Bog moss (Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl.) - Department of Primary Industries

PR10_5089 

Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation 

Biosecurity Queensland 

Steve Csurhes and Clare Hankamer—April 2010 

Note: Information is still being collected for this 

species. Technical comments on this document 

are most welcome. 

Tomorrow’s Queensland: strong, green, smart, healthy and fair 

W e e d r i s k a s s e s s m e n t 

B o g m o s s 

Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl.

© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and 

Innovation, 2010. 

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Enquiries about reproduction, including downloading or printing the web version, should be 

directed to ipcu@deedi.qld.gov.au or telephone +61 7 3225 1398. 

Front cover: Mayaca fluviatilis near Innisfail, North Queensland 

(Photo: Audrey Reilly and Kylie Goodall, DERM - used with permission). 

W e e d r i s k a s s e s s m e n t : Bog moss Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. 

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Contents 

Summary ............................................................................................................................ 4 

Identity and taxonomy ........................................................................................................ 5 

Description ......................................................................................................................... 6 

Reproduction and dispersal ...............................................................................................10 

Native range and worldwide distribution ............................................................................ 11 

History of introduction and spread in Queensland .............................................................. 11 

Distribution in Australia .....................................................................................................12 

Ecology and preferred habitat ............................................................................................12 

History as a weed overseas ................................................................................................14 

Current impact in Queensland ............................................................................................14 

Potential impact in Queensland .........................................................................................15 

Uses ..................................................................................................................................17 

Control ..............................................................................................................................17 

References .........................................................................................................................18 


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Summary 

Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. (bog moss) is a tropical/subtropical aquatic plant native 

to Central and South America, the Caribbean and the United States. Under 

favourable conditions it can form dense mats that block freshwater ponds, 

streams and drainage ditches. 

The first naturalised population of M. fluviatilis in Queensland was formally 

identified near Innisfail in 2008. Prior to this, the plant had been sold as an 

aquarium plant for many years. 

M. fluviatilis is a pest within parts of its native range, particularly in Puerto Rico, 

Florida and North Carolina. 

Dispersal is via broken stem fragments. Seed production has been recorded 

overseas. However, specimens grown in aquaria in Queensland are believed to 

be sterile. 

While the species’ potential impact is difficult to predict, it might smother 

and replace native aquatic plant species, block drainage/irrigation ditches on 

sugarcane farms, and impede recreational activities such as boating and fishing. 

This assessment concludes that M. fluviatilis poses a high weed risk, based on 

the following evidence: 

(1) it has a history as a pest within its native range, 

(2) it is well adapted to subtropical and tropical climates of Queensland, and 

(3) experience in North Queensland confirms it can block drainage 

infrastructure on sugarcane farms. 

Important note: 

Please send any additional information, or advice on errors, to the authors. 


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Identity and taxonomy 

Species: Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. 

Synonyms: 

Mayaca aubletii Michx. 

M. longipes Gand. 

M. michauxii Schott & Endl. 

M. caroliniana Gand. 

M. longipes Gand. 

M. vandellii Schott & Endl. 

M. wrightii Griseb. 

Syena fluviatilis Willd. 

S. mayaca J.F. Gmel. 

S. aubletii Michx in Schott & Endl. 

S. nuttaliana Schult. 

Common names: 

Bog moss (US), stream bog moss (US), pine tree (New Zealand). 

Aquarium/pond trade names: 

Green mayaca (and mayaca green), green pine, silver foxtail. 

Family: Mayacaceae 

The family Mayacaceae comprises a single genus—Mayaca. The number of species in the genus 

is uncertain; some publications state that there are four species (Mabberley 2000; Lourteig 

1952), others state there are 10 (Heywood 1998; Thieret 1975) and the Missouri Botanical 

Garden’s Tropicos database (Tropicos 2010) lists 12 species. The Mayacaceae are found mainly 

in the Americas, with one species, Mayaca baumii Gürke, in sub-Saharan Africa (Angola). 

Subordinate taxa: 

Mayaca fluviatilis forma fluviatilis 

M. fluviatilis forma kunthii (Seub.) Lourteig 

M. fluviatilis var. wrightii (Griseb.) M. Gómez 

Related species: 

Mayaca aubletii Michx. 

