Hyoscyamus
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dried leaf and flowering top of Hyoscymus niger, family solanaceae.
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Hyoscyamus
- 1. HYOSCYAMUS
- 3. HISTORY Hyoscyamus is known since ancient times and was used as household drug. Dioscorides has also mentioned about this drug in his literature. The references about this drug are found in ‘Arabian Nights’ and also in Anglo-Saxon works on medicine. The drug was reintroduced in 1809 in the London pharmacopoeia.
- 4. CLASSIFICATION Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Tracheobionta Superdivision : Spermatophyta Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Subclass : Asteridae Order : Solanales Family : Solanaceae Genus : Hyoscyamus Species : niger
- 5. SYNONYM Henbane Hyoscyamus herb Hyoscyamus leaves Nepali name :Khursani jwanu
- 6. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE It consists of the dried leaves, or leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger , belonging to family Solanaceae. It should contain not less than 0.05 per cent of alkaloids of hyoscyamus, calculated as l-hyoscyamine. It is grown as a biennial herb.
- 7. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE Hyoscyamus is a native of Western Asia, North Africa, Europe and India. It is cultivated in Russia, Belgium, Hungary and India.
- 8. CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION Cultivation is done in temperate region at an altitude of 2400 to 3300m. The method of propagation is by seeds. The small seed beds are raised and seeds are sown. The seeds require about two weeks for germination and then are transplanted in field in the month of May by keeping a distance of half metre between them and about 75cm between two rows. The plants are kept free of weeds and occasional hoeing is also done. Crop is harvested when it reaches the maturity. Under all favourable conditions, the yield of the drug per hectare is 1000-1500kg.
- 9. MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS COLOUR : Pale greyish green ODOUR : characteristic and strong TASTE : bitter and acrid SIZE : 25cm long lamina SHAPE : ovate, oblong to triangular ovate Parts used : Fresh leaves, flowering tops, branches, and seeds. The margin has acute triangular lobes, which are irregularly dentate. The apex is acute, the lamina is covered with glandular hair. There is the prominent midrib with pinnate venation. The
- 11. MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS The leaf is dorsiventral. Epidermis is covered with smooth cuticle and numerous glandular trichomes. Anisocytic stomata are present in epidermal layer. Palisade cells are present in a single layer but all cells contain prismatic or cluster crystals of calcium oxalate. Near the veins, some times, the idioblasts are present containing microspheroidal crystals. Midrib shows many bicollateral vascular bundles arranged in an arc.
- 13. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS The principal alkaloids of this drug is : (-) hyoscyamine (C17H23NO3) is an ester of tropic acid and tropine, and is more active than the racemic form i.e. atropine.During the extraction, it is racemized to atropine. And hyoscine(scopolamine).
- 15. CHEMICAL TEST It gives Vitali-Morin test positive in case of datura herb.
- 16. USES It is used to counteract gripping due to purgatives. It is used to relieve spasms of urinary tract. It is also sedative and used to check salivary secretion. It is an expectorant too. It is an antispasmodic and antiasthmatic. TRADITIONALLY : used as an anti- inflammatory drug IN AYURVEDA : as an antparkinson drug
- 17. DOSE Hyoscyamine sulphate - 125 – 250 3-4 times a day
- 18. OVERDOSE Restlessness Hallucination Mydriasis Convulsion Dry mouth,thirst Slureed speech pyrexia, nausea, vomiting
- 20. THANK YOU…..!!!