 3.01 3.16 3.04 3.04 3.04 3.13 h) 3.12 h) 3.04 i) 

FI 1.71 1.92 2.06 2.17 2.18 2.20 f) 2.23 f) 2.24 f) 2.26 2.28 

SE 3.36 3.52 3.70 3.94 4.03 3.93 3.99 4.00 4.05 g) 4.05 

UK 19.90 20.60 21.50 22.30 23.20 23.40 23.60 23.92 24.42 h) 24.40 

CZ : : : : : 3.71 i) 3.77 i) 3.74 i) 3.81 i) 3.94 i) 

EE : : : : : 0.51 i) 0.36 i) 0.52 i) 0.52 i) 0.52 i) 

CY : : : : : 0.21 i) 0.21 i) 0.22 i) 0.22 i) 0.22 i) 

LV : : : : : 0.89 i) 0.90 i) 0.91 i) 0.92 i) 0.93 i) 

LT : : : : : 1.44 i) 1.44 i) 1.44 i) 1.44 i) 1.44 i) 

HU : : : : : 3.66 i) 3.64 i) 3.63 i) 3.63 i) 3.62 i) 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : 11.82 i) 11.94 i) 12.08 12.11 12.08 

SI : : : : : 0.64 i) 0.66 i) 0.67 0.68 0.68 i) 

SK : : : : : 1.59 i) 1.57 i) 1.56 i) 1.54 i) 1.57 i) 

BG : : : : : 2.59 i) 2.59 i) 2.57 i) 2.57 i) 2.54 i) 

RO : : : : : 6.51 i) 6.57 i) 6.62 i) 6.68 i) 6.69 i) 

IS : : 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 a) 0.10 0.10 

NO : : 1.66 1.81 1.82 1.85 a) 1.88 a) 1.92 h) 1.97 h) : 

CH 1.98 2.19 2.44 2.62 2.65 2.92 a) 2.97 a) 2.98 h) 3.03 h) : 

JP : : : : : 43.90 : : : : 

US b) : 86.10 93.10 95.40 95.90 98.00 99.00 99.40 100.80 102.20 

Television households: see definition on the page 156 

a) Source: Screen Digest/IVF b) Source: Nielsen Media Research c) Source: Estudio General de Medios (EGM)-AIMC 1999-2000 

d) Source: ISTAT e) 98.7% f) Source: Finnpanel, TV-household surveys 

g) Source: MMS (Mediemätningar i Skandinavien AB) h) Source: SES/ASTRA 

i) Source: EAO j) Eurostat estimate based on EAO 

T. 5.5: Share of private households with TV set, % 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : 92 95 92 97 96 97 97 : 96 

DK : : 96 97 97 98 98 97 97 98 

DE : 94 96 98 98 100 100 100 100 100 

EL : : 83 91 92 93 96 87 : 99 

ES : : 93 98 : 96 95 95 92 97 

FR : 92 94 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 

IE : 94 96 93 94 95 95 93 96 98 

IT : 94 96 95 97 100 96 96 96 96 

LU : 96 95 : 97 100 100 : 98 98 

NL : 98 98 99 99 98 96 98 99 99 

AT : : 95 95 94 95 95 96 98 98 

PT : : 91 96 91 89 91 93 92 99 

FI : : 95 96 95 95 96 95 96 96 

SE : : 97 96 98 95 97 96 96 98 

UK : 95 94 91 94 93 94 94 95 97 

CZ : : : : : 99 100 100 100 100 

EE : : : : : 99 66 100 100 100 

CY : : : : : 98 99 98 99 99 

LV : : : : : 97 97 97 97 97 

LT : : : : : 97 97 97 97 97 

HU : : : : : 97 97 97 97 97 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : 97 97 98 97 97 

SI : : : : : 98 98 98 98 99 

SK : : : : : 98 98 98 98 99 

BG : : : : : 90 91 91 91 91 

RO : : : : : 87 87 87 87 87 

IS : : 100 93 93 100 100 99 96 98 

NO : : 95 98 98 98 98 99 : 99 

CH : : 86 87 86 94 95 94 95 95 

JP : : : : : 88 : : : : 

US : 93 100 96 96 97 97 96 97 98 

Data for this indication should be interpreted carefully, since household data are estimates. 

A

T. 5.6: Number of TV licence fee accounts, million 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE 2.93 2.97 3.30 3.41 3.42 3.48 3.47 3.50 3.55 3.56 

DK 1.86 2.01 1.96 2.06 2.08 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.16 : 

DE 20.76 22.43 24.14 32.31 32.63 33.06 34.05 34.72 35.13 35.51 

EL 2.97 3.23 3.50 : : 0.00 a) 0.00 a) 0.00 a) 0.00 a) 0.00 a) 

ES 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

FR 15.97 17.93 19.47 15.98 16.65 20.72 21.16 21.64 22.05 22.52 

IE 0.64 0.72 0.81 : 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.91 0.95 0.96 

IT 13.98 14.52 15.00 16.09 16.12 16.07 15.91 15.94 16.02 : 

LU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

NL 4.18 4.57 4.88 6.09 6.03 6.19 6.30 6.40 0.00 i) 0.00 

AT 2.23 2.43 2.50 2.65 2.64 2.64 2.34 2.44 2.47 : 

PT c) 1.38 1.61 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

FI 1.54 1.78 1.89 1.92 1.93 1.95 d) 1.97 d) 1.99 d) 2.00 e) 2.01 

SE 3.21 3.27 3.30 3.37 3.37 3.36 3.35 3.35 f) 3.59 3.38 

UK 18.52 18.62 19.73 20.92 21.27 21.98 g) 22.40 g) 22.94 g) 23.28 22.99 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 0.47 0.62 : 

SK : : : : : : : 0.07 0.07 0.08 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 h) 0.09 h) 0.09 h) 0.09 : 

NO 1.20 1.37 1.50 1.58 1.64 1.68 1.73 1.74 1.73 1.74 

CH 1.98 2.19 2.44 2.62 2.65 2.66 2.65 : : : 

JP 29.26 31.51 33.54 35.38 35.82 36.96 36.60 : : : 

US 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Among the EU Member States there are currently no licence fees in Greece, Spain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Portugal. 

a) There is not a license fee in the basis of TV set ownership. c) TV license fee was abolished in January 1991. 

d) Finnish Broadcasting company e) Finnpanel, TV-household surveys. f) Source: RIKAB (Radiotjänst i Kiruna AB). 

g) Licences in force (excluding uplift)+ARC licences at April each year: source DCMS/BBC/Envision. 

h) Source: SI i) Licence fee abolished 1 Jan 2000. Funding is now collected via income tax 

T. 5.7: Annual TV licence fee, ECU/EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 h) : : : 108 106 120 120 122 131 161 

BE 82 107 147 186 184 180 184 189 190 : 

DK 102 144 161 222 226 230 237 247 254 265 

DE 44 60 76 100 98 115 104 104 105 194 

EL a) : : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

ES 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

FR 60 77 80 103 108 106 111 113 114 115 

IE : : : 76 78 94 89 89 89 : 

IT 66 64 82 74 82 84 86 b) 89 b) 91 b) 92 b) 

LU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

NL : : : 90 90 94 96 67 0 0 

AT : : 169 212 211 211 i) 212 : : : 

PT c) 23 30 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

FI 83 126 159 151 148 150 d) 147 d) 148 d) 165 e) 165 

SE 97 124 155 154 173 178 176 185 f) 203 180 

UK : : : 104 110 132 g) 144 g) 153 g) 171 180 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : 33 32 35 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 111 167 262 283 284 0 0 0 0 0 

NO : : : 171 178 186 181 191 202 213 

CH : : : 158 158 151 153 : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 

Among the EU Member States there are currently no licence fees in Greece, Spain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Portugal. 

a) There is not a license fee in the basis of TV set ownership. b) Source: Rai c) TV license fee was abolished in January 1991. 

d) Finnish Broadcasting company e) Finnpanel, TV-household surveys. f) Source: RIKAB (Radiotjänst i Kiruna AB). 

g) Licences in force (excluding uplift)+ARC licences at April each year: source DCMS/BBC/Envision. 

i) Source: Eurostat estimate based on average fee for 1996 and 1998. j) Source: Eurostat estimate 

97

T. 5.8: Turnover of public TV broadcasters of national origin, million ECU/EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 c) : : 7 490 15 755 17 887 21 752 22 970 25 879 29 964 : 

BE : : 66 436 e) 375 e) 367 e) 424 e) 447 e) 479 e) : 

DK : : : 41 e) 34 e) 67 e) 108 e) 167 e) 175 e) : 

DE : : : 3 554 4 120 : 4 450 : 6 363 : 

EL : : : 223 e) 307 e) 417 e) 454 e) 544 e) 526 e) : 

ES : : : : : : : 2 080 2 362 2 430 

FR : : 1 752 3 576 e) 3 796 e) 4 061 e) 4 662 e) 5 087 e) 5 593 e) : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : : : 1 744 a) 2 087 2 286 b) 2 484 b) : 

LU : : 244 271 272 : : : : : 

NL : : : 233 e) 445 e) 506 e) 602 e) 632 e) 636 e) : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : 111 121 134 155 201 e) 254 e) 247 

FI 46 107 139 166 167 191 209 213 222 214 

SE : : 4 190 e) 261 e) 341 e) 421 e) 582 e) 621 e) : 

UK : : : 4 425 5 117 6 837 7 202 e) 8 235 e) 9 793 e) : 

CZ : : : 79 e) 94 e) 90 e) 117 e) 136 e) 116 e) : 

EE : : : 0 e) 0 e) 5 e) 13 e) 10 e) 10 e) : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 8 9 8 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : 0 e) 0 e) 14 e) 79 e) 97 e) : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : 16 e) 80 e) 160 e) 284 e) 340 e) 405 e) : 

SI : : : 0 e) 7 e) 18 e) 28 e) 31 e) 29 e) : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : 0 e) 12 e) 22 e) 41 e) 56 e) 56 e) : 

IS : : : : : 25 29 35 : : 

NO : : 9 116 e) 169 e) 204 e) 227 e) 355 e) 387 e) : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US d) : : : 42 496 50 501 60 706 68 338 77 954 104 181 103 144 

a) Autorità per le garanzie nelle telecomunicazioni (AUTCOM) 

b) RAI 

c) EU-estimate 

d) Eurostat estimate: TV advertising + Subscription fees 

e) Eurostat estimates based on EAO/Persky 

98 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 b) : : 12 407 15 939 17 530 20 874 21 798 23 046 23 960 : 

BE : : 171 229 215 218 468 c) 520 c) 573 c) : 

DK : : 353 441 441 547 567 575 592 : 

DE : : : 4 024 4 241 : 6 981 c) 6 988 c) 6 972 c) : 

EL : : : 164 c) 153 c) 177 c) 227 c) 217 c) 222 c) : 

ES : : : : : : : 1 474 1 655 2 193 

FR : : 1 114 2 647 c) 2 756 c) 2 750 c) 2 850 c) 2 888 c) 3 155 c) : 

IE : : 158 186 182 215 218 239 251 : 

IT 698 1 262 2 323 1 991 2 290 2 156 a) 2 096 a) 2 286 a) 2 484 2 390 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : 579 : : : 848 c) 844 c) 761 c) : 

AT 237 362 533 744 727 722 734 c) 799 c) 948 c) : 

PT 30 58 153 110 156 195 173 202 162 132 

FI 118 248 328 344 349 339 333 318 332 351 

SE : : 256 355 405 386 392 397 422 409 

UK : : : 3 065 c) 3 811 c) 4 337 c) 4 518 c) 5 300 c) 5 431 c) : 

CZ : : : 84 c) 106 c) 110 c) 132 c) 129 c) 138 c) : 

EE : : : 7 c) 7 c) 8 c) 9 c) 8 c) 10 c) : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV 0 : : : : : 11 c) 11 c) 12 c) 12 

LT : : : : : : 14 c) 12 c) 13 c) : 

HU : : : 174 c) 161 c) 158 c) 93 c) 139 c) 126 c) 165 

MT 0 : : : : : : : : : 

PL 0 : : 282 c) 312 c) 326 c) 342 c) 384 c) 423 c) 453 

SI 0 : : 92 c) 85 c) 85 c) 89 c) 101 c) 110 c) : 

SK 0 : : : : : 40 c) 40 c) 34 c) 39 

BG 6 : : : : : : : : : 

RO 0 : : : : : : 49 c) 68 c) : 

IS 6 13 16 16 17 19 20 22 23 20 

NO : : 241 291 345 327 338 384 c) 395 c) 400 

CH : : 313 533 528 498 960 c) 966 c) 1 122 c) : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 

a) Source: Autorità per le garanzie nelle telecomunicazioni (AUTCOM) 

b) EU estimates 

c) Eurostat estimates based on source EAO/Persky 

T. 5.9: Turnover of private TV broadcasters of national origin, million ECU/EUR 

A

A 


T. 5.10: Receipts from public subsidies and other public revenues, excluding licence fees, million ECU/EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : : : : 1 458 1 488 1 861 : 

BE : : 131 161 153 157 5 a) 5 a) 5 a) : 

DK : : : : : 0 0 a) 0 a) 0 a) 0 

DE : : : 196 177 : 191 147 a) 59 a) : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : 566 705 1 119 

FR : : 51 243 188 132 148 103 : : 

IE : : : : : : 0 a) 0 a) 0 a) 0 

IT : : : : : : 217 a) 200 a) 75 a) 48 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : 14 450 a) : 

AT 4 8 9 : : 12 10 a) 10 a) 10 a) : 

PT 2 3 2 34 74 52 69 104 76 72 

FI : : 2 1 0 : 1 48 a) 49 a) : 

SE : : : : : : : 7 8 : 

UK : : : : : : 242 a) 284 a) 293 a) : 

CZ : : : : : : 0 a) 0 a) 0 a) : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : 6 a) 6 7 7 

LT : : : : : : 10 a) 9 10 12 

HU : : : : : : 20 a) 38 a) 47 a) 50 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 111 118 139 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : 6 6 6 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : : : : : 

NO : : 28 1 0 0 : : : : 

CH : : : : 1 1 20 a) 13 a) 14 a) : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 

a) Source: EAO 

T. 5.11: Receipts from public TV commercial income, including advertising and sponsorship, million ECU/EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : 5 026 5 009 5 166 4 045 6 516 7 338 7 748 : 

BE : : 31 44 42 42 146 a) 157 a) 185 a) : 

DK 0 0 47 70 66 : 191 a) 175 a) 196 a) : 

DE 443 647 704 345 339 314 1 232 a) 1 327 a) 1 301 a) : 

EL : : 75 19 9 23 37 : : : 

ES : 480 1 289 1 346 1 428 : : 908 950 937 

FR 259 468 324 602 652 654 657 706 673 : 

IE 21 37 56 95 86 97 160 a) 169 a) 179 a) : 

IT 124 421 731 627 772 809 1 062 a) 1 184 a) 1 246 a) 944 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 73 122 202 232 133 126 185 a) 208 a) 241 a) : 

AT 86 133 232 326 306 315 366 a) 380 a) 474 a) : 

PT 12 28 102 74 68 64 72 75 68 44 

FI : : : 51 48 : 48 a) 47 48 45 

SE 0 0 0 2 2 2 22 a) 24 a) 25 a) : 

UK : : : : : : 1 531 a) 1 937 a) 2 119 a) : 

CZ : : : : : : 46 a) 40 a) 43 a) : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : 5 a) 5 a) 5 a) 4 

LT : : : : : : 4 a) 3 a) 3 a) 1 

HU : : : : : : 33 a) 16 a) 13 a) 8 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : 153 a) 256 247 281 

SI : : : : : : 21 a) : 29 a) : 

SK : : : : : : 10 a) 11 a) 5 a) 6 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : 6 6 7 5 

NO 0 0 0 0 : : 2 a) 3 a) 3 a) : 

CH 45 74 117 181 176 158 312 a) 333 a) 404 a) : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


99

T. 5.12: Total number of TV programme services (TV channels) 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 j) 

EU-15 : : : : : : : : : : : 

BE 5 16 17 19 19 22 24 : : : 43 

DK 1 36 55 72 68 : 69 5 : : 31 

DE 7 17 51 88 93 102 106 : 153 : 120 

EL h) : : : : : 105 a) 105 a) 110 a) 110 a) : 82 

ES 2 5 14 27 : : : 20 c) 26 d) : 134 

FR 3 5 20 81 93 127 145 188 232 256 139 

IE 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 : : 4 

IT 7 8 16 712 725 738 670 i) 693 i) 705 i) 656 i) 364 

LU 1 1 1 3 5 5 5 8 15 19 6 

NL 2 2 3 11 12 21 62 85 127 : 50 

AT 2 2 2 2 2 : : : : : 18 

PT 4 4 4 6 6 6 9 10 e) 13 18 36 

FI 5 5 7 7 7 7 f) 7 f) 7 f) 7 13 25 

SE 2 2 5 10 10 11 12 6 : 16 33 

UK : : : : 257 283 312 : : : 200 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 31 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 4 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 6 

LV : : : : : : : 28 25 28 : 

LT : : : : : : : 9 11 13 : 

HU : : : : : : : 268 296 250 42 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 41 49 42 : 

SK : : : : : : : 68 68 78 : 

BG : : : : : : : 32 87 : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 1 1 2 6 6 7 g) 10 g) 9 g) 9 g) 9 g) : 

NO : : 108 106 : 63 : 29 27 28 : 

CH 3 7 7 9 18 90 90 : : : : 

JP : : : 129 132 130 133 : : : : 

US j) : : 1 100 1 011 1 201 1 222 1 363 1 393 1 580 : : 

Data should be interpreted with caution, since they are not harmonised in coverage and double-counting a) Source : Ministry of Press 

and Mass Media c) source: CMT, Telecommunications Market Commission of Spain; nationwide distributed channel TDT+A47; without 

cable operators and local tv operators. d) Source: CMT, e) source: ICS f) Source: Statistics Finland g) Source: SI 

h) Digital only i) Ministero delle Communicazioni j) 2002 data harmonised: Sum of nationwide channels + foreign channels 

targeting the country + regional channels. Local channels excluded. Source: EAO 

100 


T. 5.13: Number of public TV programme services with nationwide distribution 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 a) 

EU-15 g) 31 31 36 45 47 51 52 56 77 77 109 

BE 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 : : : 6 

DK 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 : : 4 

DE 2 2 6 10 10 14 14 14 14 : 13 

EL 1 1 2 : : 3 3 3 3 : 3 

ES 2 2 3 5 : : : : : 2 7 

FR 3 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9 

IE 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 : : : 3 

IT 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 b) 6 3 20 

LU : : : : : : : 1 1 1 1 

NL 2 2 3 3 3 3 17 17 18 : 4 

AT 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 : 3 

PT 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 c) 2 c) 2 3 

FI 3 3 3 3 3 3 d) 3 d) 3 d) 3 6 5 

SE 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 e) 4 3 8 

UK 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 : : : 20 

CZ : : : : : : : : : 2 2 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 1 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 2 

LV : : : : : : : 2 2 2 2 

LT : : : : : : : 1 1 1 1 

HU : : : : : : : 3 3 3 3 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 1 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 3 

SI : : : : : : : 2 2 2 3 

SK : : : : : : : 2 2 2 2 

BG : : : : : : : 2 2 2 2 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 3 

IS 1 1 1 1 1 1 f) 1 f) 1 f) 1 1 1 

NO 1 1 1 1 2 2 : 2 2 2 3 

CH 3 3 3 4 4 : : : : : 3 

JP 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 357 h) 

a) Nationwide channels, excluding regional and local channels, Eurostat estimate based on EAO (including terrestrial + cable + satellite for all countries) 

b) Source: Autorità per le garanzie nelle telecomunicazioni c) Source: ICS d) Source: Statistics Finland 

e) Source: MMS (Mediemätningar i Skandinavien AB). Source: RTVV (Radio & TV Authority). 

f) Source: SI g) Estimate, excluding regional TV 

h) Not necessarily nationwide distribution. As of April 2003, source: Association of America's Public Television Stations 

A

T. 5.14: Number of private TV programme services with nationwide distribution 

A 


1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 e) 

EU-15 : : : : : : : : : : 767 

BE 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 : : : 25 

DK 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 : : 24 

DE 0 0 4 20 23 23 26 26 30 : 77 

EL 0 0 2 : : 9 9 11 13 : 27 

ES 0 0 3 12 : : : 4 : : 115 

FR 0 0 4 3 3 66 a) 78 a) 115 a) 129 a) 144 113 

IE 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : : : 1 

IT 3 3 11 11 11 11 11 11 b) 11 : 93 

LU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 5 

NL : : : 4 4 7 8 9 13 : 34 

AT 0 0 0 0 0 0 : : : : 15 

PT 0 0 0 2 2 2 5 2 c) 2 c) 2 c) 31 

FI 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 5 18 

SE : : : 1 1 1 1 1 d) 14 a) : 25 

UK : : : : : : : 180 350 346 164 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 17 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 3 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 4 

LV : : : : : : : 1 1 1 3 

LT : : : : : : : 3 3 3 3 

HU : : : : : : : 4 5 7 39 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 9 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 44 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 3 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 4 

BG : : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 13 

IS : : 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 

NO 0 - 1 3 3 3 : 2 2 2 19 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 12 

JP : : : : : 6 6 : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : : 

a) Data includes private subscription 

b) Autorità per le garanzie nelle telecomunicazioni (AUTCOM) 

c) source: ICS 

d) Source: MMS (Mediemätningar i Skandinavien AB). Source: RTVV (Radio & TV Authority). 

e) Nationwide channels, including foreign channels targeting the country, excluding regional and local channels, Eurostat estimate 

T. 5.15: Daily TV viewing time, minutes 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 f) : : : 187 191 195 205 205 208 210 

BE : 147 : 176 180 173 182 e) 172 e) 177 e) 181 e) 

DK : : : 164 166 155 162 159 152 154 

DE : : : 175 183 183 201 198 203 205 

EL : : 145 220 238 249 253 227 e) 191 e) 243 

ES : : : : : 209 a) 210 a) 221 a) 221 a) 216 a) 

FR e) : : 184 180 180 180 : 199 204 209 

IE : : : 188 188 182 194 186 e) 181 e) 178 e) 

IT : : 191 213 215 212 221 h) 233 h) 238 h) 241 h) 

LU : : : 156 144 136 : 124 e) 144 e) : 

NL : : 116 151 157 155 165 163 e) 163 e) 166 e) 

AT e) : : : 139 141 : : 138 139 e) 142 e) 

PT : : : 169 165 165 157 202 c) 203 c) 197 c) 

FI 103 111 104 140 149 149 149 161 168 167 

SE : : : 134 140 141 144 143 d) 150 d) 148 d) 

UK : 226 206 215 215 215 217 220 221 e) 218 e) 

CZ : : : : : : : : 194 202 

EE : : : 188 e) 221 e) : 232 e) 231 e) 253 e) 259 e) 

CY : : : : : : 214 e) 217 e) 224 e) 236 e) 

LV : : : : : : : 272 258 264 

LT : : : : : : 205 e) 224 e) 208 199 

HU : : : 212 e) 202 e) : 233 e) 240 e) 249 e) 250 e) 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 218 220 219 

SI : : : : : : 100 e) 158 e) 168 e) 168 e) 

SK : : : : : : : 243 249 242 

BG : : : : 245 e) : : : 231 e) 189 e) 

RO : : : : : : 211 e) 210 e) 216 e) 213 e) 

IS : : : : : : 142 120 145 146 

NO : : : 143 150 119 119 149 163 158 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : 235 225 214 214 : : : : 

US g) : : : : : : 255 261 270 273 

a) Source: CMT, Telecommunications Market Commission of Spain. A47Annual Report 1999; minutes per day 

c) Source: Marktest, Adults: 14 years old and more. d) Source: MMS (Mediemätningar i Skandinavien AB). 

e) Source: EAO f) EU-15 estimates based on weights by number of households 

g) Source: MPA Worldwide Market Research h) Source: Auditel 

101

T. 5.16: Households subscribing to cable networks, million 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE 2.31 2.82 3.37 3.63 3.68 3.72 3.74 4.07 i) 4.05 k) 4.05 k) 

DK 0.00 0.00 0.86 1.32 0.75 : : 0.74 i) 1.05 i) 1.05 i) 