M. baumii Gürke 

M. brasillii Hoehne 

M. boliviana Rusby 

M. curtipes Poulsen, V.A. 

M. endlicheri Poepp. Ex Seub. 

M. lagoensis Warm. 

M. longipedicellata 

M. longipes Mart. Ex Seub. 

M. madida Vell. (Stellfeld) 

M. sellowiana Kunth 


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Taxonomic uncertainty: 

There is considerable uncertainty regarding the taxonomic relationship between species of 

Mayaca and between various forms of M. fluviatilis. Semi-aquatic plants often have the ability 

to produce different types of leaves above and below water (a feature known as heterophylly) 

(Wells and Pigliucci 2000). Such morphological plasticity is thought to be an adaptation to a 

dynamic environment (Wells & Pigliucci 2000; eFloras 2010). For example, M. fluviatilis and 

M. aubletii display subtle differences in morphology, with shorter leaves, longer pedicels and 

ovoid to nearly globose capsules evident in M. aubletii and longer leaves, shorter pedicels 

and oblong-ellipsoid capsules in M. fluviatilis (eFloras 2010). Such plasticity has confounded 

attempts to classify the species and makes identification difficult. 

Description 

M. fluviatilis is a perennial monocotyledonous plant that can grow either fully submerged, 

in the form of semi-floating mats, or as a semi-terrestrial plant on the margins of wetlands. 

It can form very dense mats of branching prostrate or erect stems, generally 40–60 cm long 

(eFloras 2010), but sometimes well over 1 m (CAIP 2009). Its morphology varies depending 

on prevailing conditions (Thieret 1975; eFloras 2010). Submerged specimens tend to have 

long trailing stems with spirally arranged leaves that are long-tapering and translucent 

(Figure 1); also see online video link (http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/263). They also have a thicker 

endodermis and more aerenchyma than emersed forms. Emersed plants tend to have shorter 

stems with shorter, thicker closely imbricate leaves (Thieret, 1975); see Figures 2, 3 and 4. 


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Figure 1. Submerged stems of Mayaca 

fluviatilis showing spirally arranged, 

long tapering leaves and white stems. 

Note: Stem tips are pink in colour 

compared with pinkish-red for Rotala 

wallichii. The latter has pinkish-purple 

flowers arranged in a raceme 

(photo: Audrey Reilly and Kylie 

Goodall, DERM).


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Figure 2. Leaves of floating M. fluviatilis 

(photo: Vic Ramey, University of Florida/IFAS 

Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants). 

The leaves are sessile, without a sheath (Mabberley 2000), soft, moss-like and thread-like, 

arranged densely in a spiral around the stem. Leaves are not divided like those of Egeria 

densa (CAIP 2009) or Myriophyllum aquaticum. Leaf blades are narrowly lanceolate to linear, 

2–30 mm × 0.5 mm, and the apex entire or notched (Heywood 1998; eFloras 2010). 

Flowers are up to 10 mm wide, bisexual, borne singly on pedicels 2–12 mm long and 

subtended by membranous bracts, which usually become reflexed after flowering (Heywood 

1998; eFloras 2010). Flowers are terminal, but appear to be axillary due to the sympodial 

structure of the stem (Mabberley 2000; Philipps 2010). 

Figure 3. Mayaca fluviatilis in flower (photo: Tom Philipps, USDA Forest Service).


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Figure 4. Flower of 

Mayaca fluviatilis—Taree, 

New South Wales 

(photo: Peter Harper). 

The perianth is arranged in two whorls: the outer sepal-like with three elongate segments that 

persist in fruit, the inner petal-like with three whitish pink to violet or even maroon segments 

(Heywood 1998). The sepals are ovate to lanceolate-elliptic, 2–4.5 mm x 0.7–1.5 mm; petals, 

sometimes whitish basally, are also broadly ovate, 3.5–5 mm × 3–4.5 mm (eFloras 2010). 

