Safe and sustainable feed for tenebrio molitor form domestic side streams of bio-economy - Pertti Marnila, Luke

© Natural Resources Institute Finland© Natural Resources Institute Finland
HyväRehu -project (engl. GoodFeed)
Presenter: Pertti Marnila (pertti.marnila@luke.fi)
Elina Hirvisalo1, Maija Karhapää1, Maarit Mäki1, Pertti Marnila1,
Lindqvist Bengt1, Hilkka Siljander-Rasi1, Miika Tapio1, Lauri
Jauhiainen1, Taina Jalava1, Heikki Roininen2, Jaana Sorjonen2
1 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
2 University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
5.12.2018
SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE FEED
FOR TENEBRIO MOLITOR FROM
DOMESTIC SIDE STREAMS OF
BIO-ECONOMY

© Natural Resources Institute Finland
• In Finland over 95% of greenhouse gas emissions would come from
plant production for insect feeds and from heating (Joensuu 2016)
• Thus, to be ecologically and economically sustainable the feeds for
insects must also be produced sustainable way
• At present commercial chicken feed (30% soy) is commonly used
feed in house cricket or mealworm rearing in Europe. In Asia modified
chicken feed is commonly used. Vegetables and carrots are used as
water source.
Insects as novel sustainable food and feed sources
• Economical sustainability require optimal growth and disease
resistance  high quality feed needed
• Thus, also when using side streams compositions that support optimal
growth performance must be found
• Feasibility of Finnish side streams as feed infredients?

HyväRehu –project (GoodFeed)
• Luke: Tenebrio molitor
– Growing trials from October 2017 to May 2018
– Analyses of the larvae and their feed ongoing
• University of Eastern Finland: Ruspolia differens, Acheta
domesticus, Gryllus Bimaculatus
• Aim was to find domestic side streams and other protein-
containing raw materials that could substitute imported feed
ingredients (soya bean, maize grits) and ingredients directly
suitable for food production (wheat bran)
– Environmental sustainability, improvement of circular
economy
– Domestic origin
– Safety
3 19.12.2018

Insects as a part of circular economy
4 19/12/2018

Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)
• Omnivore
• Known as a pest of stored grains
• Breeding in a dry substrate
• Potential to feed on a wide range of
biomasses
5 19/12/2018
Pictures: Elina Hirvisalo
Growing substrate recipe for T.
Molitor (Suomalainen, H. 1999
Ravintokuoriaisten viljelystä.
Herpetomania 5-6):
• 250 g wheat flour
• 250 g oat flakes
• 100 g soy flour
• 70 g corn flour
• 30 g brewery or dried yeast
• 300 g wheat bran

Maija Karhapää desined the experimental compositions – here JaMa4

The experimental feeds were made in Lukes feed plant in Jokioinen
campus by Toni Vesala. Industrial manufacturing methods were simulated.
Particle size and hardines was equalized. Feeds were passed through
2mm sieve.

Our experiments
• 5 trials
– 150 larvaes per box
– Starting sizes 5 – 8 or 8 -12 mm
– 300 g of feed /box + fresh vegetables
– 4-6 replicates/feed/trial
– growing period 4 weeks in each trial
– controlled conditions (24 - 26 °C,
RH 55 - 60 %)
– row-column experimental design
– growth and viability measured
– design of feed recipes based on our
results
8 19/12/2018
Pictures: Elina Hirvisalo

Growth curve, populations J and S
9 19.12.2018

SAS – ANOVA Mixed model.
Final weights and survived
animal counts were considered
as covariates. All trials
combined.
In statistical model the weights
are assumed to increase by
second potency. This assumtion
is checked earlier in experiment
where part of individuals were
weighted at different time points
during the trial.
Statistics were planned and analysed by biometrician Lauri Jauhiainen

© Natural Resources Institute Finland11 19.12.2018
*(Suomalainen, H. 1999
Ravintokuoriaisten viljelystä. Herpetomania 5-6)
Feed recipe Trial number
1 2 3 4 5
1: control A, Milka chicken feed x
2: control B (adapted from Suomalainen, 1999*) x
3: 2 + mineral and vitamin supplement x x x
4: potato protein 2.5% + soybean x x x x
5: potato protein 5.0% x
6: wheat + 5 % brewery yeast x x x
7: barley feed 38 % x x
8: beer mash 27 % x x
9: potato protein 2.5% and fishmeal x
10: potato protein 2.5% and cold pressed rapeseed x x
11: dried pea (Apetit Ltd.) x
12: faba bean x
13: potato protein 2.5% + cold pressed rapeseed +
barley feed
x
14: 13 + mineral and vitamin supplement x
carrot meal
x

Feed recipe Trial number
1 2 3 4 5
1: control A, Milka chicken feed x
2: control B (adapted from Suomalainen, 1999*) x
3: 2 + mineral and vitamin supplement x x x
4: potato protein 2.5% x x x x
5: potato protein 5.0% x
6: wheat + 5 % brewery yeast x x x
7: barley feed 38 % x x
8: beer mash 27 % x x
9: potato protein 2.5% and fishmeal x
10: potato protein 2.5% and cold pressed rapeseed x x
11: dried pea (Apetit) x
12: faba bean x
barley feed
x
14: 13 + mineral and vitamin supplement x
carrot meal
x
12 19.12.2018
*(Suomalainen, H. 1999
Ravintokuoriaisten viljelystä. Herpetomania 5-6)
Control B ingredients: %
Wheat 25
Oat flakes 25
Soya bean 10
Maize grits 7
Brewery yeast 3
Wheat bran pellet 30