DE : 1.56 8.10 15.80 16.70 17.28 22.00 18.76 i) 20.62 i) 20.30 i) 

EL : : : 0.00 0.00 : : 0.02 f) 0.01 i) 0.01 i) 

ES : : 0.11 0.40 0.44 0.41 j) 0.44 j) 0.59 j) 0.88 j) 1.09 j) 

FR : : 0.52 1.89 2.11 2.35 2.59 2.84 3.04 2.80 i) 

IE : : 0.39 0.46 0.47 : 0.54 0.59 i) 0.66 i) 0.68 j) 

IT : : : 0.32 : 0.84 b) 1.07 b) 1.10 b) 0.09 i) 0.08 i) 

LU : : 0.10 0.13 : : : 0.13 i) 0.12 i) 0.12 i) 

NL 1.06 2.75 4.98 5.77 5.64 5.92 6.06 6.19 f) 6.39 6.32 

AT : 0.28 0.63 1.08 1.08 1.11 1.17 1.09 i) 1.13 i) 1.20 

PT 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.17 0.38 0.60 0.77 j) 0.93 j) 1.12 j) 

FI 0.07 0.21 0.67 0.82 0.85 0.88 d) 0.91 d) 0.93 d) 0.95 d) 0.74 i) 

SE : : 1.48 1.54 1.65 1.57 1.72 1.77 i) 1.77 i) 1.70 i) 

UK : : 0.16 1.22 2.02 2.07 e) 2.47 e) 2.91 e) 3.55 e) 3.82 e) 

CZ : : : : : 0.75 j) 0.75 j) 0.85 j) 0.84 j) 0.85 j) 

EE : : : : : : 0.12 j) 0.14 j) 0.17 j) : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : 0.22 j) 0.37 j) : : : 

LT : : : : : 0.36 j) 0.36 j) : : : 

HU : : : : : 1.83 j) 1.74 j) 1.70 j) 1.86 j) 2.02 j) 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : 3.07 j) 3.59 j) 4.10 j) 5.00 j) : 

SI : : : : : 0.24 j) 0.24 j) 0.24 j) 0.24 j) 0.30 j) 

SK : : : : : 0.48 j) 0.60 j) 0.65 j) : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : 2.70 j) 3.00 j) 2.50 j) 2.80 j) 3.20 j) 

IS : : : : : 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 j) 

NO : : 0.48 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.71 0.82 i) 0.84 i) : 

CH 0.85 1.28 1.87 2.40 2.46 2.52 2.54 2.59 j) 2.63 j) : 

JP h) : : 6.77 11.00 12.63 14.48 15.82 17.65 18.71 21.25 

US g) 17.63 39.78 54.93 62.68 63.97 65.95 67.10 68.60 69.50 73.20 

a) Eurostat estimate b) Telecom Italia (TI) d) Source: Ministry of transport and communications. 

e) Source: ITC; According to ITC, all homes in UK connected to cable TV have to pay a subscription fee. f) Eurostat estimate, based 

on Inside Cable & Telecoms Europe online database, adjusted by households g) Data estimated, based on the Motion Picture Association 

of America data h) Source: source: Regional Broadcasting Division, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Post and 

Telecommunications i) Source: SES/ASTRA j) Source: EAO 

T. 5.17: Cable TV households in % of all TV households 

102 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


B : 87.7 93.8 97.1 92.7 93.4 92.6 99.5 : 98.1 

DK 0.0 0.0 39.6 57.9 32.7 : : 31.5 44.7 44.1 

D : 6.4 30.6 44.4 46.3 46.7 59.5 50.3 55.2 53.9 

EL : : : 0.1 0.1 : : 0.5 : 0.3 

E : : 1.0 3.4 : 3.4 3.7 4.8 7.3 8.4 

F : : 2.5 8.8 9.7 10.8 11.7 12.7 13.4 12.2 

IRL : : 37.8 43.0 43.1 : 45.5 51.1 55.5 55.1 

I : : : 1.7 : 4.1 5.3 5.3 0.4 0.4 

L : : 76.5 86.3 : : : 87.8 75.0 75.0 

NL 22.3 51.5 84.7 91.0 87.8 91.0 92.3 92.9 94.9 92.9 

A : 10.5 22.6 36.6 36.1 37.0 38.6 35.0 35.3 37.2 

P : : 0.0 1.8 5.6 12.6 19.6 24.5 29.6 36.8 

FIN 4.0 10.9 32.4 37.6 38.8 39.9 40.6 41.7 42.1 32.5 

S : : 40.1 39.0 41.0 40.0 43.0 44.3 43.7 42.0 

UK : : 0.7 5.5 8.7 8.8 10.5 12.2 14.5 15.7 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : 33.7 26.7 31.9 : 

CY : : : : : 20.2 19.9 22.7 22.0 21.6 

LV : : : : : 25.0 25.0 : : : 

LT : : : : : 25.0 41.0 : : : 

HU : : : : : 50.0 47.7 46.9 51.3 56.0 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : 26.0 30.0 33.9 41.3 : 

SI : : : : : 37.7 36.4 36.2 35.7 44.2 

SK : : : : : 30.2 38.1 41.4 : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : 41.5 45.7 37.8 41.9 47.8 

IS : : : : : 0.0 2.0 5.1 7.1 5.1 

N : : 28.7 37.5 36.5 35.9 37.5 42.7 42.6 : 

CH 42.9 58.4 76.6 91.3 92.9 86.1 85.8 86.8 86.8 : 

JP : 46.2 59.0 65.7 66.7 67.3 67.8 69.0 68.9 71.6 

US : : : : : 33.0 : : : : 

A

T. 5.19: Number of digital TV households (CATV + DTT + DTH), million 

A 


T. 5.18: Cable operators 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE g) : 42 34 34 32 31 31 31 30 30 h) 

DK g) : : : : : 40 65 40 : 1 500 h) 

DE : : : : : 101 a) 120 a) : : 416 

EL : : : : : : : 1 g) : : 

ES : : : : : 28 b) 28 b) 28 b) 28 b) 28 

FR : : 58 110 129 121 144 : : 15 h) 

IE : : : : : 5 g) 5 g) : : 4 h) 

IT 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 c) : 2 h) 

LU g) : : 4 7 7 : : : : 7 h) 

NL : : : 169 100 127 120 91 50 46 

AT g) : : : 49 : : : 270 : 236 h) 

PT : : : 10 13 15 15 14 d) 16 d) 4 h) 

FI g) : : : 103 106 106 e) 100 e) 100 e) : 50 h) 

SE : : : 7 7 4 4 4 4 4 

UK : : : : : 5 f) 5 f) 5 f) 5 4 

CZ : : : : : : : : 23 20 

EE : : : : : : : : : 37 h) 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 36 32 29 

LT : : : : : : : : : 55 

HU : : : : : : : 437 442 437 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 569 534 526 

SI : : : : : : : : : 38 

SK : : : : : : : 121 118 112 

BG : : : : : : : : 650 415 

RO : : : : : : : : : 584 h) 

IS : 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 

NO : : : 50 : 50 40 : : 1 000 h) 

CH : : : : : : 290 300 h) : 300 h) 

JP : : : : : 720 : : : : 

US 4 225 6 600 9 575 11 126 11 119 : : : : : 

Data for Denmark and Norway include SMATV networks. 

a) Source: Deutschen Telekom b) Source: CMT, Telecommunications Market Commission of Spain. Annual Report 1999 

c) Autorità per le garanzie nelle telecomunicazioni (AUTCOM) d) Source: ICP e) Source: Ministry of transport and communications. 

f) based on ITC information. This is just main operators - who sub-contract areas out. 

g) Source: Inside Cable and Telecoms Europe online database h) Source: EAO 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : : : 2.03 d) 4.00 d) 9.91 15.68 d) 23.80 b) 

BE : : : : : : : : 0.00 a) 0.11 b) 

DK : : : : : : : 0.10 c) 0.04 a) 0.29 b) 

DE : : : : : : : 1.30 c) 1.55 a) 1.46 b) 

EL : : : : : : : : 0.00 a) 0.16 b) 

ES : : : : : : : 1.38 c) 0.00 a) 2.28 b) 

FR : : : : : : : 2.68 c) 0.33 a) 4.26 b) 

IE : : : : : : : 0.04 c) 0.00 a) 0.16 b) 

IT : : : : : : : 0.90 c) 0.09 a) 4.72 b) 

LU : : : : : : : : 0.00 a) : 

NL : : : : : : : 0.14 c) 0.00 a) 0.12 b) 

AT : : : : : : : : 0.02 a) 0.18 b) 

PT : : : : : : : 0.07 c) 0.00 a) 0.22 b) 

FI : : : : : : : 0.01 c) 0.00 a) 0.25 b) 

SE : : : : : : : 0.12 c) 0.07 a) 0.62 b) 

UK : : : : : : : 3.00 c) 2.54 a) 8.98 b) 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : 0.03 c) 0.04 a) : 

CH : : : : : : : : 0.00 a) : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : 3.30 c) 5.23 c) 9.53 c) 15.46 c) 21.41 c) 26.93 c) 

CATV = Community Antenna TeleVision, also called Cable TV. DTT = Digital Terrestrial Television. DTH= Direct-To-Home digital satellite including 

subscribers to digital satellite packages and free-to-air satellite digital TV households 

a) Only includes CATV. Source: SES/Astra 

b) Source; EAO c) Source: Screen Digest d) Source: SES/Astra 

103

T. 5.20: Satellite TV households, million 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : 20.03 21.99 21.87 25.31 27.88 28.52 32.76 

BE : : : 0.26 : 0.14 j) 0.14 j) 0.15 f) 0.22 f) 0.22 f) 

DK 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.70 0.70 0.55 j) 0.62 j) 0.61 j) 0.55 f) 0.62 f) 

DE : : 0.85 10.00 10.70 10.70 b) 11.37 b) 12.14 b) 12.02 b) 12.19 

EL : : : 0.02 0.02 0.18 j) 0.18 j) 0.18 j) 0.07 f) 0.26 j) 

ES : : : 0.65 0.74 0.73 c) 1.10 c) 1.23 c) 1.38 c) 1.49 

FR : : 0.48 1.00 1.34 1.86 3.50 4.03 3.82 4.25 

IE : : 0.02 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 f) 0.13 f) 0.17 f) 

IT : : : : : 0.95 j) 1.15 j) 2.17 f) 2.65 k) 3.56 k) 

LU : : : 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 

NL : : : 0.29 : 0.26 0.35 0.32 f) 0.33 f) 0.34 f) 

AT 0.00 0.00 : 0.94 1.08 1.12 1.19 1.26 f) 1.45 f) 1.56 

PT : : : 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.38 0.29 f) 0.30 f) 

FI : : 0.05 0.20 0.23 0.26 d) 0.29 d) 0.31 d) 0.34 d) 0.36 

SE : : 0.11 0.79 0.77 0.87 0.84 0.85 f) 1.05 f) 1.02 f) 

UK : : 1.28 3.28 3.79 3.80 e) 4.12 e) 4.11 e) 4.20 e) 6.39 

CZ : : : : : : : : 0.36 0.50 f) 

EE : : : : : : : : : 0.09 f) 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : 0.09 f) 

LT : : : : : : : : 0.06 0.05 

HU : : : : : : : : : 0.65 f) 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : 2.28 f) 

SI : : : : : : : 0.09 0.11 0.10 

SK : : : : : : : 0.50 0.50 0.55 

BG : : : : : : : : : 0.18 

RO : : : : : : : : : 0.32 f) 

IS 0.00 0.00 : 0.00 0.01 0.01 i) 0.00 i) : 0.01 : 

NO : : : 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.33 0.39 f) 0.53 f) 0.55 f) 

CH : : : 0.17 0.25 : 0.36 : 0.61 f) 0.72 f) 

JP h) : : 2.36 7.37 8.17 8.80 9.46 10.07 10.62 : 

US g) : : : 3.30 4.40 6.40 8.30 8.60 9.60 12.90 

a) EU-15 data estimated b)Source: SES / Infratest Burke, mid year data 

c) Source: Estudio General de Medios (EGM)-AIMC 1999-2000; Collective and individual dishes. 

d) Source: Satellite and Antenna Association e) Source: BARB 

f) Source: SES/ASTRA g) Source: Motion Picture Association of America, Nielsen Media Research 

h) source: NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) i) Source: SSRI j) Source: EAO k) Source: ISTAT 

T. 5.21: Satellite TV households in % of all TV households 

104 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : 14.3 15.5 15.2 17.4 19.0 19.3 21.8 

B : : : 6.8 : 3.6 3.5 3.7 : 5.3 

DK 0.0 0.0 17.8 30.7 30.4 23.5 26.4 26.1 23.4 26.1 

D : : 3.2 28.1 29.6 28.9 30.8 32.6 32.2 32.3 

EL : : : 0.6 0.6 5.0 4.9 5.4 : 6.6 

E : : : 5.5 : 6.1 9.2 10.1 11.4 11.4 

F : : 2.3 4.7 6.2 8.5 15.8 18.0 16.8 18.6 

IRL : : 2.0 7.9 9.2 9.7 9.4 9.5 10.9 13.7 

I : : : : : 4.7 5.6 10.5 12.8 16.9 

L : : : 13.1 12.7 12.5 12.3 13.5 12.5 14.4 

NL : : : 4.6 : 4.0 5.3 4.8 4.9 5.0 

A : 0.0 : 31.9 36.1 37.3 39.2 40.5 45.3 48.3 

P : : : 8.2 9.6 10.4 11.2 12.1 9.3 9.9 

FIN : : 2.2 9.1 10.6 11.9 12.8 14.0 15.2 15.8 

S : : 3.0 20.0 19.0 22.0 21.0 21.3 25.9 25.2 

UK : : 5.9 14.7 16.3 16.3 17.4 17.2 17.2 26.2 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : 17.4 

CY : : : : : : : : 9.5 12.7 

LV : : : : : : : : 4.2 3.2 

LT : : : : : : : : : 9.7 

HU : : : : : : : : : 18.0 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : 18.9 

SI : : : : : : : 14.0 15.6 14.2 

SK : : : : : : : 32.1 32.4 35.0 

BG : : : : : : : : : 7.2 

RO : : : : : : : : : 4.8 

IS : : : 4.3 5.3 5.2 3.3 : 8.1 : 

N : : : 12.8 13.5 14.6 17.5 20.3 26.9 : 

CH : : : 6.4 9.4 : 12.1 : 20.1 : 

JP : : : 3.5 4.6 6.5 8.4 8.7 9.5 12.6 

US : : : : : 20.0 : : : : 

A

6. Sound recordings market

Sales of music fell in 2001 - whilst pirate copying 

increased 

The music market in the EU-15 has grown steadily 

over the past two decades to 9.9 billion euro in 

2000. The music market growth of 48% from 1990 

to 1997 was larger than the overall retail trade 

growth of 15% in the EU-15 during the same period. 

Turnover from sound recordings sales grew 53% 

in the EU from 1990 to 2000. But since 2000 the 

industry in the EU-15 did not achieve the positive 

growth. The turnover from sound recordings sales in 

EU-15 decreased to 9.7 billion euro in 2001 (- 2.3%), 

which was 26% of world music sales in 2001. 

The US music market growth was however even 

stronger during the second half of the nineties. In 

2001, the turnover decreased by 3.3% reaching 14.7 

billion euro, 40% of world sales. 

The Japanese sales volume stayed at around 6 billion 

euro during the second half of the nineties and 

reached 5.9 billion euro, 16% of world sales, in 

2001. The turnover decreased by recording 17% 

compared to 2000. 

The global music market according to IFPI had a volume 

of 37.5 billion euro in 2001, down by 5% in 

local currency value and 6.8% in units compared to 

the year before. 

Global recorded music sales down 7% in 2002 

World sales of recorded music fell by 7% in value and 

8% in units in 2002 according to IFPI data, with 

decline in all major markets, except in Italy and 

Sweden. Music sales declined in varying degrees in 

every region: down by 8.2% in North America, down 

by 4.1% in Europe, down by 13.4% in Asia and 

down 9.8% in Latin America. EU-15 sales of recorded 

music fell by 1.9% in value in 2002. The falls are 

attributed to several factors, including economic 

slowdown, a massive proliferation of CD burning 

and increasing availability of unauthorised Internet 

downloads. The CD albums market dropped by 17% 

in Portugal and in Denmark, 16% in Finland, 13% in 

Spain and 9% in the US. 

Major trends in 2002 

Legitimate online music services made good progress 

in 2002. Pressplay, MusicNet and Rhapsody have 

been joined by a number of other major online music 

services. These services have already begun to attract 

demand and are expected to grow and largely displace 

unauthorised music services over the next few 

years. 

A 


3.5 

3.0 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

0.0 


140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

2.8 

89.4 

2.1 

1.2 

48.3 

5.7 

36.9 

25.7 13.4 

15.8 


F. 6.1: Turnover from sound recordings sales, 1980 - 2002 


16 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

3.1 

1.0 

US 


JP 

1.7 

3.7 

6.5 

5.9 

2.4 

2001 2002 

0.6 0.6 

0.4 

0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 

UK DE FR IT ES NL SE AT BE DK PT IE FI EL 

IT: Source: ISTAT in 2001 and IFPI in 2002, FR 2002 not available 

2001 2002 

15.2 

14.7 

13.4 

11.8 13.0 

10.5 

9.9 9.9 

9.5 

9.4 

9.6 9.8 9.7 

8.5 8.8 9.8 7.1 

5.9 

5.9 6.0 6.0 

5.3 5.4 

4.9 

80 85 90 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 

F. 6.2: Turnover from sound recordings sales in EU Member 

States in 2001 and 2002 

F. 6.3: Turnover from sound recordings sales in Candidate 

countries in 2001 and 2002 

7.4 7.2 6.7 6.1 5.3 

PL HU CZ RO SI CY EE SK BG LV LT 

PL in 2002: Figure exclude premiums 

107

Sales of physical product through online retail maintained 

steady growth. In the UK, the share of album 

sales online increased from 4% to 6% and in 

Germany, from 6% to 9% of total album sales. 

Online CD sales remained steady in the US at 3%. 

Sales of music video continued to grow substantially 

in 2002 driven by the increased penetration of DVD 

players and the impressive flow of new releases from 

record companies. Between them, the five major 

record companies released over 1 300 DVD titles in 

2002. Best-selling titles included Paul McCartney 

'Back in the US', Sade 'Lovers Live', U2 'The Best of 

1990-2000', Robbie Williams 'Live at The Albert', 

Eminem 'All Access Europe', Red Hot Chili Peppers 

'Off the Map' and Westlife 'Unbreakable - The 

Greatest Hits'. Worldwide unit sales of DVD Audio 

and SACD reached over one million each in 2002. 

Since 2001 the combined unit sales of both formats 

more than trebled. (Source: IFPI) 

Top 20 music sales ranking in 2001 

The twenty most important countries in sales value 

account for about 90% of the world sales volume. 

The United States is the largest market, followed by 

the EU-15 and Japan. The largest EU country market 

is the UK. Another eight EU countries are on the top 

list. Four countries belong to the Americas and three 

to Asia. 

Music piracy 

According to IFPI, sales of pressed pirate CDs were 

500 million units in 2001, up from 475 million in 

2000 and pirate CD-R sales were 450 million units in 

2001, compared to 165 million in 2000. Meanwhile, 

900 million pirate cassettes were sold. Estimating the 

pirate prices, the global music pirate business was 

worth about 4 800 million euro in 2001. Price, cheap 

technologies for illegal commercial copies and inadequate 

enforcement by governments are believed to 

be the main reasons for the piracy growth. In addition, 

users of the Internetcan use file-swapping techniques 

such as Kazaa and Morpheus to freely download 

music. IFPI estimates that in June 2002 there 

were three million simultaneous users on peer-topeer 

file sharing services such as Kazaa, iMesh and 

Gnutella at any one time, with some 500 million 

music files available. By its peer-to-peer nature, it is 

difficult to measure the number of files being 

swapped. Sony started to sell CDs embedded with 

Key2Audio copy protection. Should the consumer try 

108 

[million] 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

353.4 

CDs 

MCs 

LPs 

Singles 


T. 6.1: Top 20 music sales ranking in 2001, 

source: Eurostat, see table 6.2 and 

the International Federation of the 

phonographic Industry for non-EU countries 

Rank Market Turnover 

(bn EUR) 

1 United States 14.68 

2 Japan 5.87 

3 United Kingdom 3.14 

4 Germany 2.38 

5 France 1.25 

6 Canada 0.74 

7 Mexico 0.63 

8 Spain 0.61 

9 Australia 0.58 

10 Netherlands 0.49 

11 Brazil 0.47 

12 Italy 0.34 

13 Switzerland 0.31 

14 South Korea 0.30 

15 Austria 0.28 

16 Belgium 0.26 

17 India 0.26 

18 Russia 0.25 

19 Norway 0.24 

20 Denmark 0.21 

EU-15 9.66 

F. 6.4: Number of sound recordings sold in the EU, 

1980 - 2002 

772.3 

248.8 158.5 

157.1 

38.5 

0.0 4.3 

80 85 90 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 

A

to play such a "CD" on a PC or Macintosh, the computer 

likely will crash. More than 10 million discs 

using Key2Audio CD-audio copy protection have 

been produced and sold, primarily in Europe. China, 

Russia, Brazil and Indonesia are the top four countries 

on the IFPI list of domestic piracy, while Eastern 

Europe, particularly Ukraine tops the list of manufacturers 

and exporters of pirate music. 

The music sales by format 

The UK and Germany are the two largest markets in 

the EU-15 with 3.0 billion and 2.1 billion euro of 

sales value respectively in 2002, followed by France 

with 1.2 billion euro in 2001. Together these countries 

account for two thirds of the sales value in the 

EU. 

The British spend most per capita, about 51 euro per 

inhabitant, followed by the Irish and Swedish, with 

34 euro per head. In Norway the spending per capita 

(60 euro) was even higher than in the USA, where 

the people spend 46 euro per capita per year. 

While CD players were introduced in the early eighties, 

their sales volume took off in the second half of 

the eighties. In 1988 world sales of CD were already 

higher than vinyl LPs. The share of CD units in total 

sound recording units increased to 33% in 1990. 

Since 1995 it has grown steadily from a share of 

65% to 79% in 2002. 

In 1995 the share of vinyl LPs had decreased to 1%. 

However, the LPs are still for sale on the market and 

reached 4.3 million units in 2002 in the EU-15 (0.4% 

of the sales). 

While music cassettes are still predominant in Asia 

(except Japan) accounting for around 50% of the 

market in 2000, their share of sound recordings has 

decreased in the EU during the nineties: from 33% in 

1990 to 4% in 2002. In the Candidate countries, the 

share of music cassettes is predominant in Romania 

and Bulgaria, accounting for 78% and 77% of the 

sales respectively, followed by Latvia with 43%. 

The share of singles has decreased slightly since 1990 

in the EU-15: from 17% (141 million units) in 1990 

to 16% (159 million units) in 2002. The countries 

with the highest share of singles are Belgium (26% 

of the sales), Japan (25%) and France (23%). 

A 

F. 6.5: CDs sold, 1985 - 2002 

[bn] 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

[million] 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

[million] 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

0 

222 

21.3 

US 


JP 

178 

130 

62 

3.8 3.6 

0.29 

0.14 

0.27 

45 

3.0 


2001 2002 

28 26 

0.93 0.94 

0.85 

0.88 

0.78 

0.80 

0.75 

0.72 0.71 

0.72 

0.64 0.70 

0.77 

0.77 

0.76 

0.60 

0.26 

F. 6.7: CDs sold in Candidate countries in 2001 and 2002 

2001 2002 

15 13 12 10 8 7 

UK DE FR ES IT NL SE BE AT PT DK FI IE EL 

1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 

PL RO CZ HU SI SK EE LT CY LV BG 

PL and CY: 2000 and 2001 data 

18 

0.27 

0.29 

0.29 

0.26 

0.28 

0.25 

85 90 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 

F. 6.6: CDs sold in EU Member States in 2001 and 2002 

109 

0.23

The sales of CDs increased nearly threefold in 

volume in the EU over the nineties 

The sales of CDs increased from 270 million units in 

1990 to 772 million units in the EU-15 in 2002. The 

sales volume increased even more in the United 

States, by 180% during the nineties, from 287 million 

to 803 million units in 2002 (down by 9% compared 

to 2001). In Japan the growth was smaller: 

sales just doubled in volume. In 1999, the number of 

CDs sold declined by 9%, however, the market 

recovered with an increase of 5.1% in 2000. In 2001 

the Japanese market suffered of value decline of 

11%. The sales of CDs decreased from 250 million 

units in 2001 to 229 million units in Japan in 2002 

(down by 8%). 