The three stamens (1.5–3 mm in length) are alternate with petal-like segments; filaments 

are 1–2 mm; anthers are 0.5–1 mm, dehiscing by means of apical, pore-like slits (Heywood 

1998; eFloras 2010). The ovary is superior and composed of three fused carpels, forming 

a single locule containing numerous orthotropous ovules attached in two rows to three 

pariental placentas (Heywood 1998). The fruit is a three-valved capsule that is nearly globose 

to ellipsoid, often irregular because of abortion, to 4 mm × 3.4 mm (Heywood 1998; eFloras 

2010). There are 2–25 seeds per capsule. Seeds are nearly globose, 1.3 mm × 0.9 mm. The 

seed coat is ridged and pitted (eFloras 2010).

Figure 5. Solitary Mayaca fluviatilis flowers showing long pedicels 

(photo: Audrey Reilly and Kylie Goodall, DERM). 

The seeds of Mayaca species are characterised by the presence of an embryostegium or 

‘stopper’ at the micropylar end, which seems to develop from the inner integument. The 

disintegration of this ‘stopper’ is thought to provide a canal for the emergence of the seedling 

(Thieret 1975). 

Figure 6. Seeds of Mayaca fluviatilis (photo: Jose Hernandez @ USDA–NRCS PLANTS Database). 

M. fluviatilis can initially grow as a fully submerged plant, rapidly forming numerous stems. 

Once these stems reach the water surface, they spread out, forming a dense mat of shorter 

branches (Figure 7). 


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Figure 7. Mats of Mayaca fluviatilis in a drainage channel near Innisfail 


A helpful video on the identification of M. fluviatilis, prepared by the Center for Aquatic and 

Invasive Plants, University of Florida, IFAS, is available at http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/263 

Reproduction and dispersal 

In the southern United States, where M. fluviatilis is native, flowering occurs from March to 

November, but typically May to October (Philipps 2010). 

Seeds are probably dispersed by water (Thieret 1975). Ludwig (1886) found that seeds 

dried for six weeks germinated in water more rapidly than those that had been continuously 

submerged for the same period. This second group did not germinate even after 12 weeks 

submerged. 

Plants sold in the commercial aquarium plant trade are thought to be sterile due to selection 

of clonal stock over long periods of time (E Frazer, Pisces Aquarium Plants, pers. comm., 

March 2010). 

Yakandawala (2009) found that stem fragments as small as 2 cm long could produce new 

roots and shoots. Hence, mechanical removal or other physical disturbance has the potential 

to dramatically increase rate of spread. 


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Native range and worldwide distribution 

M. fluviatilis is native to Central and South America, the Caribbean and the US. 

Tropicos (2010), USDA (2010) and GRIN (2010) list herbarium collections from the following 

countries: 

• Central and South America—Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, 

Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela 

• Caribbean—Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago 

• US—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 

Texas and Virginia. 

M. fluviatilis has naturalised in Sri Lanka (Yakandawala 2009) and Singapore (Aquatic 

Quotient 2005). 

History of introduction and spread in 

Queensland 

Naturalised M. fluviatilis was first recorded in Queensland in shallow flowing water within a 

table drain at Silkwood, near Innisfail in 2008 (Figure 8) (A. Reilly, Qld DERM, pers. comm., 

March 2010). The source of the infestation was an overflow drain from nearby aquaculture 

ponds. M. fluviatilis was being sold as an aquarium plant. It has been speculated that the 

plant may have originally entered the watercourse some time in 2006. 

Figure 8. M. fluviatilis growing immediately downstream of its suspected origin, near Innisfail 


In April 2010, plant material tentatively identified as M. fluviatilis was detected near Mareeba 

and near Mossman. Specimens were sent to the Queensland herbarium for identification but 

may be Myriophyllum spp. (K. Stephens, Qld herbarium, pers. comm., March 2010). 


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Distribution in Australia 

Outside Queensland, naturalised M. fluviatilis has only been detected at a single site near 

Taree (New South Wales) in 2008 (North Coast Weed Read 2008; Asia Pacific Weed Service 

Newsletter 2008); see Figure 9. 

Figure 9. Mayaca fluviatilis in a pond near Taree, northern New South Wales 

(photo: Peter Harper). 

Ecology and preferred habitat 

Climatically, M. fluviatilis is well suited to tropical and subtropical areas. Within these climate 

zones it is best adapted to freshwater aquatic habitats, namely shallow wetlands, seepage 

areas and the margins of lakes, ponds and rivers (CAIP 2009; Heywood 1998; Philipps 2010). 