Growth results
Differences in growth and viability were measured and calculated.
The results confirmed the feasibility of the investigated side streams
as feed ingredients for T. molitor.
13 19/12/2018
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Weight (g)
Feed number
Estimates for Average of Individual Growth

Promising feed ingredients for T. molitor
• Feeds with potato protein provided
the highest growth results
– Potato protein - side stream of
starch production
• good amino acid composition
• expensive
• production 3 months/year
• Fishmeal + potato protein also gave
good growth results
– Higher mortality than with cold
pressed rapeseed?
14 19.12.2018
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
1 1211 2 8 3 7 141310 6 15 9 4 5
Weight (g)
Feed number
Estimates for Average of Individual
Growth
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
1 1211 2 8 3 7 141310 6 15 9 4 5
Weight (g)
Feed number
Estimates for Average of Individual
Growth

Viability results
• Mortality was low
Inaccuracy with the number of individuals in the beginning and end
of each trial e.g. due to static electricity?
15 19.12.2018
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Feed number
Probabilities for survival

Solanine and chaconine analysis
• Potato contain glycoalkaloids, which may restrict it’s use as a
feed ingredient
• UPLC-MS internal standard method
16 19.12.2018
Sample name
a-solanine a-chaconine
mg/kg "as is" mg/kg "as is"
control - -
fresh potato 1.5 1.4
2.5% potato protein 6.5 7.8
5.0% potato protein 5.2 5.2

Studied side streams and other feed ingredients
on market
• The price of the feed ingredients determines their feasibility in mass
production
– Soya bean is inexpensive compared to other sources of protein
– Drying is expensive
• Availability on market
17 19.12.2018
Feed ingredient Price €/ton
Soya bean meal non-GMO 530
Soya bean meal GMO 450
Cold pressed rapeseed 230
Barley feed 175
Faba bean 215
Fishmeal 1830
Potato protein 1500

Figure: Saarioinens ready meal factory in Kangasala. 80%
of the side streams are circulated and rest goes for energy
production. No landfill residuals are formed. Novel uses for
side streams are investigated.
In production of ready
lasagnes fresh pasta plates
are cutted. The cutted edges
form a constant side stream
that is relatively easy to dry
and store.
BioKierto –project (engl. BioCirculation)
Coordinated by Häme University of Applied Sciences
Jarkko Nummela, Satu Nokkonen, Ulla Moilanen
+ Luke + University of Oulu
Main goal is to create a
regional operation model for
efficient handling and
exploiting bio-side streams
from food industry and from
agri- and horticulture.

Maija Karhapää designed the compositions of experimental feeds
We chose the ”JaMa-4” for the base feed (control) on the basis of good growth
performance and low mortality.
Soya bean meal and potatoe protein in JaMa-4 were replaced with air dried lasagne
plate cutting remnants from Saarioinen’s factory in Kangasala A): 20 % w/w of
lasagne plate (almost all of soya bean replaced), B) 30 % w/w (also part of potatoe
protein replaced) so that an equal protein content than in JaMa-4 was obtained and
C) 30 % of lasagne plate + mineral-trace element additive (Wesson) + vitamin
supplement (Vanderzant).
Though wheat is natural food for mealworm it is possible that the raffinated wheat
used in lasagne does not contain enough necessary nutrients for mealworm. The
purpose of the feed C was to test if the feed quality can be improved by adding
mineral and vitamin supplements. In preliminary experiments high proportions of
fresh pasta decreased the growth performance and in other earlier experiments
these additives reduced mortality.
Adding individual side streams to feed base –
case lasagne plate cutting residues

Figure: increases in individual weights during the
experimental 28 days period. Deviation is ± S.E.M.
P- values sign the differences against the control
group JaMa-4.
• With 20% (w/w) of lasagne plate
cutting waste the growth was in
average 5.2% higher than with
the control JaMa-4
• In 30% (w/w) of lasagne plate –
group the growth did not differ
from JaMa-4
• 30% (w/w) lasagne plate +
vitamin and mineral additives
the growth was 6.1% higher
than in JaMa-4
• Mortality was small in all groups
~1 - 2%.
Keskeiset tulokset – kasvu ja kuolleisuus

© Natural Resources Institute Finland© Luonnonvarakeskus21 19.12.2018
Conclusions
• Simple combinations of domestic ordinary food industry
side streams can provide good growth performance in
mealworm
• Insect rearing is good for circular economy

• Insects have been on markets
since September 2017 in Finland
for food and feed
• At moment over 50 Finnish
entrepreuners in insect economy
• Lukes InsectLab opening
https://lukenet.fi/pages/viewpage.act
ion?pageId=21046220

Thank you!
19.12.201823

Safe and sustainable feed for tenebrio molitor form domestic side streams of bio-economy - Pertti Marnila, Luke

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