The United Kingdom is the largest market in the EU 

with 222 million CDs (29% of the EU market) sold in 

2002. Second is Germany with nearly 178 million 

CDs sold (23% of the EU market). 

The United Kingdom is also the country where the 

average citizen buys most CDs: 3.7 per capita. 

Sweden is second with 3.0 CDs per capita per year, 

third are France, Denmark and Germany with 2.2. On 

the other hand of the scale is Greece and Italy with 

0.8 and 0.7 CDs per capita respectively. 

In Japan, 95% of the households own CD players. 

The Japanese households buy 73% of the sound 

recordings in the form of a CD. The Netherlands is 

the EU Member State with the highest CD player 

saturation: 93% of the private households own CD 

players. There are 2 CDs sold per capita in the 

Netherlands. CDs account for 88% of the total 

sound recordings sold in the Netherlands. The shares 

of CD sales in total would be higher if singles on CDs 

were included. Low saturation countries like Greece 

(28%), Czech Republic (31%), Hungary (31%), 

Poland (37%) and Italy (45%) also show relatively 

low shares of CD sales in total sound recordings. 

But looking at the average number of CDs sold per 

CD player household, the UK, Norway, Iceland and 

Spain take the lead with 11 CDs per CD player 

household, followed by Finland (10). Italy is on the 

other side of the scale with 3 CDs per CD player 

household, followed by the Netherlands with 5. 

110 

2 

2 

7 

7 1 

3 4 

6 

5 

16 

12 

13 

11 

23 

20 

19 

26 

25 

4 


F. 6.8: Sound recordings sold by format in 2002 

BG 

RO 

LV 

HU 

EE 

LT 

PL 

BE 

FR 

DE 

CZ 

SK 

IE 

SI 

UK 

PT 

CH 

EL 

IT 

SE 

AT 

NL 

NO 

ES 

FI 

CY 

DK 

IS 

JP 


US 

Singles MCs LPs CDs 

6 

4 

23 

21 

15 

25 

8 

16 

4 

1 

1 

2 

36 

33 

33 

43 

1 

9 

35 

3 

78 

77 

94 

95 

99 

92 

93 

93 

95 

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 

EE, PL and CY in 2001 

83 

84 

84 

85 

86 

86 

88 

75 

77 

78 

79 

80 

74 

79 

74 

74 

73 

64 

65 

66 

57 

59 

22 

23 

A

The importance of national repertoire 

The International recording industry is producing 

more national repertoire than ever before, with seven 

out of every ten records sold worldwide carrying 

music by local artists. Recordings by domestic artists 

have risen from 58% to 68% of sales between 1991 

and 2001. 

Domestic music plays a significant role in the United 

States. It is the only country with over 93% of sales 

attributed to local repertoire. Rock accounts for 24% 

of sales, Pop for 12%, Rap and Hip-Hop for 11%, 

Rhythm & Blues and Country also 11% in 2001. 

Japan is another country where domestic music takes 

the lion's share: 76% of sales. France is the EU country, 

where domestic music plays the most significant 

role: 59%, followed by Greece with 54%. In the 

Candidate countries, the share of domestic music in 

the sales is relatively high. Among them Bulgaria and 

Romania had the highest shares (73%). 

Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Portugal and Ireland 

are the European countries with highest international 

repertoire: between 78% and 83%. In the UK 

despite the fact, that seven out of top 10 albums 

were UK-signed acts, the share of international 

repertoire increased to 77% in 2001. 

Rap, Hip-Hop and other forms of urban music are the 

fastest rising music genres in major markets. In the 

US and UK, Rock and Heavy Metal accounted for one 

in four records sales in 2001. 

Classical music plays a marginal role. In the US it 

stayed at 2% of market value during the nineties. In 

Switzerland, Austria, the UK, Hungary and Finland it 

reached between 9% and the highest share in Spain 

(11%) in 2001. 

A 


F. 6.9: 2001 repertoire origin as % of market value, 

source: the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 

SI (99) 

IS (00) 

CY (00) 

Domestic International Classical 

CH 

AT 

BE 

PT 

NO 

NL 

IE 

SE 

EE 

DK 

PL 

SK 

DE 

LV 

ES 

UK 

HU 

FI 

IT 

EL 

CZ 

FR 

LT 

RO 

BG 

JP 

US 

8 

14 

15 

17 

18 

18 

22 

27 

28 

32 

32 

37 

40 

40 

41 

41 

43 

43 

44 

44 

44 

54 

56 

59 

60 

61 

73 

73 

76 

93 

83 

77 

80 

78 

79 

76 

78 

70 

72 

68 

63 

55 

53 

48 

57 

55 

48 

47 

47 

57 

52 

42 

40 

36 

35 

39 

27 

26 

24 

9 

9 

8 

7 

11 

9 

9 

9 

5 

5 

6 

3 

4 

5 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

1 

5 2 

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 

111

T. 6.2: Turnover from sound recordings sales, million ECU/EUR 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 b) 

EU-15 3 081 3 678 6 479 8 505 8 753 9 579 9 770 9 821 9 891 9 659 9 476 

BE 99 90 190 362 331 308 331 321 290 261 239 

DK 49 62 122 234 242 241 238 248 253 210 177 

DE 982 1 053 1 776 2 498 2 532 2 748 2 692 2 648 2 630 2 380 2 112 

EL 36 43 54 100 99 103 107 93 98 80 85 

ES 168 128 413 429 461 534 599 592 626 b) 613 b) 576 

FR 370 356 758 1 037 1 043 1 145 1 158 1 136 1 125 1 247 : 

IE : 25 : 60 69 91 101 116 131 141 130 

IT 212 d) 238 d) 460 d) 450 d) 502 d) 558 b) 585 b) 669 b) 368 d) 339 d) 589 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 196 215 506 547 520 537 505 490 494 487 422 

AT 56 67 132 315 318 316 312 303 314 283 261 

PT 33 39 47 107 124 142 150 148 154 142 147 

FI 49 86 137 110 116 123 125 120 125 128 118 

SE 99 147 226 297 317 328 317 208 224 203 298 

UK 734 1 130 1 657 1 959 2 079 2 405 2 549 2 729 3 061 3 146 3 024 

CZ b) : : : : : 80 69 48 44 42 37 

EE b) : : : : : : : 6 6 6 7 

CY b) : : : : : 15 17 16 18 16 : 

LV : : : : : : : 7 12 7 b) 6 

LT : : : : : : : 3 4 5 5 

HU : : : : : : : 33 36 34 48 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL b) : : : : : 142 152 145 170 132 89 c) 

SI : : : : : : : 16 29 26 13 

SK b) : : : : : 16 19 12 11 10 7 

BG b) : : : : : : 3 3 5 7 7 

RO b) : : : : : : : 24 32 15 26 

IS : : : 12 13 13 17 19 19 12 : 

NO 51 90 93 222 209 230 246 245 252 242 269 

CH 67 102 211 342 316 273 278 260 286 306 268 

JP 1 033 1 717 2 396 5 883 5 327 5 977 5 404 6 043 7 080 5 875 4 858 

US 2 774 5 738 5 922 9 419 9 871 10 499 11 768 13 372 15 231 14 676 13 035 

BE, DK, EL, IE, NL, AT, PT, SE, UK, NO, CH, US, JP, 1997 - 2001, Eurostat estimates based on revised data from the International Federation of 

Phonographic Industry 

b) Source: International Federation of Phonographic Industry 

c) Figures exclude premiums 

d) Source: ISTAT 

112 


T. 6.3: Total sound recordings sold, million 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 c) 

EU-15 759.3 684.8 820.6 922.1 968.0 1 035.8 1 025.8 1 009.3 1 024.8 994.5 973.6 

BE 25.1 17.4 21.3 20.6 26.0 27.0 31.5 36.9 35.5 26.7 24.1 

DK 8.9 9.4 10.1 15.6 18.4 19.2 18.6 19.1 20.4 15.5 12.4 

DE 198.0 179.8 221.9 252.8 263.4 293.8 276.4 272.6 266.4 244.0 240.2 

EL 9.0 10.3 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.3 9.6 8.4 9.1 8.1 8.3 

ES 50.5 29.1 50.6 52.6 51.4 54.9 60.4 61.4 79.2 80.5 66.3 

FR 140.4 120.2 131.5 137.1 145.2 158.0 154.7 151.0 150.5 160.1 176.4 

IE : 3.8 : 5.2 6.1 8.1 9.0 9.5 11.0 11.0 10.2 

IT 59.5 43.2 56.7 44.7 43.5 60.4 51.8 53.9 48.1 43.8 52.4 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 45.5 34.8 47.3 44.3 43.3 45.5 41.4 39.4 39.9 36.8 31.8 

AT 12.1 11.3 14.4 24.8 24.4 24.4 23.2 22.4 23.4 19.2 16.9 

PT 9.3 7.8 5.8 11.9 14.3 14.5 19.7 16.8 16.8 18.9 15.0 b) 

FI 10.4 12.2 15.7 10.4 11.4 10.9 12.3 12.0 12.4 12.4 10.5 

SE 15.1 20.2 27.2 26.8 25.6 25.8 27.6 28.2 29.7 32.1 30.8 

UK 170.5 185.2 209.5 266.9 286.7 284.9 289.5 277.7 282.3 285.3 278.2 

CZ c) : : : : : 11.0 9.5 7.1 7.0 6.6 4.8 

EE c) : : : : : : : 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.4 

CY c) : : : : : 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 : 

LV c) : : : : : 2.3 : 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.7 

LT c) : : : : : : 1.5 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.2 

HU c) : : : : : 7.8 7.0 7.6 7.3 6.2 5.1 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL c) : : : : : 30.2 34.6 39.7 34.6 32.5 : 

SI c) : : : : : 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.4 

SK c) : : : : : 2.9 2.8 1.9 1.6 2.1 1.3 

BG c) : : : : : 0.9 1.8 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.8 

RO c) : : : : : 5.3 2.8 12.2 15.8 12.2 16.2 

IS : : : 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 d) 0.7 d) : 

NO 7.6 9.7 9.2 16.0 14.8 15.4 17.1 16.6 15.7 b) 14.6 b) 16.4 

CH 14.3 15.0 21.6 28.2 27.1 26.9 26.2 24.9 25.9 25.0 25.3 

JP 219.9 175.7 237.1 421.7 426.7 462.2 454.3 407.8 414.3 353.0 312.8 

US 683.7 649.4 856.5 1 100.1 1 120.3 1 044.5 1 095.9 1 134.9 1 061.0 950.6 845.8 

Sum of singles, LPs, CDs and MCs 

DK, EL, IRL, I, NL, A, P, IS, N, CH, US, JP, 1997 - 2001, Eurostat estimates based on revised data from the International Federation of 


b) excluding LPs sold, c) Source: International Federation of Phonographic Industry, d) only CDs sold 

A

T. 6.4: Singles sold, million 

A 


1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 b) 

EU-15 248.8 238.1 140.6 158.5 181.5 213.1 202.5 206.8 189.1 177.2 158.5 

BE 12.5 9.7 7.7 3.7 4.8 6.2 8.7 7.8 7.8 7.1 b) 6.2 

DK 2.0 1.9 1.0 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.2 0.6 

DE 45.0 49.6 27.2 44.1 48.5 55.3 54.0 53.7 51.1 48.6 39.2 

EL 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 

ES 7.0 4.0 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.3 2.4 2.1 b) 2.4 b) 2.2 

FR 54.3 65.1 28.0 21.7 30.4 42.7 36.5 36.4 36.8 37.5 40.5 

IE : 1.2 : 1.0 1.3 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 

IT 24.5 9.2 2.0 1.5 1.4 2.2 3.5 5.1 b) 4.0 3.9 3.6 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 14.0 12.1 6.3 7.9 7.9 7.8 6.6 5.4 5.4 5.0 3.6 

AT 4.0 3.7 2.4 3.3 3.9 3.2 3.1 3.7 3.7 3.0 2.1 

PT 3.7 2.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.3 

FI : : 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 b) 0.7 b) 0.6 

SE 2.0 5.0 4.9 2.8 2.9 3.5 4.4 6.2 5.9 4.5 4.0 

UK c) 77.9 73.8 58.9 70.7 78.3 87.0 79.4 80.1 66.1 59.5 52.5 

CZ : : : : : 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

EE : : : : : : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

HU : : : : : 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 

SI : : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

BG : : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : : : : : : 

NO 0.6 1.4 0.6 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.2 

CH 3.0 4.2 1.4 2.5 2.8 4.8 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.0 

JP 83.6 53.2 51.8 145.0 145.8 156.4 138.0 128.1 123.4 93.1 77.1 

US 164.3 120.7 116.1 102.4 113.2 117.0 87.7 75.3 40.3 21.4 8.4 

Include Vinyl, CD and MC singles 

DK, EL, IE, NL, AT, PT, IS, NO, CH, US, JP, 1997 - 2001, Eurostat estimates based on revised data from the International Federation of 



c) Source: 1998-2000; British Phonographic Industry Limited 

T. 6.5: Share of singles sold (of total sound recordings sold), % 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 


BE 49.8 56.0 36.0 17.9 18.5 23.0 27.7 21.1 21.9 26.6 25.7 

DK 22.4 19.8 9.9 3.2 4.3 5.7 6.5 6.8 7.4 7.8 4.8 

DE 22.7 27.6 12.3 17.4 18.4 18.8 19.5 19.7 19.2 19.9 16.3 

EL 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 11.9 13.2 14.8 13.2 

ES 13.9 13.6 3.2 1.7 1.8 2.9 2.1 3.9 2.7 3.0 3.3 

FR 38.7 54.1 21.3 15.9 20.9 27.0 23.6 24.1 24.5 23.4 23.0 

IE : 30.9 : 19.9 20.9 22.2 21.1 24.2 19.9 20.0 19.6 

IT 41.2 21.3 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.6 6.8 9.5 8.3 8.9 6.9 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 30.8 35.6 13.3 17.8 18.2 17.1 15.9 13.7 13.5 13.6 11.3 

AT 33.2 32.8 16.7 13.2 16.0 13.1 13.4 16.5 15.8 15.6 12.4 

PT 39.5 36.6 3.4 0.8 0.7 2.1 3.0 6.0 4.8 2.1 2.0 

FI : : 2.5 2.9 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.8 5.6 5.7 

SE 13.0 24.9 18.0 10.4 11.4 13.6 15.9 22.0 19.8 13.9 13.0 

UK 45.7 39.8 28.1 26.5 27.3 30.5 27.4 28.8 23.4 20.9 18.9 

CZ : : : : : 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.2 

EE : : : : : : : 0.4 3.6 0.4 : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 4.1 2.4 1.4 2.4 

HU : : : : : 2.6 2.9 3.9 2.7 3.2 5.9 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 1.2 4.5 

SI : : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.2 

BG : : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : : : : : : 

NO 7.8 14.4 6.7 11.2 12.2 13.0 11.1 10.2 7.0 6.9 7.3 

CH 21.3 28.1 6.5 8.9 10.3 17.8 13.0 13.3 12.7 12.4 11.9 

JP 38.0 30.3 21.8 34.4 34.2 33.8 30.4 31.4 29.8 26.4 24.6 

US 24.0 18.6 13.6 9.3 10.1 11.2 8.0 6.6 3.8 2.3 1.0 

113

T. 6.6: Music Cassettes sold, million 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 b) 


BE 2.3 1.6 2.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 

DK 2.5 2.0 1.8 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 

DE 43.5 49.4 74.6 31.4 30.0 28.6 25.3 20.3 19.4 21.0 21.8 

EL 2.5 5.2 2.9 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 

ES 27.1 13.4 23.5 17.9 15.1 13.8 12.4 10.6 9.8 b) 7.0 b) 2.4 

FR 21.7 20.7 42.0 22.2 17.3 14.9 13.8 11.4 8.4 6.4 5.0 

IE : 1.4 : 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 

IT 16.0 16.1 25.1 15.1 14.3 16.3 14.1 12.9 b) 8.9 5.7 4.0 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 4.5 5.5 3.4 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 

AT 2.4 1.8 3.2 3.2 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.2 

PT 1.3 1.3 2.6 5.1 5.6 3.4 3.8 2.9 3.8 3.4 2.2 

FI 4.3 5.5 6.8 3.3 3.0 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 

SE 2.6 4.7 5.7 2.4 1.7 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 

UK c) 25.2 55.4 75.1 53.4 46.2 36.6 32.2 18.4 11.4 4.6 1.9 

CZ : : : : : 5.7 4.5 2.9 2.1 1.8 1.2 

EE : : : : : : : 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 

CY : : : : : 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 : 

LV : : : : : 2.1 : 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.3 

LT : : : : : : 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 

HU : : : : : 4.5 3.5 3.8 3.2 2.7 1.8 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : 22.0 21.2 21.6 14.2 10.8 4.2 

SI : : : : : 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 

SK : : : : : 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 

BG : : : : : 0.8 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.4 

RO : : : : : 5.3 2.8 12.0 15.6 12.0 12.4 

IS : : : : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 : 

NO 3.2 4.2 4.1 1.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 

CH 3.4 3.3 6.0 2.8 2.1 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.9 

JP 64.0 59.6 46.2 9.0 7.4 7.7 10.3 6.6 6.5 6.1 4.6 

US 196.6 339.1 442.2 272.6 225.3 171.9 158.7 122.9 76.0 45.0 32.4 

BE, DK, EL, IE, NL, AT, PT, IS, NO, CH, US, JP, 1997 - 2001, Eurostat estimates based on revised data from the International Federation of 




T. 6.7: Share of Music Cassettes sold (of total sound recordings sold), % 

114 


1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 


BE 9.1 9.4 13.8 3.9 2.3 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 

DK 28.6 21.6 17.8 6.4 3.8 2.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 

DE 22.0 27.5 33.6 12.4 11.4 9.7 9.2 7.4 7.3 8.6 9.1 

EL 27.5 50.5 34.3 13.1 7.1 6.0 5.2 5.9 4.4 4.9 2.4 

ES 53.6 46.1 46.5 33.9 29.3 25.1 20.6 17.2 12.4 8.7 3.6 

FR 15.5 17.2 31.9 16.2 11.9 9.4 8.9 7.5 5.6 4.0 2.8 

IE : 36.0 : 33.2 27.3 20.9 16.6 11.6 7.3 3.6 2.0 

IT 26.9 37.2 44.3 33.8 32.9 27.0 27.1 23.9 18.5 13.0 7.6 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 9.9 16.2 7.2 2.7 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.3 

AT 19.7 16.1 22.2 12.8 7.8 5.3 3.9 3.1 2.6 1.6 1.2 

PT 13.7 16.5 44.8 42.9 39.2 23.4 19.3 17.3 22.6 18.0 14.7 

FI 41.3 45.1 43.3 31.7 26.3 16.5 10.6 6.7 2.4 0.8 1.0 

SE 17.2 23.1 20.9 9.0 6.7 4.6 2.9 2.5 1.2 0.9 1.0 

UK 14.8 29.9 35.8 20.0 16.1 12.8 11.1 6.6 4.0 1.6 0.7 

CZ : : : : : 51.8 47.6 40.6 30.1 27.4 24.9 

EE : : : : : : : 56.9 48.2 42.7 35.7 

CY : : : : : 30.0 27.3 20.0 10.0 5.9 : 

LV : : : : : 91.3 : 80.0 62.5 57.1 42.9 

LT : : : : : : 86.7 68.5 40.7 42.3 32.5 

HU : : : : : 57.5 50.0 50.0 43.8 43.5 35.3 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : 72.8 61.3 54.4 41.0 33.2 95.5 

SI : : : : : 54.5 33.3 33.3 35.3 21.4 21.4 

SK : : : : : 58.6 42.7 47.4 36.8 19.0 23.0 

BG : : : : : 93.0 94.4 93.8 84.2 80.0 77.8 

RO : : : : : 100.0 100.0 98.4 98.7 98.4 76.5 

IS : : : : : 2.7 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 : 

NO 42.8 43.3 44.5 10.0 5.4 3.2 1.8 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 

CH 24.1 21.8 27.8 9.9 7.7 5.6 5.7 3.6 2.7 2.4 3.6 

JP 29.1 33.9 19.5 2.1 1.7 1.7 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.5 

US 28.8 52.2 51.6 24.8 20.1 16.5 14.5 10.8 7.2 4.7 3.8 

A

T. 6.8: LPs sold, million 

A 


1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 b) 


BE 10.3 5.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 

DK 4.4 5.2 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

DE 109.5 74.0 43.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.0 

EL 6.3 5.1 5.0 1.4 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

ES 16.4 11.7 18.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 b) 0.0 0.0 

FR 64.3 32.1 6.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 

IE : 1.3 : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

IT 19.0 16.9 14.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 b) 0.0 0.0 0.1 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 27.0 15.8 2.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 

AT 5.7 5.5 3.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 

PT 4.3 3.6 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 : 

FI 6.1 6.7 5.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 b) 0.0 

SE 10.6 10.3 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 

UK c) 67.4 52.9 24.7 3.6 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.3 3.2 2.6 2.2 

CZ : : : : : : : : 0.1 0.1 : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 : 

HU : : : : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 : : : 

NO 3.7 3.8 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 : : : 

CH 7.8 6.1 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 

JP 72.4 46.4 0.6 8.5 7.6 8.8 14.1 8.2 5.9 4.2 2.2 

US 322.8 167.0 11.7 2.2 2.9 2.7 3.4 2.9 2.2 2.3 1.7 

DK, EL, IE, NL, AT, PT IS, NO, CH, US, JP, 1997 - 2001, Eurostat estimates based on revised data from the International Federation of 




T. 6.9: Share of LPs sold (of total sound recordings sold), % 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 


BE 41.1 32.1 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 

DK 49.0 55.6 40.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 

DE 55.3 41.2 19.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 

EL 70.3 49.5 58.4 16.7 7.1 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 

ES 32.5 40.2 35.8 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

FR 45.8 26.7 5.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 

IE : 33.1 : 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 

IT 31.9 39.2 25.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 59.3 46.5 5.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 

AT 47.1 48.7 25.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 

PT 46.8 46.7 31.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 : 

FI 58.7 54.9 32.5 1.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 

SE 69.7 50.7 33.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 

UK 39.5 28.6 11.8 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.8 

CZ : : : 0.7 0.8 : 

EE : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : 

LT : : 0.0 0.0 0.0 : 

HU 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

MT : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : 

SK 0.0 0.0 0.0 : : : 

BG : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : 

IS : : : 5.0 4.3 1.4 2.4 2.2 : : : 

NO 49.4 39.2 20.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 : : : 

CH 54.7 40.8 5.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 

JP 32.9 26.4 0.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 3.1 2.0 1.4 1.2 0.7 

US 47.2 25.7 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 

115

T. 6.10: CDs sold, million 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 b) 


BE 0.0 0.4 9.3 16.1 20.6 20.4 22.4 28.9 27.6 19.4 b) 17.8 

DK 0.0 0.3 3.2 14.1 16.9 17.6 17.2 17.6 18.7 14.2 11.8 

DE 0.0 6.8 76.2 176.9 184.5 209.5 196.5 198.0 195.1 173.4 178.2 

EL 0.0 0.0 0.6 5.9 7.2 7.7 8.3 6.9 7.5 6.5 7.0 

ES 0.0 0.0 7.4 33.6 35.4 39.3 46.7 48.4 67.3 b) 71.1 b) 61.7 

FR 0.0 2.4 54.8 93.1 97.4 100.2 104.1 102.8 104.8 115.6 130.4 

IE 0.0 0.0 : 2.4 3.1 4.6 5.6 6.1 8.0 8.4 8.0 

IT 0.0 1.0 15.4 28.0 27.7 41.8 34.2 35.8 b) 35.2 34.2 44.7 

LU d) 0.0 : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 0.0 1.4 35.0 35.0 34.4 36.9 34.2 33.5 34.1 31.5 27.9 