These sites experience fluctuations in water level, with periodic inundation during floods and 

short-term desiccation during the dry season (USDA 2010; FLUCCS n.d.). 

M. fluviatilis can tolerate water 1–2 m deep (North Carolina Department of Environment and 

Natural Resources, 2006). Some authors describe the plant as ‘amphibious’, since it can grow 

below and above water (Champion & Clayton 2000; de Carvalho et al. 2009), whereas others 

state that it is an obligate submerged plant (Champion & Clayton 2001; FLUCCS n.d.). 


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This study was unable to find detailed information on environmental variables that define 

this species’ preferred habitats. In Florida, M. fluviatilis is typically found in lakes with a low 

pH and low levels of phosphorous and nitrogen. Philipps (2010) categorised its preferred 

habitat as waterways with high acidity and high levels of organic matter. Venero Camaripano 

and Castillo (2003) found M. fluviatilis in flooded forest at altitudes of 0–1200 m in Sipapo, 

Venezuela. Visual observation of the species in Queensland and New South Wales suggests it 

prefers open waterbodies (full sun) and perhaps disturbed sites. 

Experienced growers of aquarium plants comment that M. fluviatilis is ‘self-smothering’ 

in aquaria, becoming brittle and dying off after rapidly depleting soluble carbon dioxide, 

reducing water circulation and lowering pH (resulting in iron deficiency). Like many aquatic 

plants, M. fluviatilis grows in phases or ‘flushes’, depending on the suitability of prevailing 

environmental conditions (E Frazer, pers. comm., March 2010). There is little information on 

its growth requirements in situ; however, temperature requirements ex situ in an aquarium 

environment are reported in the range of 20–30 ˚C. 

Figure 10. Areas of Australia where climate appears suitable for survival of Mayaca fluviatilis. This 

model was generated using ‘Climatch’ climate-matching computer program and was based on global 

distribution data for the species. Blue and green indicate areas where climate is considered unsuitable 

for this species, yellow and orange indicate areas where climate is marginally suitable and red 

indicates areas where climate is highly suitable (map by Martin Hannan-Jones). 


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History as a weed overseas 

M. fluviatilis is listed as a noxious weed in Puerto Rico and is subject to control activity in 

Florida and North Carolina. These locations are all within the species’ native range. In Florida, 

it blocks freshwater lakes and is subject to periodic control action to allow recreational 

activities (fishing and boating) (GCW 2007; GRIN 2010; Hanlon et al. 2000; North Carolina 

Department of Environment and Natural Resources 2006). 

Yakandawala (2009) expressed concern at the invasive potential of M. fluviatilis in Sri Lanka, 

where it has naturalised in two waterbodies. An online forum for aquarium enthusiasts 

states that M. fluviatilis has naturalised in Singapore (MacRitchie Reservoir) in 2005 (Aquatic 

Quotient 2005). 

This study was unable to find data on the species’ economic impacts elsewhere. 

Current impact in Queensland 

Currently, the impact of M. fluviatilis is negligible in Queensland, since it is restricted to a 

small infestation near Innisfail. At one point in time, this infestation had blocked 1.5 km of 

table drain (Figure 11). Subsequent damage to a culvert and section of road during heavy rain 

was blamed on blockage by M. fluviatilis. The infestation was mechanically removed by a 

local drainage board (A Reilly pers. comm., March 2010). However, by December 2008 it had 

grown back to infest 2.5 km of the same drain. Soon after, flooding washed large amounts of 

plant material downstream, possibly including the river catchments for Maria Creek National 

Park. There is concern that it may have spread into Liverpool Creek and the Kurrimine Beach 

Wetland Aggregation and National Park (Weed Spotters Queensland Network 2009). 


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Figure 11. Table drain blocked by Mayaca 

fluviatilis alongside sugarcane near 

Innisfail 

(photo: Audrey Reilly and Kylie Goodall, 

DERM).