AT 0.0 0.3 5.2 18.3 18.6 19.9 19.2 18.0 19.1 15.8 14.5 

PT 0.0 0.0 1.2 6.7 8.6 10.8 15.3 12.9 12.2 15.1 12.5 

FI 0.0 0.0 3.4 6.6 7.9 8.7 10.5 10.7 11.5 11.6 9.8 

SE 0.0 0.3 7.5 21.6 20.9 21.1 22.4 21.2 23.4 27.3 26.4 

UK c) 0.0 3.1 50.9 139.2 159.7 158.8 175.7 176.9 201.6 218.6 221.6 

CZ : : : : : 5.2 4.9 4.2 4.8 4.7 3.6 

EE : : : : : : : 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.9 

CY : : : : : 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 : 

LV : : : : : 0.2 : 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.4 

LT : : : : : : 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.8 

HU : : : : : 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.9 3.3 3.0 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : 7.8 13.2 18.0 20.2 21.3 : 

SI : : : : : 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 

SK : : : : : 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.0 

BG : : : : : 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 

RO : : : : : : : 0.2 0.2 0.2 3.8 

IS 0.0 : : 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 : 

NO 0.0 0.3 2.6 12.6 12.2 12.9 14.9 14.6 14.5 13.5 15.1 

CH 0.0 1.4 13.0 22.8 22.1 20.5 21.2 20.6 21.8 21.2 21.3 

JP 0.0 16.5 138.6 259.2 265.9 289.3 291.9 264.9 278.5 249.6 228.9 

US b) 0.0 22.6 286.5 722.9 778.9 752.9 846.1 933.8 942.5 881.9 803.3 

DK, EL, IE, NL, AT, TP, IS, NO, CH, US, JP, 1997 - 2001, Eurostat estimates based on revised data from the International Federation of Phonographic 

Industry 



d) CD's in Luxembourg are distributed from Belgium, France, Germany and Holland according to International Federation of Phonographic Industry 

T. 6.11: Share of CDs sold (of total sound recordings sold), % 

116 


1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 


BE 0.0 2.5 43.6 78.2 79.2 75.6 71.2 78.3 77.7 72.7 73.9 

DK 0.0 3.0 31.7 90.4 91.8 91.7 92.5 92.1 91.7 91.8 94.9 

DE 0.0 3.8 34.3 70.0 70.0 71.3 71.1 72.6 73.2 71.1 74.2 

EL 0.0 0.0 7.4 70.2 85.7 92.8 86.2 82.0 82.3 80.1 84.2 

ES 0.0 0.0 14.6 63.9 68.8 71.6 77.3 78.8 85.0 88.3 93.0 

FR 0.0 2.0 41.7 67.9 67.1 63.4 67.3 68.1 69.6 72.2 73.9 

IE : 0.0 : 46.6 51.5 56.7 62.1 64.1 72.5 76.2 78.4 

IT 0.0 2.4 27.2 62.6 63.7 69.2 65.9 66.4 73.1 78.1 85.3 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 0.0 4.1 74.0 79.0 79.4 81.1 82.6 85.0 85.5 85.6 87.7 

AT 0.0 2.3 36.1 73.7 76.1 81.5 82.7 80.2 81.5 82.4 85.8 

PT 0.0 0.1 20.7 56.3 60.1 74.5 77.7 76.8 72.6 79.9 83.3 

FI 0.0 0.0 21.7 63.5 69.3 79.8 85.4 89.2 92.7 93.4 93.2 

SE 0.0 1.3 27.6 80.5 81.8 81.7 81.1 75.4 78.7 84.9 85.7 

UK 0.0 1.7 24.3 52.1 55.7 55.7 60.7 63.7 71.4 76.6 79.7 

CZ : : : : : 47.3 51.9 58.8 68.8 71.4 74.8 

EE : : : : : : : 42.7 48.2 56.9 64.3 

CY : : : : : 70.0 72.7 80.0 90.0 94.1 : 

LV : : : : : 8.7 : 20.0 37.5 42.9 57.1 

LT : : : : : : 13.3 27.4 56.9 56.3 65.0 

HU : : : : : 39.6 47.1 46.0 53.4 53.2 58.8 

MT : : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : 25.8 38.2 45.3 58.4 65.5 : 

SI : : : : : 45.5 66.7 66.7 64.7 78.6 78.6 

SK : : : : : 41.4 56.9 52.6 61.3 81.0 76.8 

BG : : : : : 7.0 5.6 6.3 15.8 20.0 22.2 

RO : : : : : : : 1.6 1.3 1.6 23.5 

IS : : : 95.0 92.9 95.9 96.4 96.9 99.0 98.9 : 

NO 0.0 3.1 28.2 78.8 82.4 83.8 87.1 88.0 92.4 92.7 92.1 

CH 0.0 9.3 60.2 80.9 81.5 76.2 80.9 82.7 84.2 84.8 84.2 

JP 0.0 9.4 58.4 61.5 62.3 62.6 64.3 65.0 67.2 70.7 73.2 

US 0.0 3.5 33.5 65.7 69.5 72.1 77.2 82.3 88.8 92.8 95.0 

A

T. 6.12: CDs sold per CD player household 

A 


1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 

EU-15 : : : 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.2 6.8 

BE : : 6.9 6.7 8.3 8.2 8.5 10.5 9.3 6.5 

DK : : 7.1 8.9 10.2 9.9 9.3 9.1 8.7 6.6 

DE : : 16.0 7.1 7.1 7.9 7.1 6.9 6.4 5.6 

EL : : : 11.2 11.1 9.9 9.8 6.4 7.0 8.6 

ES : : 6.8 8.2 7.6 7.6 7.9 6.5 : 10.6 

FR : : : 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.1 5.3 5.6 

IE : : : 4.8 5.1 6.4 6.8 6.7 8.0 8.2 

IT : : : 6.0 4.6 5.5 3.8 3.3 3.3 2.8 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : 12.1 6.6 6.2 6.5 5.7 5.5 5.4 4.9 

AT : : : 14.7 13.1 13.4 12.5 11.1 9.8 7.4 

PT : : : 9.3 9.9 11.4 15.3 11.0 10.4 7.6 

FI : : 14.4 7.5 7.2 6.6 7.3 7.2 7.8 10.0 

SE : : 10.3 9.2 8.3 7.6 7.5 6.5 7.2 8.7 

UK : : 9.4 9.2 10.3 9.8 10.3 9.8 11.2 10.9 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : 2.9 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : 4.6 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 11.0 11.4 11.5 11.3 12.4 11.0 : 

NO : : : 15.5 13.1 11.6 12.2 11.1 11.0 11.2 

CH : : 27.5 10.6 10.0 8.9 9.0 8.1 8.6 : 

JP : : : 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.2 5.5 5.8 : 

US : : : 12.4 12.0 10.8 11.3 11.4 10.1 9.2 

CD player households: see definition on the page 159. 


Data for the period 1995 - 2001, Eurostat estimates based on data from the International Federation of Phonographic Industry 

T. 6.13: Share of private households with CD player, % 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 

EU-15 : : : 53 56 60 63 67 : 72 

BE : : 36 59 61 60 63 65 69 69 

DK : : 20 67 70 74 77 80 89 89 

DE : : 17 68 71 72 75 77 81 82 

EL : : : 14 17 20 22 28 : 19 

ES : : 10 34 38 42 47 58 : 50 

FR : : : 57 61 65 68 71 82 85 

IE : : : 44 53 60 67 73 80 85 

IT : : : 23 30 38 42 50 a) 53 a) 55 a) 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : 48 83 85 86 88 90 92 93 

AT : : : 40 45 47 48 50 60 65 

PT : : : 22 26 28 30 35 : 58 

FI : : 11 39 48 57 62 63 : 49 

SE : : 19 57 61 67 73 78 : 72 

UK : : 24 62 63 65 68 71 70 77 

CZ : : : : : : : : : 31 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : 31 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : 37 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : 31 51 56 64 72 : : : 

NO : : : 44 50 59 64 68 : 65 

CH : : 17 71 72 74 75 80 : : 

JP : : : 80 85 90 93 95 : : 

US : : : 59 65 69 73 79 90 92 

CD player households: see definition on the page 159. 


Data for the period 1995 - 2001, Eurostat estimates based on data from the International Federation of Phonographic Industry 

a) Source: ISTAT 

117

T. 6.14: Main CD market indicators in 2001 

Turnover Number of Share of value Average 

from sound CDs of CDs in CD price 

recordings sold all sound in 2001 

in 2001 in 2001 recordings 

(million EUR) (million) (%) (EUR) 

EU-15 9 659 762.7 88 11.2 

BE 261 19.4 88 11.8 

DK 210 14.2 97 14.3 

DE 2 380 173.4 85 11.6 

EL 80 6.5 90 11.0 

ES 613 71.1 92 8.0 

FR 1 247 115.6 86 9.3 

IE 141 8.4 90 15.1 

IT 339 34.2 85 8.4 

LU : : : : 

NL 487 31.5 94 14.6 

AT 283 15.8 91 16.3 

PT 142 15.1 95 8.9 

FI 128 11.6 96 10.6 

SE 203 27.3 95 7.1 

UK 3 146 218.6 89 12.8 

CZ 42 4.7 77 6.9 

EE 6 0.4 81 12.1 

CY 16 0.8 97 19.2 

LV 12 0.6 72 14.4 

LT 5 0.8 49 3.2 

HU 34 3.3 68 7.1 

MT : : : : 

PL 132 21.3 73 4.5 

SI 26 1.1 85 20.5 

SK 10 1.7 83 4.9 

BG 7 0.4 35 6.0 

RO 15 0.2 8 6.4 

IS 12 0.7 98 17.4 

NO 242 13.5 98 17.5 

CH 306 21.2 93 13.5 

JP 5 875 249.6 83 19.6 

US 14 676 881.9 96 16.0 

Turnover, number of CDs sold, source: the International Federation of the Phonographic 

Industry 

The average price takes into account full, mid and budget price, whose composition and price 

vary country by country 

No. 1 CD price September 2000, source: Economist Intelligence Unit 

Number 1 CD was the title being number one in the particular country sampled at end of 

September 2000. The price was estimated by weighting price in 'leading stores'. 

118 


A

7. Radio market

93% of the radio stations in the EU are private 

(commercial) - but larger share for public radio 

In Europe regular radio broadcasting started already 

at the beginning of the twenties. The deregulation 

that commenced in the eighties resulted in a rapid 

growth of private local and commercial radio networks. 

The radio sector is much more fragmented 

than the TV sector. Alongside nation-wide generalinterest 

radio stations (e.g. music stations, etc.) 

there are local commercial stations that are part of 

a franchise or subscribers to a national network as 

well as a huge number of local independent commercial 

stations and non-commercial community 

radio stations run by associations. 

EU's 9.6 billion euro radio broadcasting sector 

(turnover 2001) is still dominated by its 350 public 

service stations, which account for 57% of revenue 

and 38 per cent of listening according to Oliver & 

Ohlbaum. EU's 5 050 commercial radio stations 

share just 4.1 billion euro in total revenue of about 

812 000 euro per station. According to Oliver & 

Ohlbaum, 4 500 of them are part of affiliate networks, 

with the remainder often being part of 

multi-station owning groups. 

In comparison, the US commercial radio market was 

worth 20 billion euro in 2001, or 1.6 million euro 

per station. 

According to Oliver & Ohlbaum, commercial station 

advertising yields per thousand listening hours in EU 

are between 15 euro and 30 euro in 2000, compared 

with almost 50 euro in the United States. 

Radio station choice in major European cities is generally 

just three-fifths the US level. 

[euro per capita] 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

A 

32 

LU 

01 

19 18 

17 

AT 

00 

NL 

01 

BE 

00 

15 14 

14 13 

UK 

01 

IE 

00 

NO 

01 

FR 

01 

12 

ES 

01 

8 

8 8 

8 7 

EE 

00 

DE 

01 

SE 

00 

[euro per capita] 

89 

90 82 

80 

70 65 

F. 7.3: Turnover of private radio broadcasters per capita, latest available year 

IT 

01 

FI 

00 

6 

DK 

01 

4 4 

5 4 3 

2 

1 

PT 

00 

SK 

01 

EL 

00 

SI 

00 

LV 

01 

HU 

01 

LT 

01 


F. 7.1: Turnover of public and private radio broadcasters in 

the EU-15, 1997-2001 

[billion ECU/EUR] 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

7.1 

3.9 

3.2 

41 

8.2 

4.7 

3.5 

F. 7.2: Turnover of public radio broadcasters per capita 

in 2001 

33 

25 

8.9 

5.0 

3.9 

12 10 7 6 5 4 4 3 2 2 

NO DK EE IS DE SE UK FR NL PT HU SK ES LV IT PL EU- 

15 

9.7 

5.3 

4.3 

1 

BG 

00 

9.6 

5.5 

4.1 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

11 


15 

01 

70 

US 

01 

Total 

radio 

market 

Public 

radio 

Private 

radio 

121 

14 

15 

JP 

01

During the last couple of years digital broadcasting 

has become more common. In the EU there are a 

total of almost 1 000 radio stations broadcasting 

over the Internet. In mid 2002 Germany (174) had 

the largest number of Internet stations followed by 

the UK (139) and Belgium (102), see Table 7.13. 

The move to digital broadcasting will see radio 

move from a single distribution system to a multisystem 

medium utilising terrestrial, satellite, cable, 

Internet and even mobile and wireless LAN distribution. 

Terrestrially delivered DAB (Digital Audio 

Broadcasting) is only likely to reach 10 per cent of 

European households and account for 6 per cent of 

total listening by 2006, according to Oliver & 

Ohlbaum. 

Between 1980 and 1994, the number of radio stations 

soared in the European Union. Between 1994 

and 2000, however, the number of radio stations 

declined from an estimated 7,600 stations to about 

5 500 stations, a decrease of about 28%. Italy is the 

EU Member State with the highest number of radio 

stations. Most of them are private. Spain is second 

with mostly public stations. The country with the 

highest share of public radio stations is the 

Netherlands where 91% are public. Austria is second 

with 85% public radio stations. At the other 

end of the scale are Italy, Denmark, Portugal, 

Belgium, Sweden and Luxembourg with over 96% 

private radio stations. 

Between 1985 and 1999, the total number of radio 

stations in the United States grew by 20% to 

around 12 600 stations (source International Trade 

Administration: “US Industry & Trade Outlook 

2000”). The ten largest radio broadcasters in the 

United States, which own about 14% of all domestic 

stations, accounted for nearly 41% of radio 

industry advertising income in 1998. This marks an 

increased concentration of ownership in the United 

States. Two years earlier, in 1996, the 15 largest 

owners of radio stations controlled 6% of the stations 

and accounted for 34% of advertising 

income. 

According to Internews there are 10 350 commercial 

station in the US. While most stations play 

music (country music is the most popular format), 

122 

F. 7.6: Daily listening time of adults, latest available year 

[minutes] 

350 

315 

300 

290 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

PL 

01 

IE 

96 

209 

203 

203 

200 

192 

178 

184 176 

177 174 

175 

164 

161 

135 

FI 

01 

DE 

99 

IS 

01 

PT 

01 

DK 

00 

AT 

96 

IT 

01 

UK 

99 

NL 

00 

LT 

01 


F. 7.4: Radio programme services (radio stations) of national 

origin in the EU, latest available year 

[thousand] 

2.0 

1.8 

1.6 

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0 

[%] 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

IT 

01 

9 

NL 

00 

15 

AT 

96 

ES 

99 

66 73 

FI 

01 

FR 

01 

DE 

00 

DK 

01 

85 86 91 94 95 96 97 97 97 98 99 

IE 

00 

PT 

01 

UK 

00 

NL 

00 

F. 7.5: Share of public and private radio programme 

services, latest available year 

Public Private 

EL 

00 

UK 

00 

ES 

01 

FR 

01 

EL 

00 

LU 

01 

BE 

96 

SE 

01 

DE 

00 

BE 

96 

FI 

01 

PT 

01 

SE 

01 

SE 

01 

DK 

01 

IT 

01 

CH 

98 

IE 

00 

FR 

99 

Private 

Public 

LU 

01 

NO 

01 

93 97 98 


15 

AT 

96 

94 77 

ES 

01 

A 

US JP 

HU 

00

non-music format of news, talkshows, sports and 

business have grown to 13% in 2002. 

The average listening time of adults in European 

countries varies from 315 minutes in Poland to 77 

minutes in Hungary. In the US the average listening 

time was 165 minutes in 2002. Radio listening is 

often combined with other activities like car driving. 

The total number of hours of radio programmes 

broadcast by public radio services of national origin 

in 2001 varied strongly among the EU countries. 

Germany had the highest number of hours broadcast 

with over 569.400 hours while Italy broadcast 

only 26.100 hours. On average 43% of the total 

hours broadcast were music and 57% speech. 

The past two decades have been marked by a diversification 

of radio equipment. Radios combined 

with other music sources became more common. 

As a result most households had more than one 

radio set. 

The most popular and second most popular radio 

station attract more than a half of the audience in 

Norway, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, Spain, Denmark 

and Hungary. On the other hand in the 

Netherlands, Germany, France and the UK the audience 

is split between several stations. 

A 

[%] 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

98 92 

FR 

00 

UK 

00 

76 75 

PL 

01 

DK 

01 


F. 7.7: Audience share of radio programme services (daily 

cumulated audience), latest available year 

27 

14 

13 

51 

44 

37 34 33 33 28 23 23 19 16 14 13 13 11 

3 

26 23 23 

24 

16 22 19 

15 

9 13 most popular station 

100 

second most popular station other stations 

90 22 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

42 39 

50 

44 44 48 

61 

55 

62 

69 

75 78 74 78 

11 11 

95 

[%] 

NO 

01 

FI 

00 

SE 

01 

ES 

00 

DK 

00 

65 60 58 55 51 51 45 43 43 39 36 

CZ 

01 

HU 

01 

IT 

00 

IS 

01 

F. 7.8: Share of music programmes broadcasted per 

year by public radio program services, 


[%] 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

62 60 57 57 55 

SI 

00 

DE 

00 

LT 

01 

SK 

01 

FI 

01 

F. 7.9: Share of speech programmes broadcasted per 

year by public radio program services 

PT 

01 

IT 

01 

SE 

01 

PL 

01 

EE 

01 

PT 

01 

IS 

01 

SI 

00 

FI 

01 

UK 

00 

46 45 45 42 39 35 35 

IS 

01 

SE HU 

01 01 

PT 

01 

EE 

01 

IT 

00 

CZ 

01 

LT 

01 

FR 

01 

SK 

01 

CZ 

01 

25 23 

DK 

01 

PL 

01 

DE 

00 

DE 

00 

SI 

00 

123 

NL 

00 

8 2 

UK 

00 

FR 

00 

27 

HU 

01

T. 7.1: Radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 j) : : : 5 370 5 270 5 130 4 480 5 280 5 400 

BE : 167 252 : 256 : : : : : 

DK 3 93 352 285 275 270 274 : 245 567 

DE 40 48 171 231 236 230 239 233 253 : 

EL : : 33 : : 266 266 a) 266 a) 266 a) : 

ES 891 891 2 017 2 742 : : : 1 193 b) : : 

FR : : : : 1 290 462 458 1 141 1 141 1 129 

IE 4 4 25 38 36 34 35 : : : 

IT : : : 2 017 1 908 1 723 1 074 1 832 c) 1 837 d) 1 718 d) 

LU 4 4 4 20 22 22 22 25 24 24 

NL 9 12 18 30 30 30 30 356 363 : 

AT 12 12 13 13 13 : : : : : 

PT 16 16 325 337 337 337 334 338 e) 346 e) 376 e) 

FI 3 22 70 91 91 92 f) 93 f) 94 f) 94 f) 101 f) 

SE 29 28 29 105 113 114 115 87 g) 86 : 

UK : : : 221 226 239 268 291 346 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : 31 33 30 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 21 17 17 

HU : : : : : : : : : 139 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 51 49 70 

SK : : : : : : : 36 32 30 

BG : : : : : : : 47 72 : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 1 4 14 18 18 19 h) 22 h) 22 h) 26 h) 28 h) 

NO : : 442 372 : 314 : 282 282 267 

CH 3 35 46 45 47 48 50 : : : 

JP : : : 131 171 196 222 : : : 

US : 10 500 : : : : : 12 582 i) : : 

Sum of public and private Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain, 

a) Source: Ministry of Press and Media, b) Source: CMT, Telecommunications Market Commission of Spain. Annual Report 1999; Including FM 

and MW radio stations, c) Source: Autorità per le garanzie nelle telecomunicazioni (AUTCOM) and RAI, d) Ministero delle Comunicazioni (MIN- 

COM), e) Source: ICS and ICP. Data refer to November 1999, f) Association of Finnish Broadcasters, g) Source: RTVV (Radio & TV Authority) 

and SR (Sveriges Radio), h) Regional and local windows excluded, i) Source : US Industry & Trade Outlook 2000, j) Eurostat rough estimates 

124 


T. 7.2: Public radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 h) : : : 320 320 330 330 330 350 : 

BE : : : 7 7 : : : : : 

DK : : : : : 4 4 3 3 13 

DE 40 40 40 56 56 56 61 56 69 : 

EL : : : : : 25 a) 25 a) 25 a) 25 a) : 

ES : : : : : : : : : : 

FR 16 39 53 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 

IE : : 4 4 4 4 4 : 4 : 

IT 3 3 3 3 3 9 b) 10 b) 10 b) 10 c) 4 c) 

LU : : : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

NL : : : 18 18 18 18 337 330 : 

AT 12 12 13 11 11 : : : : : 

PT 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 

FI 3 4 4 32 32 31 e) 32 e) 34 e) 34 e) 34 e) 

SE 29 28 29 29 29 : : 3 3 3 

UK : : : 46 46 46 f) 46 f) 46 f) 47 f) : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : 5 5 5 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 3 3 3 

HU : : : : : : : : : 27 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 4 4 5 

SI : : : : : : : 3 3 3 

SK : : : : : : : 6 6 6 

BG : : : : : : : 6 6 : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS 1 4 5 5 5 2 g) 2 g) 2 g) 5 g) 5 g) 

NO : : : 21 21 1 1 5 7 7 

CH 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 : : : 

JP 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 : : : 

US 217 288 318 407 408 : : : : : 


a) Source: Ministry of Press and Media, b) RAI, c) Ministero delle Comunicazioni (MINCOM), e) Association of Finnish Broadcasters, 

f) Source: BBC, g) Regional and local windows excluded. The public broadcaster the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service operated three 

regional services/windows in the years under review. Source: SI, h) Eurostat rough estimates, using 1998 data for the Netherlands in 1999 and 

2000 

A

T. 7.3: Private radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 j) : : : 5 050 4 950 4 800 4 150 4 950 5 050 : 

BE : 162 247 : 249 : : : : : 

DK : : : : : : : : 242 554 

DE 0 8 131 175 180 174 178 177 184 : 

EL : : : : : 241 a) 241 a) 241 a) 241 a) : 

ES : : : : : : : : : : 

FR : : : : 1 237 409 405 1 087 1 087 1 075 

IE : : 21 34 32 : : 23 : : 

IT : : : 2 014 1 905 1 714 1 064 1 822 b) 1 827 c) 1 714 c) 

LU h) 4 4 4 19 21 21 21 24 23 23 

NL : : : 12 12 12 12 19 33 : 

AT : : : 2 2 : : : : : 

PT 7 7 316 329 329 329 326 328 d) 336 d) 366 d) 

FI : 18 66 59 59 61 e) 61 e) 60 e) 60 e) 67 e) 

SE i) : : : 76 84 84 84 84 83 : 

UK 26 51 79 175 180 193 f) 222 f) 245 f) 299 f) : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : 26 28 25 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 18 14 14 

HU : : : : : : : : : 112 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : 48 46 67 

SK : : : : : : : 30 26 24 

BG : : : : : : : 41 66 : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : 9 13 13 17 g) 20 g) 20 g) 21 g) 23 g) 

NO : : : 351 : 313 : 277 275 260 

CH 0 32 43 41 43 44 46 : : : 

JP : : : 126 166 191 217 : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 

Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain, a) Source: Ministry of Press and Media, b) RAI, c) Ministero delle Comunicazioni (MINCOM), d) source: 

ICS, e) Association of Finnish Broadcasters, f) Analogue only - there are a handful of only cable & satellite stations, g) Regional and local 

windows excluded. The public broadcaster the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service operated three regional services/windows in the years 

under review. Source: SI, h) Source: Ministry of Press and Media, i) Source: RTVV (Radio & TV Authority), j) Eurostat rough estimates 

T. 7.4: Radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin with local or regional distribution 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : : : : : : : : : 

DK : : : : : : : : : : 

DE 39 47 170 219 223 219 222 : 187 : 

EL : : : : : 260 a) 260 a) 260 a) 260 a) : 

ES : : : : : : : 1 086 b) : : 

FR : : : : 1 273 445 438 1 115 1 115 1 099 

IE : : 21 34 32 : : : : : 

IT : : : 2 000 1 891 1 705 1 055 1 803 c) 1 636 d) 1 709 d) 

LU 0 0 0 14 16 16 16 16 15 15 

NL : : : : 13 : : 338 342 : 

AT 9 9 10 9 9 : : : : : 

PT 11 11 319 330 330 330 327 327 e) 335 e) 365 e) 

FI : 19 66 87 87 86 86 f) 85 f) 85 f) 92 f) 

SE 26 25 26 101 109 : : 1 178 g,h) 1 266 g) 1 392 g) 

UK : : : 213 217 231 260 i) 283 i) 290 i) : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : 22 21 19 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : 2 12 15 15 19 22 : 22 24 

NO : : : : : 2 2 288 278 263 

CH 1 33 44 42 44 45 47 : : : 

JP : : : : : : 212 : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 

Sum of public and private local stations, Source: Eurostat, AUVIS domain, a) Source: Ministry of Press and Media, b)Source: CMT, 

Telecommunications Market Commission of Spain. Annual Report 1999; Including FM and MW radio stations, c) Source: Autorità per le garanzie 

nelle telecomunicazioni (AUTCOM) and RAI, d) Ministero delle Comunicazioni (MINCOM), e) source: ICS, f) Association of Finnish Broadcasters, 

g) Source: RTVV (Radio & TV Authority) and SR (Sveriges Radio), h) There are per definition no nationwide private radio stations (single programme 

services) in Sweden. However, private radio broadcasters are operating through networks of private local radio stations. The figure indicate 

number of networks penetrating 40% or more of population, i) Analogue only - there are a handful of only cable & satellite stations 

125

T. 7.5: Public radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin with local or regional distribution 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : : : : : : : : : 

DK : : : : : 9 9 9 9 9 

DE 39 39 39 54 54 54 53 : 17 : 

EL : : : : : 19 a) 19 a) 19 a) 19 a) : 

ES : : : : : : : : : : 

FR 12 35 48 48 48 48 48 44 44 44 

IE : : 0 0 0 : : : : : 

IT 0 0 0 0 0 5 b) 5 b) 5 b) 5 b) 1 b) 

LU : : : : : 0 0 0 0 0 

NL : : : : 13 : : 332 325 : 

AT 9 9 10 7 7 : : : : : 

PT 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

FI - 1 0 28 28 26 c) 26 c) 26 c) 26 c) 26 c) 

SE 26 25 26 25 25 : : 25 d) 25 d) 29 d) 

UK : : : 41 41 41 41 e) 41 e) 42 e) : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : 14 12 12 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : 2 3 3 3 3 3 : 3 3 

NO : : : : : 1 1 2 4 4 

CH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 

JP : : : 2 2 2 2 : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) Source: Ministry of Press and Media, b) Source: Ministero delle Comunicazioni (MINCOM) and Rai, c) Association of Finnish Broadcasters, 

d) Source: SR (Sveriges Radio); There are per definition no nationwide private radio stations (single programme services) in Sweden. However, 

private radio broadcasters are operating through networks of private local radio stations. The figure indicate number of networks penetrating 

40% or more of population, e) Source: BBC 

126 


T. 7.6: Private radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin with local or regional distribution 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : : : : : : : : : 

DK : : : : : : : : : : 

DE 0 8 131 165 169 165 169 166 170 : 

EL : : : : : 241 a) 241 a) 241 a) 241 a) : 

ES : : : : : : : : : : 

FR : : : : 1 225 397 390 1 071 1 071 1 055 

IE : : 21 34 32 29 30 : : : 

IT : : : 2 000 1 891 1 700 1 050 1 798 b) 1 631 c) 1 708 c) 

LU : : : 14 16 16 16 16 15 15 

NL : : : : 0 0 0 6 17 : 

AT : : : 2 2 : : : : : 

PT 6 6 314 325 325 325 322 322 d) 330 d) 360 d) 

FI : 18 66 59 59 60 e) 60 e) 59 e) 59 e) 66 e) 

SE : : : 76 84 84 84 f) 1 153 1 241 1 363 

UK 26 51 79 172 176 190 219 g) 242 g) 248 g) : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : : : : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : 8 9 7 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : 9 12 12 16 19 19 19 21 

NO : : : : : 1 1 286 274 259 

CH 0 32 43 41 43 44 46 : : : 

JP : : : : : : 210 : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) Source: Ministry of Press and Media, b) Source: Autorità per le garanzie nelle telecomunicazioni (AUTCOM), c) Source: Ministero delle 

Comunicazioni (MINCOM), d) source: ICS, e) Association of Finnish Broadcasters, f) Source: RTVV (Radio & TV Authority), g) Analogue 

only - there are a handful of only cable & satellite stations 

A

T. 7.7: Turnover of public radio broadcasters of national origin, million ECU/EUR 

A 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : : : 3 931 4 731 5 032 5 347 5 452 

BE : : : : : : : : : : 

DK : : : : : 343 : : : : 

DE : : : : : : 2 532 : 2 680 : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : 153 : 143 145 

FR : : : : : 481 537 545 574 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : : : 231 209 226 129 117 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : 99 107 : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : 60 59 60 62 63 

FI : : : : : : : : : : 

SE : : : : : : : 208 203 222 

UK : : : : : 436 650 717 : : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : 98 89 89 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 5 6 6 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : 43 44 48 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 60 57 62 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : 17 20 20 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : 11 11 12 13 12 

NO : : : : : : 338 362 388 400 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 

a) Eurostat estimates, see also Table 1.3 

T. 7.8: Turnover of private radio broadcasters of national origin with nationwide programme services, 

million ECU/EUR 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : : : : 3 204 3 465 3 895 4 347 4 122 

BE : : : : : : : : : : 

DK : : : : : : : : : : 

DE : : : : : : 30 : 56 : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : 317 376 308 312 

FR : : : : : 189 209 370 390 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : : : 83 96 107 : : 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : 9 10 103 111 29 

FI : : : : : : 55 9 10 11 

SE : : : : : : : : : : 

UK : : : : : : : : : : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : 3 4 3 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : 16 17 19 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : : : : 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : 28 31 34 30 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 

a) Eurostat estimates, see also Table 1.9 on radio advertising. 

127

T. 7.9: Daily listening time of adults, minutes 

128 


1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 : : : : : : : 162 : : 

BE : : : : : : : : : : 

DK : : : 153 133 191 195 194 192 : 

DE : : 156 167 169 177 172 179 209 203 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : 100 a) 96 a) 95 a) 95 a) 94 a) 

FR : : : 193 190 153 154 161 : : 

IE : : : 279 290 : : : : : 

IT : : : 170 170 165 169 176 179 178 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL b) : : : 170 174 176 181 175 176 : 

AT : 138 140 173 184 : : : : : 

PT : : : 194 202 197 187 194 c) 192 c) 200 c) 

FI 128 : 199 219 205 205 199 190 201 d) 209 d) 

SE : : 126 188 186 185 183 183 e) 174 e) 174 e) 

UK : : : 156 150 148 f) 150 f) 177 f) : : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : : 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 105 : 175 

HU : : : : : : : : 77 : 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 288 279 315 

SI : : : : : : : : : : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : 178 167 174 171 187 204 203 

NO : : 148 138 146 144 : 139 135 135 

CH : : 156 162 166 162 164 : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US g) : : : : : : 154 159 158 154 


a) Source: Estudio General de Medios 1999-2000 EGM-AIMC, b) Listeners of 13 years and older, c) Source: Marktest, d) Source: Finnpanel, 

e) Population 9+ Source: RUAB (Radioutveckling AB), f) Based on RAJAR/RSL data. The RAJAR methodology changed from January 1999, so 

1999 figures are not directly comparable with figures for previous years. g) Source: MPA Worldwide Market Research 

T. 7.10: Audience share of the biggest radio programme service (radio station), % 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : : : : : : : : : 

DK : : : : : 30 32 30 33 : 

DE : : : : : : : : 11 : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : 32 a) 34 a) : 

FR : : : : : 19 19 18 16 13 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : : : 24 24 23 b) 22 b) 23 b) 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : 14 : : 3 : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : 18 18 19 c) 13 c) 19 c) 

FI : : : : : 42 45 44 d) 44 e) : 

SE f) : : : : : : : 38 37 37 

UK : : : : : 13 g) 13 g) 13 g) 14 g) : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : 13 

EE : : : : : : : : : : 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : : : : 

HU : : : : : : : 33 39 33 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 15 18 23 

SI : : : : : : : 17 16 : 

SK : : : : : : : : : : 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : : 48 48 30 28 

NO : : : : : 29 29 46 47 51 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) Source: Estudio General de Medios 1999-2000 EGM-AIMC, b) Audiradio, c) Source: Marktest, d) The channels are: 1. YLE3, 2. Nova, 3. 

YLE1, 4. YLE2, e) Source: Finnpanel, f) Data refer to P4 (SR), g) BBC Radio 2: all audience share figures from RAJAR/RSL 

A

A 


T. 7.11: Hours of radio programmes broadcasted per year by public radio program services of national origin 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : : : : : : : : : 

DK : : : : : 51 701 54 808 51 520 59 098 69 666 

DE : : : : : 456 850 480 298 530 588 569 437 : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : : : : 

FR : : : : : 477 037 477 714 476 927 469 765 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT a) : : : : : 77 261 : 26 120 26 223 26 122 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : 39 420 40 150 : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : : : 33 272 b) 72 774 76 546 

FI : : : : : 81 857 c) 84 912 c) 102 426 c) 117 434 c) 117 707 c) 

SE : : : : : : : 122 097 d) 121 949 e) 122 806 e) 

UK : : : : : 289 226 f) 288 627 f) 289 492 f) 292 781 f) : 

CZ : : : : : : : 71 930 77 133 86 702 

EE : : : : : : : 43 800 43 920 43 800 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 21 469 18 816 18 153 

HU : : : : : : : 22 844 24 583 24 671 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 373 838 40 084 46 460 

SI : : : : : : : 23 956 23 948 : 

SK : : : : : : : 42 587 44 394 44 349 

BG : : : : : : : 52 451 52 758 : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : 15 544 g) 15 656 g) 15 654 g) 15 612 g) 15 357 g) 

NO : : : : : : 7 426 22 714 22 764 22 764 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) Source: RAI, b) source: RDP, c) Source: Finnish Broadcasting Company; Includes analogue and digital nationwide and regional radio programmes 

services, d) Source: SR (Sveriges Radio) and UR (Utbildningsradion), e) Source: UR (Utbildningsradion), f) Source: BBC nationwide 

and local radio, g) Regional and local windows excluded. The public broadcaster the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service operated three 

regional services/windows in the years under review. Source: SI (Statistics Iceland) 

T. 7.12: Hours of music programmes broadcasted by public radio program services of national origin 

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 


BE : : : : : : : : : : 

DK : : : : : 14 425 15 926 14 131 17 839 17 244 

DE : : : : : 296 745 314 180 317 110 344 287 : 

EL : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : : : : 

FR : : : : : 10 358 11 667 11 603 10 205 : 

IE : : : : : : : : : : 

IT : : : : : : 7 783 a) 9 317 a) 9 173 a) : 

LU : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : 

PT : : : : : : : 25 268 b) 48 259 32 163 

FI : : : : : 40 854 c) 42 760 c) 56 135 c) 65 226 c) 64 944 c) 

SE : : : : : : : 53 325 d) 54 718 d) 55 731 d) 

UK : : : : : : 12 556 12 556 23 983 : 

CZ : : : : : : : : : 30 277 

EE : : : : : : : 21 287 21 477 17 207 

CY : : : : : : : : : : 

LV : : : : : : : : : : 

LT : : : : : : : 12 595 11 418 10 348 

HU : : : : : : : 9 112 10 489 11 099 

MT : : : : : : : : : : 

PL : : : : : : : 10 171 8 202 10 717 

SI : : : : : : : 15 078 14 954 : 

SK : : : : : : : 24 288 25 189 25 068 

BG : : : : : : : : : : 

RO : : : : : : : : : : 

IS : : : : : 7 371 e) 7 237 e) 7 514 e) 7 431 e) 7 000 e) 

NO : : : : : : : 2 468 3 145 9 785 

CH : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : 


a) Source: RAI, b) Source: RDP, c) Source: Finnish Broadcasting Company, d) Source: SR (Sveriges Radio), e) Regional and local windows 

excluded. The public broadcaster the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service operated three regional services/windows in the years under 

review. Source: SI (Statistics Iceland) 

129

T. 7.13: Number of EU web radio stations listed on the Internet 

130 


surfmusic.de realguide.real.com web-radio.fm ituner.com Total unique 

EU-15 415 200 288 456 973 

BE 7 10 90 6 102 

DK 4 1 26 4 33 

DE 127 42 8 63 174 

EL 32 5 3 34 53 

ES 15 10 4 23 33 

FR 23 23 23 59 83 

IE 17 8 3 23 32 

IT 41 17 17 52 86 

LU 4 1 0 1 4 

NL 26 18 12 37 60 

AT 29 8 47 20 74 

PT 16 2 2 24 34 

FI 7 5 27 8 32 

SE 16 7 5 19 34 

UK 51 43 21 83 139 

Source: Surfmusic.de, real.com, web-radio.fm and ituner.com 

‘Total unique’ is a sum made by going through the individual web radio stations listed on the four web sites and by counting each station 

once. Hence, double counting is avoided. The main reasons why each list differs from another are that stations have to be proposed to be 

included in these lists by visitors on these pages. The sites themselves seem not to be skimming through the Internet for full coverage. 

Furthermore, each site seems to favour their local region from where the hosts are originating. There are also differences in coverage due to 

the type of streaming media. At real.com the focus is on station sending with read media streaming technology (ram format). By using one of 

the following software live streaming radio can be listened to on-line: Media-Player, Real-Player, Winamp, Quicktime and Surfer Network. 

A

8. Video games market

Worldwide video games market 

The video games market is one of the youngest markets 

to be measured by official statistics. Currently only few 

data are available from official statistics on a Member 

States level. This industry dates back to the seventies. 

However statistics on it still need considerable development. 

It is an important market with high growth in 

new consoles (like Sony PlayStation2, Nintendo 

GameCube and MicroSoft Xbox) and declining sales of 

old consoles (Nintendo 64, Sony PlayStation (one), Sega 

Saturn and Dreamcast). Magnavox began manufacturing 

the Odyssey in 1972 and during the same year 

Bushnell from Atari created Pong, the first video game 

success. Arcade games such as Space Invaders then 

became successful in 1978. In 1983, the Commodore 

64, an inexpensive home computer, outperformed any 

video game consoles. With too many products on the 

shelves from a multitude of publishers, many companies 

went out of business. The video games were back in 

1985 as Nintendo released NES, debuting with its success 

Super Mario Bros. In the late nineties Sony introduced 

PlayStation, which in 2001 had reached a household 

penetration of 11% in Germany, 19% in France, 

16% in Italy, 17% in Spain/Portugal and 11% in 

Benelux according to ELSPA (Entertainment & Leisure 

Software Publishers Association). 

Video games market in the EU 

Eurostat estimates that the total video games market in 

the EU was worth 8.1 billion euro in 2001, an increase 

of 26% from the previous year. 15.6 million hardware 

units were sold, versus 12.1 million sold last year (up 

29%). The sales of video game software reached 168 

million units, compared to 152 million in 2000 (up 

10%). 

The advanced console market in the EU was worth 2.9 

billion euro in 2001, an increase of 94% compared to 

the previous year. Old consoles are phased out at the 

same time as new consoles increase sales. The sales of 

128 bit console hardware stood for the biggest part of 

the turnover in the European countries (51-65%). The 

handheld hardware represent between 28% and 39%. 

The sales of 32/64 bit hardware reached only between 

7% to 15%. The UK had the highest turnover from 

sales of consoles: 942 million euro, followed by France 

with 577 million euro and Germany with 372 million 

euro. 

Eurostat estimates that the video game software market 

was worth 5.2 billion euro in 2001, an increase of 5% 

compared to the previous year. The UK is the largest EU 

market: 1.55 billion euro, followed by Germany (1.17 

billion euro) and France (0.91 billion euro). The breakdown 

of the turnover from video games software shows 

a more divergent pattern. In Ireland, France and the UK, 

the sales of PC-CD-Rom software stood for the majority 

A 


F. 8.1: Turnover from video game console hardware in the 

EU-15, 1998-2001 

[million ECU/EUR] 

3500 

3000 

2500 

2000 

1500 

1000 

500 

6000 

5000 

4000 

3000 

2000 

1000 

0 

0 

100% 

80% 

60% 

40% 

20% 

0% 

1 245 

221 

[million ECU/EUR] 

1 466 

4 398 4 848 4 929 

2 357 2 406 

1 867 

174 

28 31 29 28 31 30 30 35 39 

65 62 61 61 56 56 55 

7 

video game hardware 

32/64 bit console hardware 

128 bit console hardware 

handheld hardware 

217 

video game software 

32/64 bit console software 

128 bit console software 

handheld software 

PC-CD-ROM software 

2 029 

118 

1 549 

339 

296 

993 

1 479 

463 

510 506 

2 009 

1 972 

660 

287 

2 865 

1998 1999 2000 2001 

1 714 

F. 8.2: Turnover from video game software in the EU-15, 

1998-2001 

32/64 bit 128 bit handheld 

54 51 

8 10 11 12 14 15 11 10 

UK FR IE AT/CH DE IT ES/PT DK/FI/ BE/NL/ 

NO/SE LU 

133 

5 188 

1 949 

1 340 

1 089 

811 

1998 1999 2000 2001 

F. 8.3: Breakdown of the turnover from video game console 

hardware in 2001 

867 

284

of the turnover (53%, 52% and 43% respectively). In all 

European countries, except in Benelux the sales of video 

games software for the old consoles (32/64 bit software) 

were higher than the sales of software for the 

new consoles (128 bit). 

Video games industry in the US 

According to Interactive Digital Software Association 

(IDSA) and Eurostat estimates, the total video games 

market in the US was worth nearly 11 billion euro in 

2001, an increase by 33% from 2000 when the market 

had a size of 8 billion euro. 

This extraordinary growth in 2001 was triggered in part 

by the launch of three new gaming systems: Nintendo's 

GameCube and Game Boy Advance and Microsoft's 

Xbox. According to NPDFunworldSM, total video game 

hardware unit sales increased by 39 percent in 2001, 

compared to one year earlier. Next-generation console 

systems such as GameCube, Xbox and Sony PlayStation 

2 led to an increase of turnover over 139% in euro for 

annual 2001 versus 2000. Console sales amounted to 

3.6 billion euro in 2001 compared to 1.5 billion euro in 

2000. 

PlayStation 2 accessories led all platforms in accessory 

sales in 2001, a 517 percent unit sales increase from 

2000 according to ELSPA. Portable accessory units were 

up 10 percent overall in 2001, compared to the year 

before. 

According to IDSA, sales of the total US interactive 

entertainment software market, which includes PC 

entertainment and video game software, approached 

7.3 billion euro last year versus 7.1 billion euro in 2001 

and 6.5 billion euro in 2000. Console and portable software 

sales rose 4.5% in unit sales, compared to 2000. 

While PC entertainment software experienced a unit 

decrease of 1.5%, the video game sales increased by 

8.3%. The number one console title, ranked according 

to units sold, was The Sims by Electronic Arts. Sony's 

PlayStation 2, The Getaway by Sony Computer Ent. was 

the number two video game title. Sony's PlayStation 2, 

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, by Rockstar Games, 

released in October 2002 was the third most successful 

title in the US in January 2003. 

60% of all Americans play video games, or about 145 

million people. The average age of an interactive game 

player is 28 years old. 57% of people who play interactive 

games are men. 

According to data complied by NPDFunworld and 

released by the Interactive Digital Software Association, 

console game players in United States most often purchased 

action (25.1%), sports (19.5 %), and racing 

titles (16.6%), followed by edutainment (7.6%), role- 

134 


F. 8.4: Breakdown of the turnover from video game software 

in 2001 

100% 

180 

160 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

4.5 

4.0 

3.5 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

0.0 

80% 

60% 

40% 

20% 

0% 

[million] 

[million] 

5.0 

4.6 

32/64 bit 128 bit handheld PC-CD-ROM 

53 52 

17 

13 

17 

118.6 

12.1 

3.1 

10 

14 


2.4 

43 

12 

24 25 26 25 

Video game software units sold 

Video game hardware units sold 

140.1 

13.0 

1.7 

38 37 33 

17 18 

20 19 20 

IE FR UK DE DK/FI/ 

NO/SE 

1.4 

152.4 

12.1 

1.0 

UK FR DE ES/PT IT DK/FI/ 

NO/SE 

19 31 19 

1.0 

BE/NL/ 

LU 

0.6 

167.9 

15.6 

1998 1999 2000 2001 

13 

36 

26 25 24 

15 21 21 

28 

ES/PT BE/NL/ 

LU 

35 31 

0.4 

AT/CH IE 

A 

24 

AT/CH IT 

F. 8.5: Video game software and hardware units sold in the 

EU-15, 1998-2001 

F. 8.6: Video game console hardware units sold in 2001

playing games (7.4%), fighting games (6.4%), first person 

shooters (5.5%), and adventure games (5.1%). 

Computer gamers, however, most often purchased 

strategy games (27.4%), children's games (15.9%) and 

shooter games (11.5%), followed by family entertainment 

titles (9.6%), role-playing games (8%), sports 

titles (6.3%), racing (4.4%), simulation (4.1%), and 

fighting games (0.1%). 

According to IDSA the record-breaking sales of computer 

and video games in 2002 will continue in the 

years ahead as more ground-breaking games are introduced, 

hardware prices come down, and the audience 

for games broadens and deepens. 2003 will be the 

peak year of the current hardware cycle, with software 

sales surging at least 10% yet again, and perhaps considerably 

more depending on other external factors. 

One obvious trend apparent from the 2002 data is that 

console software is capturing an even greater share of 

the market than ever before, accounting for 80% of 

industry software sales compared with 65% five years 

ago. 

Online gaming 

Online gaming is by no means a new phenomenon. There 

have been efforts to bring game systems online going 

back to the 1980s. However, it was only with the Sega 

Dreamcast (released in 1999) that online games started 

to be promoted. The era of online games started with the 

release of Doom. Doom was part of the latest generation 

of online games. Before it had been two other eras with 

games like Air Warrior, Utopia, MUD1, and Empire. The 

newest generation of online games grew out of increasing 

Internet access and new network technologies in 

general. EverQuest is an online roleplaying game for the 

PlayStation2 computer entertainment system. It is 

designed from the ground up to support over 5,000 players 

simultaneously per server. Hundred of thousands of 

people from around the world play the game EverQuest. 

The market is expanding heavily. Analysts are predicting 

that online gaming by 2004, will hit the following revenue: 

Datamonitor: 5.3 billion euro, IDC: 1.8 billion euro, 

Wedbush Morgan Securities: 1.6 billion euro, DFC 

Intelligence: 1.3 billion euro ( www.game-research.com). 

13 

7 

8 7 

14 

10 9 11 

24 27 26 


F. 8.7: Video game console software units sold in 2001 

[million] 

50.0 

45.0 

40.0 

35.0 

30.0 

25.0 

20.0 

15.0 

10.0 

100% 

80% 

60% 

40% 

20% 

0% 

100% 

80% 

60% 

40% 

20% 

0% 

45.0 


Future trends 

5.0 

2.5 

The development costs for video games have increased 0.0 

during the last year, from 0.5 - 1.0 million euro to 2-3 

million euro, according to UDS, a European game devel- 

UK DE FR DK/FI/ 

NO/SE 

IT ES/PT BE/NL/ 

LU 

AT/CH IE 

oper, mainly due to increased technical complexity. 