Potential impact in Queensland 

Prolific growth of M. fluviatilis could block drains, irrigation infrastructure, freshwater lakes, 

ponds and streams, in much the same way as a range of other widespread aquatic weed 

species. Blocked drains increase waterlogging problems in adjacent crops and can cause 

greatly reduced yields. Large mats that break free during floods could cause significant damage 

to bridges and moored boats. Experience from New South Wales suggests that dense growth 

of M. fluviatilis can pose a threat to human safety since swimmers are unable to break through 

the mats from underneath and could become entangled (P Harper pers. comm., March 2010); 

see Figures 12 and 13. As has occurred in the US, dense mats can impede recreational activities 

such as fishing and boating. Such growth needs to be removed on a regular basis, thereby 

generating ongoing costs for government and other water management agencies. Uncontrolled 

growth might have localised impacts on tourism, if recreation is hindered. 

Figure 12. Dense growth of M. fluviatilis can block waterways and impede recreational activity such as 

boating and fishing—photo taken near Taree, New South Wales (photo: Peter Harper). 


15


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Figure 13. Dry mat of Mayaca 

fluviatilis 

(photo: Audrey Reilly and Kylie 

Goodall, DERM). 

The impact of M. fluviatilis on native aquatic ecosystems is difficult to predict. However, it 

might compete with certain native aquatic plants, especially in disturbed sites. It seems 

reasonable to be concerned that, under favourable conditions, M. fluviatilis could form dense 

mats that exclude most other plant life. 

M. fluviatilis could potentially occupy the same niche as several species of native 

Myriophyllum. Two species of Myriophyllum are listed as threatened in Queensland: M. 

artesium (endangered) and M. coronatum (vulnerable), as defined by Queensland’s Nature 

Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006. M. artesium exists in spring wetlands in Barcaldine 

and Eulo and M. coronatum exists only in Lake Bronto, Cape York.

Uses 

M. fluviatilis has been sold as an aquarium plant possibly since the early 1900s. It is valued 

for its attractive foliage and stems but can be difficult to maintain, requiring high light 

levels, additional carbon dioxide and fertiliser (‘The stemmed plants’ 2006). Current sales in 

Queensland are estimated to be less than 1% of the total market for aquarium plants (E Frazer, 

pers. comm., March 2010). Although, quite popular in Australia some years ago, its popularity 

has declined over the last few years. 

Control 

Mechanical control is often used to clear aquatic plant infestations. However, there is a high 

risk of spread associated with any method that causes fragmentation of stems (Gettys et al. 

2009). 

In Florida, sterile triploid grass carp have been used to control various aquatic macrophytes, 

including M. fluviatilis. Hanlon et al. (2000) reported successful control of aquatic 

macrophytes after stocking lakes with more than 25–30 grass carp per hectare of vegetation. 

Notably, control was ineffective if lakes were stocked with fewer fish. In a 55 ha lake, of which 

40% was covered by with M. fluviatilis, weed cover was reduced to zero after four years of 

stocking with grass carp at a rate of 18 carp per hectare of vegetation (Hanlon et al. 2000). 

Herbicide control experiments have been undertaken on M. fluviatilis in New South Wales, 

but effective treatments have proved elusive. 


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References 

Aquatic Quotient, 2005, ‘Mayaca fluviatilis - a new alien in Singapore waters’, online 

forum article, viewed 25 June 2010, . 

Asian Pacific Weed Service Newsletter April 2008, ‘Mayaca fluviatilis (bog moss): a new 

aquatic species found in NSW’, Volume 1, Issue 2. 

CAIP 2009, ‘Bog moss’, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida, IFAS, 

viewed 29 March 2010, . 

Champion, PD and Clayton, JS 2000, ‘Border control for potential aquatic weeds: stage 1 – 

weed risk model’, Science for Conservation 141, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New 

Zealand. 

Champion, PD and Clayton, JS 2001, ‘Border control for potential aquatic weeds: stage 2 – weed 

risk assessment’, Science for Conservation 185, Department of Conservation, Wellington, 

New Zealand. 

Champion, P, Clayton, J, Burnett, D, Petroeschevsky, A and Newfield, M 2007, ‘Using the New 

Zealand Aquatic Weed Risk Assessment Model to manage potential weeds in the ornamental 

trade’, International Weed Risk Assessment Workshop (IWRAW), NIWA Taihoro Nukurangi, 

NSW Department of Primary Industries and Biosecurity New Zealand, viewed 25 June 2010, 

. 

de Carvalho, MLS, Nakamura, AT and Sajo, MG 2009, ‘Floral anatomy of neotropical species of 

Mayacaceae’, Flora 204(3): 220–27. 

eFloras 2010, ‘Flora of North America’, FNA 22, Mayaca fluviatilis, viewed 13 April 2010, 

. 