Publishers and developers tend to share both expenses 

and future income. There is a trend towards consolidation, 

with a smaller number of actors. These companies 

are expected to launch fewer products deemed to have 

the right conditions to be very successful. 

F. 8.8: World market share of video games sold, March 2003 

A 

61 58 56 55 53 51 50 50 50 

24 30 27 28 31 29 28 

14 


65 

16 

42.5 

29.3 


12 17 17 17 20 22 

57 57 

12.9 

Others 

37% 

Game 

Cube 

11% 

12.3 

49 43 39 35 32 29 

14 

11 

32 

UK IE FR AT/CH DK/FI/ 

NO/SE 

11.3 

PlayStation 

2 

37% 

Xbox 

15% 

9 18 

12 

11 

12 18 

20 

40 37 36 39 

BE/NL/ 

LU 

10.3 

F. 8.9: Share of 32/64 bit, 128 bit, handheld video game 

console hardware by units sold 

38 36 

12 14 

ES/PT FR IE IT DK/FI / AT/CH DE UK BE/NL/ 

NO/SE 

LU 

F. 8.10: Share of 32/64 bit, 128 bit, handheld and PC-CD- 

ROM software by units sold 

7.9 

Source: JP Morgan 

135 

14 

DE IT ES/PT

T. 8.1: Turnover from video game software and video game hardware 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) 5 864 6 397 6 408 8 053 4 398 4 848 4 929 5 188 1 466 1 549 1 479 2 865 

BE : : 139 : : : 96 a) : 30 37 43 : 

BE/NL/LU 360 360 315 450 271 277 244 281 89 83 71 169 

DK : : 42 : : : : : : : : : 

DK/FI/NO/SE 448 594 632 586 383 498 525 402 64 96 106 183 

DE 1 363 1 418 1 507 1 540 1 079 1 124 1 211 1 169 283 294 297 372 

EL : : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : 489 383 : 170 290 269 : : 199 114 : 

ES/PT 391 556 447 632 259 341 298 364 132 214 150 267 

FR 958 1 040 1 059 1 487 721 795 797 910 237 245 262 577 

IE 125 125 111 158 84 93 76 86 41 32 34 72 

IT 549 667 517 642 358 448 357 375 191 219 159 267 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 156 161 187 : 137 142 142 : 19 19 45 : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : : : 

AT/CH 258 293 327 329 207 226 245 231 51 67 83 98 

PT : : : : : : : : : : : : 

FI : : : : : : : : : 18 22 26 

SE : : 108 126 : : 79 67 : : 29 59 

UK 1 618 1 594 1 765 2 495 1 203 1 246 1 389 1 554 415 348 376 942 

IS : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : : : 

US 6 040 7 046 8 012 10 690 4 906 b) 5 724 b) 6 508 b) 7 090 b) 1 134 c) 1 322 c) 1 504 c) 3 600 c) 

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory (EAO) 


b) Source IDSA 

c) Eurostat estimate based on IDSA 

136 

Turnover 

from video game 

software and hardware 

(million ECU/EUR) 

Turnover 


software 


T. 8.2: PC sales value, PC sales volume, Computer peripheral sales value 

PC 

sales value 


PC 

sales volume 

(1000 units) 


Turnover 


hardware 


Computer peripheral 

(monitors, printers) 

sales value 


1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : : 44 736 43 347 : : 30 032 28 656 : : : : 

BE 1 220 1 340 1 314 1 192 : : 803 714 507 515 528 : 

DK : : 1 424 1 445 : : 881 868 : : : : 

DE 8 859 10 288 10 320 9 633 : : 7 614 7 246 4 850 4 793 4 586 : 

EL : : 597 560 : : 403 391 : : : : 

ES 1 492 1 445 2 030 2 101 : : 1 571 1 657 819 833 862 : 

FR 4 686 5 944 6 956 7 773 : : 4 595 4 713 2 357 2 687 2 763 : 

IE : : 1 477 1 604 : : 913 963 : : : : 

IT 2 550 3 345 4 191 3 761 : : 2 828 2 622 1 160 1 344 1 605 : 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 2 367 2 769 3 163 2 763 : : 1 991 1 715 987 1 032 894 : 

AT 405 b) : 1 141 1 008 : : 842 759 : 359 378 : 

PT : : 594 517 : : 460 408 : : : : 

FI : : 1 198 1 078 : : 741 647 : : : : 

SE 1 750 b) 2 048 2 094 1 976 : : 1 295 1 187 : 693 562 : 

UK 7 233 8 625 8 238 7 937 : : 5 095 4 767 2 018 2 668 3 708 : 

IS : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NO : : 1 112 977 : : 688 587 : : : : 

CH 1 326 1 525 1 693 : : : 714 673 558 617 759 : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : : : 

Source: EAO, GfK, Screen Digest 


b) PC sales value in 1997 

A

T. 8.3a: Turnover from video game hardware and from 32/64 bit console hardware 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) 1 466 1 549 1 479 2 865 1 245 993 506 284 

BE 30 37 43 : : : : : 

BE/NL/LU 89 83 71 169 76 53 35 18 

DK : : : : : : : : 

DK/FI/NO/SE 64 96 106 183 55 70 50 21 

DE 283 294 297 372 222 171 94 46 

EL : : : : : : : : 

ES : 199 114 : : : : : 

ES/PT 132 214 150 267 115 150 63 39 

FR 237 245 262 577 200 149 72 45 

IE 41 32 34 72 36 20 13 7 

IT 191 219 159 267 174 163 50 38 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL 19 19 45 : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : 

AT/CH 51 67 83 98 39 42 35 11 

PT : : : : : : : : 

FI : 18 22 26 : : : : 

SE : : 29 59 : : : : 

UK 415 348 376 942 357 208 120 69 

IS : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US 1 134 c) 1 322 c) 1 504 c) : : : : : 



b) Turnover from 32/64 bit hardware includes Sony Play Station and Nintendo N64 

c) Eurostat estimate based on IDSA 

A 

Turnover 


console hardware 


Turnover 

from 32/64 bit 

console hardware b) 


T. 8.3b: Turnover from 128 bit console hardware and from handheld hardware 

Turnover 

from 128 bit 

console hardware b) 


Turnover 

from handheld 

hardware c) 


1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) : 217 463 1 714 221 339 510 867 

BE : : : : : : : : 

BE/NL/LU : 13 20 85 13 17 16 65 

DK : : : : : : : : 

DK/FI/NO/SE : 12 28 99 10 14 28 63 

DE : 31 72 210 61 93 131 116 

EL : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : : 

ES/PT : 21 40 148 17 43 46 81 

FR : 42 93 356 36 53 97 177 

IE : 5 12 44 5 6 9 21 

IT : 30 54 148 17 26 55 80 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : 

AT/CH : 6 17 59 12 19 31 27 

PT : : : : : : : : 

FI : : : : : : : : 

SE : : : : : : : : 

UK : 62 140 611 58 78 116 262 

IS : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : 



b) Turnover from 128 bit hardware includes Sega Dreamcast and Sony Play Station2 since 2000. 

c) Turnover from handheld hardware includes Nintendo Game Boy and Nintendo Game Boy Advance since 2001. 


137

T. 8.4a: Turnover from video game software, from 32/64 bit console software and from 128 bit console software 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) 4 398 4 848 4 929 5 188 2 357 2 406 2 009 1 340 : 118 287 1 089 

BE : : 96 a) : : : : : : : : : 

BE/NL/LU 271 277 244 281 133 115 92 69 : 7 14 56 

DK : : : : : : : : : : : : 

DK/FI/NO/SE 383 498 525 402 153 219 157 95 : 8 23 58 

DE 1 079 1 124 1 211 1 169 398 356 308 201 : 16 44 148 

EL : : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES 170 290 269 : : : : : : : : : 

ES/PT 259 341 298 364 183 235 154 128 : 5 16 69 

FR 721 795 797 910 380 391 364 241 : 24 47 170 

IE 84 93 76 86 65 68 39 27 : 2 4 20 

IT 358 448 357 375 240 290 185 134 : 14 24 70 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL 137 142 142 : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : : : 

AT/CH 207 226 245 231 90 88 89 59 : 3 9 45 

PT : : : : : : : : : : : : 

FI : : : : : : : : : : : : 

SE : : 79 67 : : : : : : : : 

UK 1 203 1 246 1 389 1 554 786 727 693 431 : 41 113 484 

IS : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : : : 

US 4 906 d) 5 724 d) 6 508 d) 7 090 d) : : : : : : : : 

Source: European Audiovisual Observatory 


b) Turnover from 32/64 bit software includes Sony Play Station and Nintendo N64 

c) Turnover from 128 bit software includes Sega Dreamcast and Sony Play Station2 since 2000. 

d) Source: IDSA 

138 

Turnover 


software 


Turnover 

from 32/64 bit 

software b) 


T. 8.4b: Turnover from handheld software and from PC-CD-ROM software 

Turnover 

from handheld 

software b) 


Turnover 

from PC-CD-ROM 

software 


1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) 174 296 660 811 1 867 2 029 1 972 1 949 

BE : : : : : : : : 

BE/NL/LU 9 16 18 35 130 139 120 121 

DK : : : : : : : : 

DK/FI/NO/SE 6 10 21 39 224 261 323 210 

DE 59 93 206 198 623 659 653 621 

EL : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : : 

ES/PT 14 26 52 77 62 75 76 91 

FR 29 49 138 153 312 330 248 345 

IE 3 5 13 18 16 19 21 20 

IT 17 22 38 48 102 122 110 123 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : 

AT/CH 12 23 36 42 106 112 111 85 

PT : : : : : : : : 

FI : : : : : : : : 

SE : : : : : : : : 

UK 33 63 159 228 384 415 424 411 

IS : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US 

Source: EAO 

c) : : : : : : 1 927 1 954 


b) Turnover from handheld software includes Nintendo Game Boy and Nintendo Game Boy Advance since 2001. 

c) Source: IDSA 


Turnover 

from 128 bit 

software c) 


A

T. 8.5: Video game software and hardware units sold 

A 

Video game 

software and hardware sold 

(million units) 


Video game Video game 

software sold 


hardware sold 


1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 a) 130.7 153.1 164.5 183.4 118.6 140.1 152.4 167.9 12.1 13.0 12.1 15.6 

BE : : : : : : : : : : : : 

BE/NL/LU 9.4 10.2 9.1 11.3 8.7 9.5 8.6 10.3 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.0 

DK : : : : : : : : : : : : 

DK/FI/NO/SE 9.9 14.1 15.8 13.9 9.4 13.3 15.0 12.9 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.0 

DE 38.2 40.7 45.3 44.9 35.6 38.0 42.5 42.5 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.4 

EL : : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES/PT 7.8 10.9 10.4 12.9 6.6 9.1 9.2 11.3 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.7 

FR 21.3 25.4 28.2 32.4 19.2 23.3 26.0 29.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 3.1 

IE 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.9 1.8 2.3 2.1 2.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 

IT 9.6 12.8 11.4 13.7 8.3 11.2 10.2 12.3 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.4 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : : : 

AT/CH 7.1 8.0 9.1 8.5 6.6 7.4 8.3 7.9 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 

PT : : : : : : : : : : : : 

FI : : : : : : : : : : : : 

SE : : : : : : : : : : : : 

UK 30.4 34.9 40.2 49.6 27.3 32.0 37.3 45.0 3.1 2.9 2.9 4.6 

IS : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : 215.5 b) 225.1 b) : : : : 



b) Source: IDSA 

T. 8.6a: Video game hardware units sold and 32/64 bit console hardware sold 

Video game 

console hardware sold 


32/64 bit 

console hardware sold a) 


1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 b) 12.1 13.0 12.1 15.6 8.4 7.7 4.1 2.3 

BE : : : : : : : : 

BE/NL/LU 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 

DK : : : : : : : : 

DK/FI/NO/SE 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 

DE 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.4 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.4 

EL : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : : 

ES/PT 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.7 0.9 1.2 0.5 0.3 

FR 2.2 2.1 2.2 3.1 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.4 

IE 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 

IT 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.3 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : 

AT/CH 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 

PT : : : : : : : : 

FI : : : : : : : : 

SE : : : : : : : : 

UK 3.1 2.9 2.9 4.6 2.2 1.6 0.9 0.6 

IS : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : 


a) 32/64 bit hardware includes Sony Play Station and Nintendo N64 

b) Eurostat estimate 

139

T. 8.6b: 128 bit console hardware and handheld hardware units sold 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 c) : 0.7 1.3 4.9 : 4.6 6.7 8.4 

BE : : : : : : : : 

BE/NL/LU : 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 

DK : : : : : : : : 

DK/FI/NO/SE : 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 

DE : 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.8 1.3 

EL : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : : 

ES/PT : 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 

FR : 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.8 

IE : 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 

IT : 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : 

AT/CH : 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 

PT : : : : : : : : 

FI : : : : : : : : 

SE : : : : : : : : 

UK : 0.2 0.4 1.7 0.9 1.1 1.5 2.3 

IS : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : 


a) 128 bit hardware includes Sega Dreamcast and Sony Play Station2 since 2000. 

b) Handheld hardware includes Nintendo Game Boy and Nintendo Game Boy Advance since 2001. 

c) Eurostat estimate 

140 

128 bit Handheld 

console hardware sold a) 


hardware sold b) 



T. 8.7a: Video game software units sold, 32/64 bit console software units and 128 bit console software units sold 

Video game 

software sold 


32/64 bit 

software sold a) 


128 bit 

software sold b) 


1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 c) 118.6 140.1 152.4 167.9 49.7 58.3 54.4 48.6 : 2.0 5.2 20.4 

BE : : : : : : : : : : : : 

BE/NL/LU 8.7 9.5 8.6 10.3 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.5 : 0.1 0.3 1.1 

DK : : : : : : : : : : : : 

DK/FI/NO/SE 9.4 13.3 15.0 12.9 3.0 5.1 4.0 3.5 : 0.1 0.4 1.1 

DE 35.6 38.0 42.5 42.5 8.4 8.4 8.0 6.7 : 0.3 0.9 2.8 

EL : : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : : : : : : 

ES/PT 6.6 9.1 9.2 11.3 4.1 5.7 4.4 4.1 : 0.1 0.3 1.2 

FR 19.2 23.3 26.0 29.3 8.7 10.0 10.5 9.3 : 0.4 0.9 3.2 

IE 1.8 2.3 2.1 2.5 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.0 : 0.0 0.1 0.4 

IT 8.3 11.2 10.2 12.3 5.4 7.4 5.3 4.9 : 0.3 0.6 1.5 

LU : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : : : : : 

AT/CH 6.6 7.4 8.3 7.9 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.1 : 0.1 0.2 0.9 

PT : : : : : : : : : : : : 

FI : : : : : : : : : : : : 

SE : : : : : : : : : : : : 

UK 27.3 32.0 37.3 45.0 15.3 17.0 18.0 16.1 : 0.7 1.9 8.9 

IS : : : : : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : : : : : : : 


a) 32/64 bit software includes Sony Play Station and Nintendo N64 

b) 128 bit software includes Sega Dreamcast and Sony Play Station2 since 2000. 

c) Eurostat estimate 

A

T. 8.7b: Handheld software and PC-CD-ROM software units sold 

1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 

EU-15 b) 6.4 9.2 19.3 20.6 62.5 70.6 73.6 78.3 

BE : : : : : : : : 

BE/NL/LU 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.8 5.2 5.9 5.1 5.9 

DK : : : : : : : : 

DK/FI/NO/SE 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 6.2 7.8 10.0 7.4 

DE 2.2 2.8 6.3 5.3 25.0 26.5 27.3 27.6 

EL : : : : : : : : 

ES : : : : : : : : 

ES/PT 0.5 0.8 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.9 

FR 1.0 1.7 4.2 4.1 9.5 11.2 10.6 12.7 

IE 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 

IT 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1 2.3 2.9 3.3 4.8 

LU : : : : : : : : 

NL : : : : : : : : 

AT : : : : : : : : 

AT/CH 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.1 4.3 4.5 4.6 3.9 

PT : : : : : : : : 

FI : : : : : : : : 

SE : : : : : : : : 

UK 1.3 2.0 4.3 5.5 10.7 12.3 13.1 14.5 

IS : : : : : : : : 

NO : : : : : : : : 

CH : : : : : : : : 

JP : : : : : : : : 

US : : : : : : 84.9 c) 83.6 c) 


a) Handheld software includes Nintendo Game Boy and Nintendo Game Boy Advance since 2001. 

b) Eurostat estimate 

c) Source: IDSA 

A 

Handheld 

software sold a) 


T. 8.8: Top 20 video game publishers in the world 

Rank Company Country 

from PC-CD-ROM 

software 


Operating revenues (million ECU/EUR) 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

1 Sony a) JP 3 255.8 3 107.3 3 116.9 3 434.6 4 969.5 

Games activities (inc. Hardware) 5 098.7 5 179.0 5 194.8 5 724.3 8 282.4 

2 Nintendo b) JP : : : : 2 122.5 

Total turnover 3 894.0 4 219.9 5 066.7 5 417.0 4 775.3 

3 Electronic Arts US 801.5 1 089.9 1 332.4 1 431.7 1 925.6 

4 Activision US 275.9 389.4 536.9 671.5 878.0 

5 Konami c) JP 233.9 464.3 541.5 482.2 743.7 

6 Sega d) JP : : : : 713.4 

: : : : : 

Consumer products 496.5 506.4 1 645.7 1 011.5 713.4 

Total sales 1 812.2 1 969.7 2 997.0 2 122.8 1 729.0 

7 Square JP : : : : : 

8 Infogrames Entertainment FR 127.6 239.6 306.1 521.6 674.0 

9 Capcom JP : 283.8 456.5 420.6 526.8 

10 Take-Two Interactive Software US 134.0 173.1 285.9 394.1 503.7 

11 Ubi Soft Entertainment e) FR 133.4 171.5 239.7 332.0 462.3 

12 THQ Inc. US 78.8 193.3 284.8 375.7 423.2 

13 Namco JP 386.1 291.8 287.8 : 286.9 

14 Enix f) JP : : : : 257.9 

15 Acclaim Entertainment Inc. US 145.9 291.3 404.4 204.2 220.6 

16 Titus Interactive g) FR 23.6 : 44.8 177.2 216.1 

17 Eidos PLC UK 203.7 325.1 291.6 227.3 191.3 

18 Koei JP : 109.8 114.8 172.5 180.9 

19 Vivendi Universal Publishing h) FR/US : : : 113.1 143.5 

20 Midway Games Inc. US 193.9 204.9 204.5 248.7 131.0 


a) EAO estimate that software represents 60% of the games activities turnover, b) Software sales only, c) Consumer 

software sales only, d) The figure includes hardware sales, e) 2001 operating revenues estimated on the basis of the 

turnover, f) Company projection, g) 1999 on 18 months, h) The dames division of VUP was created from the 

acquisition of the games division of CUC and includes publishers Sierra and Blizzard Entertainment 


141

T. 8.9: Top 20 video game publishers in the EU 

142 



1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

1 Infogrames Entertainment FR 127.6 239.6 306.1 521.6 674.0 

2 Ubi Soft Entertainment FR 133.4 171.5 239.7 332.0 462.3 

3 Titus Interactive FR 23.6 : 44.8 177.2 216.1 

4 Epidos PLC UK 212.7 339.3 325.3 237.7 195.3 

5 Cryo a) FR 20.3 31.6 50.2 71.0 95.0 

6 Virgin Interactive Entertainment b) UK 218.0 107.5 104.8 81.9 : 

7 Codemasters group Ltd UK 15.4 31.2 105.3 68.9 66.5 

8 Vivendi Universal Intertactive Publishing FR : : 62.4 69.3 : 

p.m. Havas Interactive Europe FR 32.8 : : : : 

9 

Vivendi Universal Intertactive Publishing 

Ireland Ltd 

IE 

4.8 : 42.1 56.9 : 

10 Jowood Productions Software AG AT : 1.5 3.3 16.6 42.6 

11 Mindscape (UK) Ltd UK 9.2 14.3 34.3 : : 

12 Mindscape France FR 15.0 22.1 32.2 29.3 : 

13 CDV Software Entertainment AG DE : : : 13.7 26.0 

14 

Vivendi Universal Intertactive Publishing 

UK Ltd 

UK 

6.5 17.7 19.0 24.5 : 

15 Microids FR 4.4 7.1 13.1 20.3 : 

16 Dinamic Multimedia S.A. c) ES 9.3 16.6 18.9 : : 

17 Empire Interactive PLC UK 10.6 12.8 13.1 16.9 : 

18 Wanadoo Edition FR 6.5 5.7 7.2 16.5 : 

19 Montparnasse Multimedia d) FR 8.5 9.1 12.4 12.4 : 

20 Davilex Holding B.V. NL : 12.3 : : : 


a) Declared bankrupt in 2002 

b) Taken over in 1999 by Titus Interactive 

c) Declared bankrupt in 2001 

d) In April 2002, Mindscape acquired Montparnasse Multimedia 

T. 8.10: Top 20 video game developers in Europe 



1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

1 Rare Ltd. a) UK 96.7 43.2 68.4 103.4 47.8 

2 Psygnosis Ltd b) UK 169.8 117.5 59.9 36.2 : 

3 Phenomedia AG DE : 1.8 2.9 18.9 : 

4 Lionhead Studios Ltd UK : : : 0.5 14.7 

5 Kaboom Developments Ltd UK : : 12.1 12.6 : 

6 Kalisto Entertainement c) FR 2.5 9.5 16.2 3.2 12.0 

7 Digital Illusions SE 0.2 0.9 1.4 4.8 11.0 

8 Runecraft Ltd d) UK : : : 6.0 9.7 

9 Blitz Games Ltd UK : 2.0 3.4 6.1 9.0 

10 Core Design Ltd UK 34.4 38.7 28.3 8.8 : 

11 Gameloft S.A. FR : : : 3.0 7.9 

12 Kuju Entertainement Ltd UK : 2.8 3.9 5.3 7.7 

13 Blue Byte Software GmbH DE : : 8.5 8.2 7.5 

14 Funcom Oslo NO 4.5 4.7 4.7 7.2 : 

15 Argonaut Games PLC UK : : 3.5 7.1 7.2 

16 Rage Games Ltd UK 2.7 5.0 13.5 6.7 : 

17 Warthog Games PLC UK : 1.4 4.0 6.1 : 

18 Silicon Dreams Studios Ltd UK 2.3 3.5 5.1 6.0 : 

19 Guildsoft Ltd UK 2.3 2.8 3.9 5.1 : 

20 Rebellion Developments Ltd UK : : : 4.9 : 


Does not include the development activities of publishing companies 

a) Nintendo acquired a 38% stake in Rare Ltd in march 2002 

b) Psygnosis was taken over by Sony Computer Entertainment in March 1999 

c) Declared bankrupt in 2002, 

d) 2001 on 15 months 


A

T. 8.11: Top 10 Video Game Titles in US in January 2003, sorted by units 

Rank Platform/Title Publisher Release date 

A 

1 PS2 The Sims Electronic Arts January'03 

2 PS2 The Getaway Sony computer Ent. January'03 

3 PS2 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Rockstar Games October'02 

4 PS2 Devil May Cry 2 Capcom USA January'03 

5 PS2 Socom: U.S. Navy Seals Sony Computer Ent. August'02 

6 PS2 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Infogrames December'02 

7 PS2 Madden NFL 2003 Electronic Arts August'02 

8 PS2 ATV Off Road Fury 2 Sony Computer Ent. November'02 

9 GBA Yu-Gi-Oh! Eternal Konami of America October'02 

10 XBX Doa: Beach Volleyball Tecmo January'03 

Source: NPDFunworld TRSTS Video Games 


143

9. Other related information

T. 9.1: Number of households, million 

A 

9. Other related information 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 

EU-15 c) : : 133.1 147.0 148.1 149.3 151.4 152.8 154.2 156.0 157.6 

BE : 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.1 

DK : : 2.3 a) 2.4 a) 2.4 a) 2.4 a) 2.4 a) 2.4 a) 2.4 a) 2.4 a) 2.5 b) 

DE : 25.9 27.6 36.4 36.8 36.8 37.1 37.3 37.5 37.9 38.2 b) 