FLUCCS, 645 Submergent Aquatic Vegetation, Florida Land Use, Land Cover and Forms 

Classification System (FLUCCS) Description, . 

GBIF 2010, Biodiversity occurrence data, viewed 29 March 2010, . 

GCW 2007, Global Compendium of Weeds, Hawai’an Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR), Department 

of Forestry, USDA, viewed 29 March 2010, . 

Gettys, LA, Haller, WT and Bellaud, M (eds.) 2009, Biology and control of aquatic plants: a 

best management practices handbook. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation, Marietta, 

Georgia, US. 

Govaerts, R (ed.) 2009, ‘World checklist of selected plant families’, Royal Botanic Gardens 

Kew, UK, viewed 14 April 2010, http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/compilersReviewers.do 

GRIN 2010, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, Germplasm Resources 

Information Network (GRIN), National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, 

viewed 29 March 2010, . 


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Hanlon, SG, Hoyer, MV, Cichra, CE and Canfield, DE 2000, ‘Evaluation of macrophyte control 

in 38 Florida lakes using triploid grass carp’, J. Aquatic Plant Management 38:48–54. 

Heywood, VH (ed.) 1998, Flowering plants of the world. BT Batsford, London. 

Lourteig, A 1952, ‘Mayacaeae’, Notulae Systematicae 14:234–248. 

Ludwig, F 1886, ‘Ueber durch Austrocknen bedingte Keimfähigkeit der Samen einiger 

Wasserpflanzen’, Biol. Centralb 6:299–300. 

Mabberley, DJ 2000, The plant book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants, 2nd edition, 

Cambridge University Press, UK. 

Natural Aquariums, ‘The stemmed plants’, viewed 25 June 2010, . 

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources 2006, Total maximum daily 

load for aquatic weeds for Rockingham City Lake, Roanoke Rapids Lake, Big Lake, Reedy Creek 

Lake and Lake Wakena in North Carolina. Yadkin-Pee-Dee River Basin, Roanoke River Basin and 

Neuse River Basin: final report, Division of Water Quality, Raleigh, North Carolina, viewed 28 

June 2010, . 

NSW North Coast Weeds Advisory Committee 2008, ‘New aquatic weed discovered near 

Taree’, North Coast Weed Read 16, Autumn, Grafton, NSW. 

Philipps, TC 2010, ‘Stream bogmoss (Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl.)’, Plant of the Week. USDA Forest 

Service Celebrating Wildflowers, viewed 31 March 2010, . 

Thieret, JW 1975, ‘The Mayacaceae in the southeastern United States’, J Arnold Arboretum 

56:248–255. 

Tropicos 2010, Missouri Botanical Garden, viewed 31 March 2010, . 

USDA 2010, Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. stream bogmoss. Plants Profile, Plants Database, Natural 

Resources Conservation Service, USDA, viewed 21 April 2010, . 

Venero Camaripano, B and Castillo, H 2003, ‘Catalogue of spermatophytes of the seasonally 

flooded forests of Sipapo River, Estado amazonas, Venezuela’, Acta Botánica. Venezuelica 

26(2), . 

Weed Spotters Queensland Network 2009, ‘A new aquatic weed in north Queensland: Mayaca 

fluviatilis, bog moss’, Weed Spotters Queensland Network: protecting our future today, 

Autumn edition. 

Wells, CL and Pigliucci, M 2000, ‘Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: the case of heterophylly in 

aquatic plants’, Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 3(1):1–18. 

Yakandawala, K 2009, ‘Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl.: an ornamental aquatic plant with invasive 

species potential in Sri Lanka’. Aquatic weeds. Proceedings of the 12th European Weed 

Research Society Symposium, August 24–28 Jyväskylä, Finland, Reports of the Finnish 

Environment Institute 15:108. 


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Bog moss (Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl.) - Department of Primary Industries

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