EL : 3.2 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 

ES : : 11.4 12.1 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 

FR : 20.7 21.6 23.0 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.5 24.7 

IE : 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 a) 1.2 a) 1.2 a) 1.2 a) 1.2 b) 

IT : 19.8 20.8 20.4 20.2 20.2 21.3 21.5 21.7 22.0 22.2 

LU : 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 

NL : 5.4 6.0 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 

AT : : 2.9 a) 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 

PT : : 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 

FI : : 2.2 a) 2.3 a) 2.3 a) 2.3 a) 2.3 a) 2.4 a) 2.3 a) 2.4 a) 2.4 b) 

SE : : 3.8 a) 4.1 a) 4.1 a) 4.1 a) 4.1 a) 4.2 a) 4.2 a) 4.3 a) 4.4 b) 

UK : 21.6 22.8 24.5 24.7 25.1 25.2 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.2 

CZ : : : 3.7 a) 3.7 a) 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 

EE : : : 0.5 a) 0.5 a) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 

CY : : : 0.2 a) 0.2 a) 0.2 a) 0.2 a) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 

LV : : : 0.9 a) 0.9 a) 0.9 a) 0.9 a) 0.9 a) 0.9 a) 1.0 0.8 

LT : : : 1.5 a) 1.5 a) 1.5 a) 1.5 a) 1.5 a) 1.5 a) 1.5 a) 1.2 

HU : : : 3.8 a) 3.8 a) 3.8 a) 3.8 a) 3.7 a) 3.7 3.7 3.7 

MT : : : 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 b) 

PL : : : 11.9 a) 12.0 a) 12.1 12.3 a) 12.4 a) 12.5 a) 12.4 12.4 

SI : : : 0.6 a) 0.6 0.7 0.7 a) 0.7 a) 0.7 0.7 0.7 b) 

SK : : : 1.6 a) 1.6 a) 1.6 a) 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 

BG : : : 2.9 a) 2.9 a) 2.9 a) 2.9 a) 2.8 a) 2.8 a) 2.8 2.7 

RO : : : 7.3 a) 7.4 a) 7.5 7.5 7.6 a) 7.7 7.7 7.7 

IS : : 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 a) 0.1 b) 

NO : : 1.8 a) 1.8 a) 1.9 a) 1.9 a) 1.9 a) 1.9 a) 1.9 a) 1.9 a) 1.9 b) 

CH : : 2.8 a) 3.0 a) 3.1 a) 3.1 a) 3.1 a) 3.2 a) 3.2 a) 3.1 a) 3.1 b) 

JP 35.8 a) 38.0 a) 40.7 a) 49.8 a) 50.0 a) 50.1 a) 50.3 a) 50.4 a) 50.5 a) 50.6 a) 51.1 b) 

US : 92.8 a) 93.3 a) 98.9 a) 99.6 a) 101.0 a) 102.5 a) 103.9 a) 103.9 a) 104.7 a) 105.7 b) 

Source: Eurostat New Cronos database 


b) Eurostat estimate for the purpose of calculation ratios in this publication only 

c) Eurostat estimate for the purpose of this publication only 

T. 9.2: Population, million 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 

EU-15 354.6 358.5 363.8 371.6 372.7 373.7 374.6 375.0 376.5 378.0 : 

BE 9.9 9.9 9.9 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.3 

DK 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 

DE 78.2 77.7 79.1 81.5 81.8 82.0 82.1 82.0 82.2 82.3 82.4 

EL 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 : : 

ES 37.2 38.4 38.8 39.2 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.4 39.4 40.1 40.4 

FR 53.7 55.2 56.6 58.0 58.3 58.5 58.7 58.5 59.2 59.0 59.3 e) 

IE 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 p) 

IT 56.4 56.6 56.7 57.3 57.3 57.5 57.6 57.6 57.7 57.8 : 

LU 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 e) 

NL 14.1 14.5 14.9 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 16.0 16.1 

AT 7.5 7.6 7.7 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 

PT 9.7 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.3 

FI 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 

SE 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 

UK 56.3 56.6 57.5 58.5 58.7 58.9 59.1 59.4 59.6 59.9 : 

CZ : : 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 e) 

EE : : 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 : 

CY : : 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 : 

LV : : 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 

LT : : 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 p) 

HU : : 10.4 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.0 : 10.2 

MT : : 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 e) 

PL : : 38.0 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.6 38.6 

SI : : 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 

SK : : 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 b) 

BG : : 8.8 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.1 7.9 

RO : : 23.2 22.7 22.7 22.6 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.4 : 

IS 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 

NO 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 

CH 6.3 6.5 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 

JP 117.1 121.0 123.6 125.6 125.5 124.6 126.1 126.1 126.3 : : 

US : 236.9 248.1 261.7 264.2 266.5 269.1 271.5 274.0 285.3 : 


b) Break in series 

p) Provisional value 

e) Estimated value 

147

T. 9.3: Gross domestic product at market prices, billion ECU/EUR 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 

EU-15 : : : 6 594.8 6 926.8 7 295.2 7 638.5 8 036.8 8 567.6 8 859.9 9 161.1 f) 

BE 87.7 109.5 155.3 211.6 212.5 216.1 223.7 235.6 247.5 254.3 260.7 

DK 49.3 79.1 105.0 137.8 144.2 149.2 154.1 162.4 171.8 177.8 182.8 

DE : : : 1 880.2 1 878.2 1 863.5 1 916.4 1 978.6 2 030.0 2 071.2 2 108.2 

EL 35.0 53.6 66.2 89.9 98.0 107.1 109.0 118.1 123.1 130.9 141.1 

ES 159.1 226.3 401.7 446.9 480.5 495.6 525.5 565.2 609.3 651.6 693.9 f) 

FR 491.1 702.2 957.6 1 188.1 1 224.6 1 241.1 1 297.6 1 355.1 1 420.1 1 475.6 1 520.8 

IE : : 37.2 50.8 57.6 70.7 77.7 89.8 102.9 114.5 128.2 f) 

IT 323.2 562.1 867.8 839.0 971.1 1 030.0 1 068.9 1 108.0 1 166.5 1 220.1 1 258.3 

LU : 5.2 8.7 13.8 14.3 15.4 16.9 18.9 21.3 22.1 22.3 

NL 128.1 175.4 231.8 317.3 324.5 332.7 351.6 374.1 402.6 429.2 444.3 f) 

AT 57.2 88.6 127.3 179.8 182.4 181.6 189.3 197.2 207.0 211.9 216.8 

PT : : 56.3 82.6 88.3 93.9 100.4 108.0 115.5 123.0 129.2 f) 

FI 37.8 72.0 107.7 99.2 100.7 108.3 115.7 120.0 130.2 135.8 139.7 

SE 92.7 137.0 187.6 189.9 213.4 218.5 221.4 236.0 260.1 244.9 255.4 

UK 385.5 602.7 780.7 867.7 936.6 1 171.5 1 270.5 1 370.0 1 559.4 1 597.0 1 659.1 

CZ : : : 39.8 45.5 46.8 50.6 51.6 55.8 63.8 73.9 

EE : : : 2.7 3.4 4.1 4.7 4.9 5.6 6.2 6.8 

CY : : : 6.8 7.0 7.5 8.1 8.7 9.6 p) 10.2 p) 10.8 f) 

LV : : : 3.4 4.0 5.0 5.4 6.2 7.8 8.6 8.9 

LT : : : 4.7 6.2 8.5 9.7 10.0 12.1 13.3 14.6 

HU : : : 34.1 35.6 40.4 41.9 45.1 50.7 57.8 69.9 

MT : : 1.8 2.5 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.9 4.0 4.1 

PL : : 28.6 97.2 113.3 127.1 141.3 145.5 177.7 204.1 202.0 f) 

SI : : : 14.3 14.9 16.1 17.5 18.8 20.4 21.7 23.4 

SK : : : 14.6 16.1 18.6 19.6 18.9 21.3 22.8 25.1 

BG : : 10.0 10.0 7.8 9.2 11.4 12.2 13.7 15.2 16.6 

RO : : 18.5 27.1 27.8 31.2 37.4 33.4 40.3 44.9 48.4 

IS : : 5.0 5.3 5.7 6.5 7.3 8.1 9.3 8.5 f) 8.7 f) 

NO 45.6 83.7 90.9 113.1 125.3 138.6 133.7 148.4 180.6 187.7 201.9 f) 

CH 77.4 127.8 180.1 235.1 233.3 225.9 234.3 242.8 260.3 274.7 284.1 

JP 773.8 1 810.0 2 407.0 4 055.5 3 707.5 3 815.8 3 528.2 4 196.6 5 160.9 4 669.2 4 241.2 

US 2 007.8 5 521.0 4 557.2 5 657.9 6 153.3 7 335.2 7 833.0 8 701.9 10 637.2 11 257.0 11 047.5 


f) Forecast 

p) Provisional value 

T. 9.4: Exchange rate, 1 ECU/EUR = 

148 

9. Other related information 

1 980 1 985 1 990 1 995 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 

EUR 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 

Belgian Franc 40.598 44.914 42.426 38.552 39.299 40.533 40.621 40.340 40.340 40.340 40.340 

Danish Krone 7.8274 8.0188 7.8565 7.3280 7.3593 7.4836 7.4993 7.4355 7.4538 7.4521 7.4305 

German Mark 2.5242 2.2263 2.0521 1.8738 1.9095 1.9644 1.9691 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 

Greek Drachma 59.418 105.74 201.41 302.99 305.55 309.36 330.73 325.76 336.63 336.63 336.63 

Spanish Peseta 99.702 129.14 129.41 163.00 160.75 165.89 167.18 166.39 166.39 166.39 166.39 

French Franc 5.8690 6.7950 6.9141 6.5251 6.4930 6.6126 6.6014 6.5596 6.5596 6.5596 6.5596 

Irish Pound 0.6760 0.7152 0.7678 0.8155 0.7934 0.7475 0.7862 0.7876 0.7876 0.7876 0.7876 

Italian Lira 1189.2 1448.0 1522.0 2130.1 1959.0 1929.3 1943.7 1936.3 1936.3 1936.3 1936.3 

Luxembourg Franc 40.598 44.914 42.426 38.552 39.299 40.533 40.621 40.340 40.340 40.340 40.340 

Dutch Guilder 2.7603 2.5110 2.3121 2.0989 2.1397 2.2108 2.2197 2.2037 2.2037 2.2037 2.2037 

Austrian Schilling 17.969 15.643 14.440 13.182 13.435 13.824 13.855 13.760 13.760 13.760 13.760 

Portuguese Escudo 69.552 130.25 181.11 196.11 195.76 198.59 201.70 200.48 200.48 200.48 200.48 

Finnish Markka 5.1722 4.6942 4.8550 5.7086 5.8282 5.8806 5.9825 5.9457 5.9457 5.9457 5.9457 

Swedish Krona 5.8810 6.5213 7.5205 9.3319 8.5147 8.6512 8.9159 8.8075 8.4452 9.2551 9.1611 

Pound Sterling 0.5985 0.5890 0.7139 0.8288 0.8138 0.6923 0.6764 0.6587 0.6095 0.6219 0.6288 

Czech Koruna : : : : : 35.930 36.320 36.884 35.600 34.069 30.804 

Estonian Kroon : : : : : 15.715 15.753 15.647 15.647 15.647 15.647 

Cyprus Pound : : : : : 0.5826 0.5774 0.5789 0.5739 0.5759 0.5753 

Latvian Lats : : : : : 0.6594 0.6602 0.6256 0.5592 0.5601 0.5810 

Lithuanian Litas : : : : : 4.5362 4.4844 4.2641 3.6952 3.5823 3.4594 

Hungarian Forint : : : : : 211.65 240.57 252.77 260.05 256.59 242.96 

Malta Lira : : : : : 0.4375 0.4350 0.4258 0.4041 0.4030 0.4089 

New Polish Zloty : : : : : 3.7155 3.9178 4.2274 4.0082 3.8574 3.6721 

Slovenian Tolar : : : : : 181.00 185.96 194.47 206.61 217.98 225.98 

Slovak Koruna : : : : : 38.106 39.541 44.123 42.602 43.300 42.694 

New Bulgarian Lev : : : : : 1.9016 1.9691 1.9558 1.9479 1.9482 1.9492 

Romanian Leu : : : : : 8111.5 9984.9 16345 19922 26004 31270 

Iceland Krona : 31.669 : 84.685 84.656 80.439 79.698 77.182 72.585 87.417 86.178 

Norwegian Krone 6.8655 6.5110 7.9485 8.2858 8.1966 8.0186 8.4659 8.3104 8.1129 8.0484 7.5086 

Swiss Franc 2.3278 1.8557 1.7622 1.5457 1.5679 1.6440 1.6220 1.6003 1.5579 1.5105 1.4670 

Yen (Japan) 315.04 180.56 183.66 123.01 138.08 137.08 146.42 121.32 99.47 108.68 118.06 

US Dollar 1.3923 0.7631 1.2734 1.3080 1.2698 1.1340 1.1211 1.0658 0.9236 0.8956 0.9456 


A

Appendix

Definitions (arranged according to the chapters of the publication) 

2. Structural Business Statistics and advertising 

Number of enterprises (Code 11 11 0) 

A 

Appendix 

A count of the number of enterprises registered to the population concerned in the business register corrected for errors, in particular 

frame errors. Dormant units are excluded. This statistic should include all units active during at least a part of the reference 

period. 

Turnover (Code 12 11 0) 

Turnover comprises the totals invoiced by the observation unit during the reference period, and this corresponds to market sales 

of goods or services supplied to third parties. 

Turnover includes all duties and taxes on the goods or services invoiced by the unit with the exception of the VAT invoiced by the 

unit vis-à-vis its customer and other similar deductible taxes directly linked to turnover. 

It also includes all other charges (transport, packaging, etc.) passed on to the customer, even if these charges are listed separately 

in the invoice. Reduction in prices, rebates and discounts as well as the value of returned packing must be deducted. 

Income classified as other operating income, financial income and extra-ordinary income in company accounts is excluded from 

turnover. Operating subsidies received from public authorities or the institutions of the European Union are also excluded. 

Number of persons employed (Code 16 11 0) 

The number of persons employed is defined as the total number of persons who work in the observation unit (inclusive of working 

proprietors, partners working regularly in the unit and unpaid family workers), as well as persons who work outside the unit 

who belong to it and are paid by it (e.g. sales representatives, delivery personnel, repair and maintenance teams). It includes persons 

absent for a short period (e.g. sick leave, paid leave or special leave), and also those on strike, but not those absent for an 

indefinite period. It also includes part-time workers who are regarded as such under the laws of the country concerned and who 

are on the pay-roll, as well as seasonal workers, apprentices and home workers on the pay-roll. 

The number of persons employed excludes manpower supplied to the unit by other enterprises, persons carrying out repair and 

maintenance work in the enquiry unit on behalf of other enterprises, as well as those on compulsory military service. 

Unpaid family workers refer to persons who live with the proprietor of the unit and work regularly for the unit, but do not have 

a contract of service and do not receive a fixed sum for the work they perform. This is limited to those persons who are not included 

on the payroll of another unit as their principal occupation. 

NACE Rev. 1 92.1 Motion picture and video activities (=92.11 + 92.12 + 92.13) 

NACE Rev. 1 92.11 Motion picture and video production 

This class includes: 

production of theatrical and non-theatrical motion pictures whether on film or on video tape for direct projection in the 

theatres or for broadcasting on television. 

production in a motion-picture studio, or in special laboratories for animated films or cartoons, of full-length films, documentaries, 

shorts, etc., for public entertainment, for promotion, education or training 

supporting activities such as dubbing etc. 

This class excludes: 

film duplicating as well as audio and video tape reproduction from master copies 

film processing other than for the motion picture industry 

agency activities 

production of films or tapes normally produced in television studios, see 92.20 

activities of own account actors, cartoonists, directors, consultants and other technical specialists 

151

NACE Rev. 1 92.12 Motion picture and video distribution 

152 

Appendix 


distribution of motion pictures and video tapes to other industries but not to the general public. This involves the sale 

or rental of movies or tapes to other industries, as well as activities allied to the distribution of films and video tapes 

such as film and tape booking, delivery, storage, etc. 

buying and selling of motion picture and video distribution rights 


film duplicating as well as audio and video tape reproduction from master copies 

retail trade of tapes 

renting of tapes to the general public 

NACE Rev. 1 92.13 Motion picture projection 


motion picture or video tape projection in cinemas, in the open air or in other projection facilities 

This class also includes: 

activities of cine-clubs 

NACE Rev. 1 92.2 = 92.20 Radio and television activities 


broadcasting of radio and television programmes 

production of radio and television programmes whether or not combined with broadcasting 

The programmes produced and broadcast may be for entertainment, promotion, education or training or news dissemination. 

The production of programmes may result in a permanent tape which may be sold, rented or stored for broadcast or rebroadcast. 


radio and television transmission via cable networks 

radio and television transmission by relay or satellite 

production of movies and video tapes which are nominally produced in movie studios, see 92.11 

press agencies 

Total advertising expenditure: 

Total advertising expenditures including agency commissions and classified advertising but not production costs. Discounts on the 

normal advertising rates are not taken into account (European Advertising Tripartite procedures). Here total advertising expenditure 

comprises newspapers, magazines, outdoor (including transport), radio and cinema advertising expenditures. 

TV advertising expenditure: 

Expenditures for advertising on TV programme services (e.g. spots on national TV channels, local TV channels whether terrestrial, 

cable or satellite broadcasting transmission) including agency commissions and excluding production costs and net of discounts. 

Radio advertising expenditure: 

Expenditures for advertising on radio programme services (e.g. spots on national/local radio stations whether terrestrial, cable or 

satellite broadcasting transmission) including agency commissions and excluding production costs and net of discounts. 

Cinema advertising expenditure: 

Expenditures for advertising in cinemas including agency commissions and excluding production costs and net of discounts. 

A


Cinema production and distribution market 

Total number of cinematographic full-length films produced: 

Production of new full-length fiction and animated films produced (with duration of 60 minutes and over), primarily intended for 

theatrical release, finished during the reference year. This category includes 100% national films and international co-productions 

(i.e. films co-produced by national producers with foreign producers, whether national producers are majority producers or minority 

producers). Excludes documentaries (if possible). Excludes domestic production of entirely foreign films etc. 

Number of national cinematographic full-length films produced (with 100% national origin producers): 

New full-length fiction and animated films produced entirely by one or several producers of national origin without foreign producers 

involved as producers or without foreign investments from foreign companies sharing investments and rights of the film. 

Number of international co-productions of cinematographic full-length films with national origin producers: 

New long length fiction and animated films produced by one or several producers of national origin (acting as majority or minority 

producers) with foreign enterprises as producer sharing investments and rights of the films. Excludes entirely foreign films produced 

or shot within the national territory. For some years, international co-productions do not cover all the components 

described above. (E.g. in some countries, minority international co-productions may not be included in the statistics). 

Number of majority international co-productions (international co-productions of cinematographic full-length films with national 

origin producers as majority producers): 

International co-productions in which national producer(s) have the highest investment share of all participating co-producer(s). 

Note: Includes 50/50 co-productions (equally shared co-productions) for countries, where information are available. 

Number of cinematographic full-length films produced (including national films and majority international co-productions): 

This special variable - calculated for supranational comparison purposes - includes entirely national full-length films produced and 

majority co-productions. Note: important variable to be able to reduce double counting of international co-productions within EU 

and other aggregates total film production. 

Number of cinematographic short length films produced: 

Production of new cinematographic short length films (with duration up to 59 minutes) finished during the reference year, intended 

for theatrical release (commercial exhibitions, festivals, clubs etc.). Includes fictional, documentaries and animated films of 

whatever theatrical format (35mm, 16mm, etc.). Note: Here, breakdown between national and international co-productions is 

not mentioned, assuming that in most cases, for historical reasons and budget level involved, international co-productions are not 

frequent (an exception may be animated films). 

Number of film producers with at least one first release during the year: 

Film producers of national origin (e.g. companies, foundations or state organisations, individuals) involved in the production of at 

least one new full-length feature film produced during the year intended for theatrical release (also called "active full-length film 

production companies, individuals or organisations"). Excludes TV broadcasters and foreign producers or production companies. 

Number of film distributors with at least one first release during the year: 

Film distributors (or distribution companies) with at least one new feature film released in cinemas (on the national exhibition market) 

during the year (released for the first time during the reference year). Note: Some countries make the distinction between 

foreign distributors and national origin distributors: Here it is intended to include all distributors of films released on the national 

exhibition market whatever origin. 

A 

Appendix 

153

Cinema exhibition market 

Cinema income from gross box office receipts (incl. taxes and other duties): 

Box office receipts from cinematographic film projection in fixed cinemas (receipts from tickets sold for cinema theatres exhibition) 

including VAT and other special entertainment taxes (e.g. local taxes on cinema or entertainment, special taxes to support 

film industry, etc.). Note: Sometimes, box office receipts breakdown by country of origin does not correspond exactly to total gross 

box office receipts (due to methodological differences or due to calculation process) or refer to distribution receipts from cinema 

exhibition. 

Cinema income from gross box office receipts (incl. taxes and other duties) from national, US, British, German, French, Italian or 

Spanish cinematographic films: 

Here data only concern box office receipts from films classified as national, US, British, German, French, Italian or Spanish (including 

co-productions). 

Number of cinema admissions (cinema audience): 

Total number of admissions (number of tickets sold) to fixed cinemas during the reference year. Note: This indicator should be 

based on cinema screens/sites definition (e.g. excluding mobile cinemas and non-profit cinema units). 

Number of cinemas (cinema theatres): 

Number of stationary cinema theatres (indoor cinemas and outdoor cinemas) and open- air grounds (e.g. drive-in cinemas) used 

for the projection of cinematographic motion pictures of all kinds. Cinema sites may have one or more screens for exhibitions. 

Excluding associative projection facilities (e.g. cinema clubs). Excludes mobile cinema projection units. Note: a cinema theatre with 

one screen is a monoscreen cinema and a cinema theatre with 2 screens or more is called a multiscreen cinema or a cinema complex. 

Number of screens (cinema halls): 

Number of screens in cinemas used for projection of cinematographic motion pictures (in stationary cinema theatres, it refers to 

number of rooms or cinema halls or film theatres) in fixed cinema sites (i.e. indoor cinema theatres, open-air cinemas including 

drive-in cinemas but excluding mobile cinemas). 

Number of cinema seats: 

Total number of permanent seats in fixed cinema sites, i.e. in stationary cinema theatres (indoor and outdoor) and open air 

grounds (for drive-in cinemas, estimated capacity based on number of car parking places multiplied by an average of 4 seats). 

Number of new feature films released for the first time: 

Number of new cinematographic long length films, which had their first public showing in cinemas during the reference year (new 

releases). Note: For this table, EU-15 represent average number of films released based on individual country information available. 

A total number will make no sense due to same films released in several countries at the same time and due to co-productions 

double counting. 

Number of new cinematographic films released for the first time of national, EU or US origin: 

Note: For this table, EU-15 represent average number of films released based on individual country information available. In many 

countries, data includes international co-productions. 

154 

Appendix 

A


Number of DVD player households: 

Number of private households equipped with at least one DVD player. 

DVD disc sales and rental: 

Retail DVD consumer level spending on DVD discs and revenues from rental DVD discs. 

DVD discs sold: 

Count of number of DVD discs sold to consumers. 

DVD discs rented: 

Count of number of DVD disc rental transactions. 

DVD titles released for sale: 

Count of titles released for sale during the year. EU-15 figure reflects average per EU country. 

DVD titles released for rental: 

Count of titles released for rental during the year. EU-15 figure reflects average per EU country. 

Number of VCR households: 

Number of private households equipped with at least one videocassette recorder (VCR). 

Number of outlets selling videos: 

Total number of outlets selling videos (local units) of any format (cassettes and discs) to the general public (i.e. at consumer level); 

aggregation of all distribution channels at retail level (video shops, and other outlets, e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, 

entertainment electronic shops, book stores, newspaper kiosks (relevant in some countries) and mail order sales). 

Outlets renting videos (video shops): 

Total number of outlets renting videos (local units) of any format (cassettes and discs) to the general public (i.e. at consumer level); 

aggregation of all distribution channels at retail level (mainly video shops but also other outlets). 

Home video sales and rental: 

Receipts from pre-recorded videos (cassettes or discs) sales and rentals: Calculated variable if components provided. Total receipts 

from sales and rentals of pre-recorded videos (cassettes or discs) to the general public (i.e. at consumer level); aggregation of all 

distribution channels at retail level (video shops, and other outlets, e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, entertainment electronic 

shops, book stores, newspapers kiosks (relevant in some countries) and mail order sales). Excludes receipts from unrecorded 

cassettes (also known as blank videotapes) (Indicate if data include or exclude VAT). 

Home video sales: 

Receipts from pre-recorded videos (cassettes or discs) sales: Total receipts from sales of pre-recorded videos (cassettes or discs) to 

the general public (i.e. at consumer level); aggregation of all distribution channels at retail level (video shops, and other outlets, 

e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, entertainment electronic shops, book stores, newspaper kiosks (relevant in some countries) 

and mail order sales). Also called "retail pre-recorded video market receipts at consumer level". Note: also called receipts 

from sell-through pre-recorded videos at consumer level: selling video cassettes through to consumers (as opposed to only renting 

them out). (according to IVF, a rather dated word used only in the context of the video industry). 

A 

Appendix 

155

Home video rental: 

Receipts from videos (cassettes or discs) rentals: Total receipts from rentals of videos (cassettes or discs) to the general public (i.e. 

at consumer level); aggregation of all distribution channels at retail level (video shops mainly, but it may also concern other outlets, 

e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, book stores etc.). Note: rentals refer to hiring of videos (cassettes or discs) to consumers 

for a defined period (may be for a single night or more). Rental stores usually buy videocassettes outright specially dedicated 

for rental (In many countries trade price of a cassette dedicated for rental is several times that of a retail tape with or without 

an exclusive rental window), but in some cases they may lease them. 

Home videos sold: 

Pre-recorded cassettes sold: Number of pre-recorded video tapes sold to consumers. Data may include video discs. Data may only 

be available at distributor level/wholesaler. In this case it is also known as retail cassettes shipped (or shipments) to trade which 

should be net (i.e. excluding returns). 

Home video rental transactions: 

Video (cassettes or discs) rental transactions: Total number of videos (cassettes or discs) hired by the general public (i.e. at consumer 

level), whether for a short period or not (basic duration is for a single night); aggregation of all distribution channel at 

retail level (mainly video shops, but also other outlets, e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, book stores etc.) Data may only 

be available at distributor level/wholesaler (e.g. not taking into account retailers stocks). In this case it is not rental transactions 

but number of cassettes or discs sold for rent to retailers (also named: rental cassettes or discs shipped to trade). 

Home video titles released for sales 

New video titles released for sale: Number of new audio-visual programmes released on video for selling to general public, on 

whatever formats (same title may be released in different formats e.g. cassettes or discs). 

Home video titles released for rental: 

New video titles released for rental: Number of new audio-visual programmes released on video for rentals to general public on 

whatever formats (same title may be released in different formats e.g. cassettes or discs). 

5. Broadcasting market 

Television market 

Television households: 

Number of private households equipped with at least one TV broadcast receiving equipment (TV set). 

TV licence fee accounts: 

TV licences (total licence fee accounts): Number of TV licence fee accounts registered by the relevant authorities in charge of the 

collection of such fee (to be paid by private households for authorisation to possess and/or use a TV receiving equipment) including 

licence fee accounts exempt from payments and non-private households (i.e. enterprises, public administrations etc.). 

Annual TV licence fee: 

Annual colour TV licence fee (amount of): Annual amount of the fee inclusive of any VAT charges payable (to be paid by private 

households) for authorisation to possess and/or use colour TV broadcast receiving equipment (i.e colour TV set). It may be that 

there is no distinction between black&white and colour TV receiving equipment or there is only a combined fee payable for authorisation 

to possess any kind of radio and /or TV receiving equipment. 

Turnover of public or private TV broadcasters of national origin: 

Total revenue (operating incomes) from all services rendered by TV broadcasters if possible excluding revenue from radio activities 

156 

Appendix 

A

(radio programme services and related activities). Operating incomes may comprise receipts from TV licence fees, public subsidies, 

TV advertising, TV sponsorship, teleshopping, subscription fees (pay-TV), receipts from exploitation of own TV programme copyrights 

and other operating incomes as income from concessions, patents, trademarks and similar value, etc. Turnover comprises 

only ordinary activities and hence excludes the sales of fixed assets. 

Income from TV advertising and sponsorship, public or private broadcasters of national origin: 

Total receipts coming from advertising (i.e. receipts - based on air time allocation - in respect of any form of message for which 

the broadcaster is paid or otherwise remunerated by a public or a private enterprise or other entity) and sponsorship (i.e. all contributions 

by public or private enterprise to finance the broadcasting of programmes with the aim of promoting the enterprise's 

name, brand image activities or operations but not its products or services). 

Total number of TV programme services (TV channels) 

Total number of TV programme services of national origin i.e. a sequence of television programmes broadcast regularly by whatever 

technical means of transmission (terrestrial/cable/satellite) and forming a distinct named entity or channel within the output 

of a TV broadcasting organisation or enterprise, located on the economic territory and which are primarily intended for targeting 

national audience (whatever distribution coverage). Excludes regional or local windows of TV nation-wide programme services. 

Excludes also: TV programmes services not targeting national audience (e.g. TV programmes services for special areas abroad, 

pan-European TV programme services) and TV programmes services of broadcasters located abroad. Important: a TV programme 

service may use a TV channel (most of cases) or may use partly one or more TV channels. (e.g. In Finland in 1986 there were 2 

TV nation-wide channels (channel 1 and 2) but 4 TV nation-wide programme services: 2 public TV programmes services (YLE1 

sending programme on channel 1 and YLE2 sending programme on channel 2), a third public TV programme service (FST sending 

on both channel 1 and 2) and a private programme service (MTV sending on both channel 1 and 2). 

Number of public TV programme services with nationwide distribution: 

Total number of public TV programme services of national origin i.e. a sequence of television programmes broadcast regularly by 

whatever technical means of transmission (terrestrial/cable/satellite) and forming a distinct named entity or channel within the 

output of a TV broadcasting organisation or enterprise, located on the economic territory and primarily intended for targeting 

national audience with a representative nationwide households penetration distribution: at least 40% of TV households of the 

domestic market. For cable and/or satellite distribution it refers to households connected to cable network and /or satellite dishes 

where programme services in question are distributed. Excludes: TV programmes services not targeting national audience (e.g. 

TV programmes services for special areas abroad, pan-European TV programme services) and TV programmes services of broadcasters 

located abroad (even if primarily intended for targeting national audience). 

Public TV programmes services: 

TV programme service which have a public service obligation and which may be financed totally or partly financed by licence fees 

or by public subsidies. Public programme services may also be partly or mostly financed by advertising, sponsorship, receipts from 

teleshopping etc. 

Number of private TV programme services with nationwide distribution: 

Total number of public TV programme services of national origin i.e. a sequence of television programmes broadcast regularly by 

whatever technical means of transmission (terrestrial/cable/satellite) and forming a distinct named entity or channel within the 

output of a TV broadcasting organisation or enterprise, located on the economic territory and primarily intended for targeting 

national audience with a representative nationwide households penetration distribution: at least 40% of TV households of the 

domestic market. For cable and/or satellite distribution it refers to households connected to cable network and /or satellite dishes 

where programme services in question are distributed. Excludes: TV programmes services not targeting national audience (e.g. 

TV programmes services for special areas abroad, pan-European TV programme services) and TV programmes services of broadcasters 

located abroad (even if primarily intended for targeting national audience). 

Private TV programmes services: 

TV programme service, which does not have a public service obligation. Private programme services are usually financed by advertising, 

sponsorship, subscription fee, pay-per view fee or receipts from teleshopping etc. 

A 

Appendix 

157

Number of TV programmes services live on Internet (Web-TV channels) 

Total number of TV programme services of national origin i.e. a sequence of television programmes that are offered regularly via 

IP networks using streaming technology and forming a distinct named entity or station (channel) within the output of a TV broadcasting 

organisation or other enterprise, located on the economic territory. Not included: Web sites of TV broadcasters containing 

video files for downloading and video-on-demand services with the opportunity to select an individual video stream from a 

programme library. 

Daily TV viewing time: 

Total amount of viewing time spent by a sample population of individuals (previously the unit used may have been TV households) 

of all age categories (in general here 3-9 years old and over) watching TV programme services, expressed as an average daily 

amount of viewing in minutes. VCR and non-TV uses of the screen should not be taken into account (average daily cumulative 

audience). Annual average. 

Cable operating market and satellite market 

Private households passed by operated cable network: 

Aggregated number of private households through or directly outside which an operated cable network passes, whether the 

household is physically connected to a cable network service or not. 

Number of households connected to cable networks: 

Private households which are connected to cable services (i.e. through cable network), whether they pay a service of programmes 

package subscription fee or not (at least they pay for the technical connection). Note: for heavily cabled countries there might not 

be much difference between, homes connected and cable subscribers. 

Cable operators: 

Number of enterprises operating technical installations intended for the transmission of broadcasting programme signals by 

means of metallic cables, optical fibres, waveguides, radio links and /or any combinations of such (including collective antennas 

of large sites); the operator is responsible for the selection of TV and radio programme services which are transmitted. 

Satellite households: 

Number of households connected to satellite dishes: Aggregated number of private households which are connected to a collective 

satellite dish (SMATV: satellite master antenna television) or which are equipped with an individual dish (DTH: Direct to home) 

able to receive TV or radio programme services transmitted via satellite. 


Turnover from sound recordings sales: 

Total receipts from sound recordings sales: Total receipts from selling sound recordings to the general public (i.e. at consumer 

level); aggregation of all distribution channels (e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, entertainment electronic shops, music 

stores, and mail order sales). Includes total receipts from singles (e.g. vinyl records, audiocassette singles and Compact Disc singles) 

and albums e.g. vinyl records (LPs), audiocassettes (MCs) and digitally encoded laser discs (CDs). Music videos should be 

excluded from the total according to IFPI definition. Note: According to IFPI definitions, a sound recording is a recording unit, 

which includes any recordings of sound of a performance as well as other sounds. Sound recordings classified by duration include 

on one hand "short play" sound recordings - which include singles (vinyl records singles), CD singles (compact disc singles) and 

MC singles (audio cassettes singles) - and on the other hand "long play" sound recordings (also named albums with minimum 

duration of an LP vinyl record i.e. 35 to 45 min) - which includes LPs (vinyl records), MCs (audio cassettes) and CDs (Compact 

Discs). There are various format of singles on vinyl discs: 17 cm, maxi-singles, EP (extended play) and Mini LPs. 

158 

Appendix 

A

Total sound recordings sold: 

Total number of sound recordings units of whatever format sold to the general public (i.e. at consumer level); aggregation of all 

distribution channels (e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, entertainment electronic shops, music stores, and mail order sales). 

Includes singles (e.g. vinyl records, audiocassettes singles and Compact Disc singles) and albums e.g. vinyl discs (LPs), audiocassettes 

(MCs) and digitally encoded laser discs (CDs). 

Singles sold: 

Number of singles sold (Vinyl, CDs, MCs): Total number of "short play" sound recordings (singles) of whatever format sold to the 

general public (i.e. at consumer level); aggregation of all distribution channels (e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, entertainment 

electronic shops, music stores, and mail order sales). If available, this category should include all kinds of singles (e.g. 

vinyl records (singles), cassette singles (MCs) and Compact Disc singles (CDs). 

Music Cassettes sold: 

Number of MCs sold: Number of sound recordings albums on audiocassettes (MCs) sold to the general public (i.e. at consumer 

level); aggregation of all distribution channels (e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, entertainment electronic shops, music 

stores, and mail order sales). For recent years, may include digital compact cassettes (DCCs). 

LPs sold: 

Number of LPs sold: Number of sound recording albums on "Long Play" vinyl records (LPs) sold to the general public (i.e. at consumer 

level); aggregation of all distribution channels (e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, entertainment electronic shops, 

music stores, and mail order sales). 

CDs sold: 

Number of CDs sold: Number of sound recordings albums on digitally encoded laser discs (CDs) sold to the general public (i.e. at 

consumer level); aggregation of all distribution channels (e.g. in department stores, supermarkets, entertainment electronic shops, 

music stores, and mail order sales). For recent years, may include mini discs (MDs). Excludes CD singles. 

CD player household: 

Private households with a CD player: Number of private households equipped with at least one Compact Disc (fixed or portable) 

player (digitally encoded laser disc player). 


Radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin: 

Total number of radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin: Total number of radio programme services (public 

and private) of national origin i.e. a sequence of radio programmes broadcast regularly by whatever technical means of transmission 

(terrestrial/cable/satellite) and forming a distinct named entity or station (channel) within the output of a radio broadcasting 

organisation or enterprise, located on the economic territory and which are primarily intended for targeting national audience 

(whatever distribution coverage). Excludes local/regional windows of radio nation-wide programme services. Excludes also: 

radio programmes services not targeting national audience (e.g. radio programmes services for special areas abroad, pan- 

European or worldwide radio programme services). Important: a radio programme service may use a radio station/channel (most 

of cases) or may use partly one or more radio stations (channels). 

Public radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin: 

Total number of public radio broadcasters of national origin: Total number of enterprises located on the national economic territory 

broadcasting one or more radio programme services (whatever the distribution penetration of households) which have a public 

service obligation and which may be totally or partly financed by licence fees or by public subsidies or any kind of state funding. 

Public radio broadcasters may also include enterprises which are partly financed by advertising, sponsorship etc. 

A 

Appendix 

159

Private radio programme services (radio stations) of national origin: 

Total number of private radio broadcasters of national origin: Total number of enterprises located on the national economic territory 

broadcasting one or more radio programme services (whatever the distribution penetration of households) which does not 

have a public service obligation. Private radio broadcasters are usually totally or partly financed by advertising, sponsorship, subscription 

fees (voluntary payments included), etc. 

Daily listening time of adults: 

Total amount of listening time spent by a sample population of individuals (previously the unit used may have been households) 

of all age categories (in general here 14-18 years old and over) listening radio programme services, expressed as an average daily 

amount of listening in minutes. Non-radio uses of a combined radio set should not be taken into account (average daily cumulative 

audience). Annual average. 

Number of radio programme services live on Internet (web-radio stations) 

Total number of radio programme services of national origin i.e. a sequence of radio programmes that are offered regularly via IP 

networks using streaming technology and forming a distinct named entity or station (channel) within the output of a radio broadcasting 

organisation or other enterprise, located on the economic territory. Not included: Web sites of radio broadcasters containing 

audio files for downloading and audio-on-demand services with the opportunity to select an individual audio stream from 

a programme library (for example so called music-box-services). 

8. Video games 

Receipts from sales of video games hardware and software 

Total receipts from sales of consumer electronic devices (e.g. video games consoles) and games software, dedicated primarily for 

playing interactive video games in connection with TV-sets or personal computers, to the general public (i.e. at consumer level). 

Software can be either stored on cartridges or discs with console specific formats (cartridges and discs) or on PC compatible formats, 

i.e. the video games can be used on PCs with common computer operating systems and is stored on common data storage 

technology (PC CD-ROM/DVD-ROM). Are also included: Hand-helds with small screens for mobile using. 

Receipts from sales of video games hardware (consoles) 

Total receipts from sales of consumer electronic devices (e.g. video games consoles), dedicated primarily for playing interactive 

video games in connection with TV-sets or personal computers monitors, to the general public (i.e. at consumer level). Technical 

features of consoles are usually company specific, i.e. only video game software of a console specific format (cartridges, discs) can 

be used. Are also included: Hand-helds with small screens for mobile using. 

Receipts from sales of video games consoles software 

Total receipts from sales of interactive video games software for consoles to the general public (i.e. at consumer level). Software 

can be either stored on cartridges or discs with console specific formats. Are also included: Video games software for hand-helds 

with small screens for mobile using. 

Excludes: Video games software, which can only be used on PCs (i.e. PC games). 

Number of software for video games consoles sold 

Units sold of interactive video games software. Software can be either stored on cartridges or discs with console specific formats. 

Includes: Video games software for hand-helds with small screens for mobile using. 

Excludes: Video games software, which can only be used on PCs (i.e. PC games). 

Number of video games consoles sold 

Appendix 

Units sold of consumer electronic devices (video games consoles), dedicated primarily for playing interactive video games in connection 

with TV-sets or personal computers monitors, to the general public (i.e. at consumer level). Technical features of consoles 

160 

A

A 

Appendix 

are usually company specific, i.e. only video game software of a console specific format (cartridges, discs) can be used. Are also 

included: Hand-helds with small screens for mobile using. 

Number of producers of software for video games consoles 

Number of enterprises producing interactive video games software dedicated for games console specific operating systems. Are 

also included: Video games software for hand-helds with small screens for mobile using. 

Note: Please indicate if SBS data are used. Data asked here only comprise part of the NACE class 72.21. In SBS statistics only the 

main activity is usually considered to classify enterprises in Business Register. 

If other kind of functional statistical sources are used (professional organisations, and other sectoral organisations and bodies), 

data may cover as well units not classified as enterprises, e.g. local units, kind of activity units or local kind of activity units. These 

units may belong to or be part of enterprises not classified with their main activity in the production of software for video games 

consoles. 

Number of households with at least one video games consoles 

Number of households with at least one consumer electronic device (video games consoles), dedicated primarily for playing interactive 

video games in connection with TV-sets or personal computers monitors. Technical features of consoles are usually company 

specific, i.e. only video game software of a console specific format (cartridges, discs) can be used. Are also included: Handhelds 

with small screens for mobile using. 

9. Other general information 

Household: 

Number of private households: Number of private households including single member households and multiple households with 

two or more members. 

Note: According to household budget surveys, these are defined in terms of having a shared residence and common arrangements. 

A household comprises either one person living alone or a group of people, not necessarily related, living at the same 

address with common housekeeping i.e. sharing at least one meal a day or sharing a living or sitting room. 

The statistics presented are based on Eurostat data revised and updated by each NSI in order to complete the time series requested 

and ensure that the figures are compatible with national audio-visual information linked to households (e.g. information concerning 

the penetration rate of audio-visual domestic equipment, information on household consumption of audio-visual appliances 

and services, information used for assessing TV and radio licence-fee evasion rate, etc.). Three different concepts for households 

are used at national level in the EU and EFTA countries: 

the household-dwelling concept (DK, F, FIN, S, N), 

the household-keeping unit concept, which has been adopted by 10 countries (B, D, EL, E, IRL, L, NL, A, UK, CH) and 

the household-keeping unit concept with family link (I, P). 

Population: 

Number of inhabitants: Number of inhabitants at 1st of January each year. 

The statistics presented are based on Eurostat data revised and updated by each National Statistical Institute (NSI) or national correspondents 

for the AUVIS domain. 

Exchange rate 1 ECU/EUR = 

The ECU or euro exchange rates, annual average. Data before 1999 are denominated in ECU. Data from 1999 are denominated 

in euro. 

EUR: The abbreviation for euro. 

161

List of sources 

Adams Media Research 

Address: 40 West Carmel Valley Rd., Carmel Valley, CA 

93924 

http://adamsmediaresearch.com/ 

Boxofficemojo.com 

Brandon Gray 

P.O. Box 2651 

Santa Rosa, CA 95405 

US 

Phone: 3104526054 

Email: info@boxofficemojo.com 

Deutsche Bank AG 

Taunusanlage 12 

Tower A 

D-60325 Frankfurt am Main 

Germany 

Tel.: +49-69-910-38080/35395 

Fax: +49-69-910-38591 

http://www.db.com 

E-mail: db.ir@db.com 

Dutch Federation for Cinematography (NFC) 

P.O. Box 75048 

1070 AA - Amsterdam 

The Netherlands 

telephone +31 - (0)20 - 67 99 261 

general fax +31 - (0)20 - 67 50 398 

http://www.nfc.org 

Centre national de la cinématographie (CNC) 

Address: 12, rue de Lübeck - 75784 Paris cedex 16 

Phone: 01 44 34 34 40 

http://www.cnc.fr 

Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) 

Address: 15 Regent Street, London SW1Y 4LR, UK 

http://www.eiu.com 

European Audiovisual Observatory (EAO) 

Address: 76, allée de la Robertsau, F-67000 Strasbourg, 

France 

http://www.obs.coe.int/ 

Statistical Yearbook 

European Broadcasting Union (EBU) 

Address: Ancienne route 17A, CH-1218 Grand-Saconnex 

GE, http://www.ebu.ch 

European Leisure Software Publishers Association 

(ELSPA) 

ELSPA (UK) Ltd, 

Haddonsacre, Station Road, 

Offenham, 

Worcs. 

WR11 8JJ 

UK 

http://www.elspa.com 

A 

Appendix 

Dentsu Inc. 

Address: 1-11-10, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8426, 

Japan, http://www.dentsu.com 

Gartner Dataquest 

Europe Headquarters 

Gartner, Inc. 

Tamesis 

The Glanty 

Egham 

Surrey TW20 9AW 


Tel: + 44 1784 431611 

http://www.gartner.com 

GfK Marktforschung 

Wirtschaftsforschung 

Rolf Bürkl 

Nordwestring 101 

90319 Nürnberg 

Germany 

http://www.gfk.de/ 

Interactive Digital Software Association (IDSA) 

1211, Connecticut Ave, 

NW #600 

Washington, DC 20036 

United States 

http://www.idsa.com 

International Federation of the Phonographic 

Industry (IFPI) 

Address: 54 Regent Street, London, WIR 5PJ 

http://www.ifpi.org 

International Recording Media Association 

http://www.recordingmedia.org 

International Video Federation (IVF) 

Address: 38 Avenue des Art, B-1040 Bruxelles 

http://www.ivf-video.org/ 

International Video Yearbook 

Ituner.com 

1126 Ridgemont Dr 

Milpitas, CA 95035 

US 

Japanese Regional Broadcasting Division at the 

Ministry 

Regional Broadcasting Division, Information and 

Communications Policy Bureau, Ministry of Public 

Management, Home Affairs, Post and 

Telecommunications 

Japan Broadcasting Corporation 

http://www.nhk.or.jp/index-e.html 

163

McCann-Erickson 

622 Third Avenue 

New York, NY 10017 

Tel: 646-865-2000 

http://www.mccann.com 

Media Live 

http://www.medialive.ie 

Media Salles 

Address: Via Soperga 2, 20127 Milano, Italy 

http://www.mediasalles.it/ 

Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) 

Address: 1600 Eye Street, NW, Washington, 

DC20006.(202) 293-1966 

http://www.mpaa.org 

Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan 

Address: 2-15-2 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061 

http://www.cric.or.jp 

Nielsen Media Research 

http://www.nielsenmedia.com 

NPD Funworld 

http://www.npd.com 

OECD 

2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris CEDEX 16, FRANCE 

http://www.oecd.org 

Broadcasting services 1999; 

Observatoire Mondial des Systemes de Communication 

(1997) 

Oliver & Ohlbaum 

105 Ladbroke Grove, 

London W11 1PG 


http://www.oando.co.uk/ 

Real.com 

RealNetworks, Inc 

2601 Elliott Ave 

Seattle, Washington 98121 

United States 

Screen Digest 

Address: Lyme House Studios, 38 Georgiana Street, 

London NVI OEB 

http://www.screendigest.com 

A 

SES/ASTRA; Societe Europeenne des Satellites, 

Address: L-6815 Chateau de Betzdorf, Luxembourg, 

http://www.ses-astra.com 

Surfmusic.de 

Uwe Roselius 

Dorfstr. 99 

D-16247 Gross Ziethen 

Germany 

Unesco 

7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 PARIS 07 SP, France 

http://www.unesco.org 

US Bureau of Labour Statistics 

Address: 2 Massachusetts Avenue, N.E. Room 2860, 

Washington, 

D. C. 20212 

http://stats.bls.gov 

US Industry & Trade Outlook 2001 

was prepared jointly by the International Trade 

Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce, and 

the McGraw-Hill Companies, Ind. 

http://www.ntis.gov 

Video Software Dealers Association (VSDA) 

Address: 16530 Ventura Blvd., Suite 400, Encino, CA 

91436-4551 

http://www.vsda.org/ 

Web-radio.fm 

BRS Media Inc. 

760 Market St. Suite 958 

San Francisco, CA 94102 

United States 

164

CINEMA, TV, AND RADIO IN THE EU ? STATISTICS ON ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?