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Saponin glycosides
- 1. Saponin glycosides Prepared by, Ms. M.S. Divya Sree, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
- 2. A group of plant glycosides known as saponins share in varying degrees, two common characteristics: (a) They foam in aqueous solution. (b) They cause haemolysis of red blood cells. The aglycones of the saponins are collectively referred to as Sapogenins. The more poisonous saponins are often called Sapotoxins.
- 3. Properties Soluble in water, alcohol and mixture of them. Form persistent froth with water. Used as detergent and emulsifying agents. Aglycones are called Sapogenin. Cause haemolysis of RBC’s if reach the blood. Form complex with cholesterol. Only small part absorbed when taken orally. Enhace the absorption of other drugs.
- 4. Saponins form colloidal solution in water (hydrophilic colloids) which froths upon shaking. These substances modify and lower the surface tension and therefore form foam when shaken. This has led to their use to increase the foaming of beer. Practical industrial applications of saponins include their use in cleaning industrial equipment and fine fabrics and as powerful emulsifiers of certain resins, fats and fixed oils.
- 5. In general, they have a bitter, acrid taste. Characteristic for all saponins is their ability to cause haemolysis of red blood corpuscles and to destroy them. When injected into the blood stream, they are highly toxic. When taken by mouth, Saponins are comparatively harmless, being not absorbed from the intestinal tract. Saponins have a high molecular weight and their isolation in a state of purity presents some difficulties.
- 6. Structure of saponins According to the structure of the aglycone or sapogenin, two kinds of saponin are recognized: 1. The steroidal type (commonly tetracyclic triterpenoids, C-27). 2. The triterpenoid type (pentacyclic triterpenoids, C-30). • Both of these have a glycosidal linkage at C-3 and have a common biosynthetic origin via mevalonic acid and isoprene units.
- 7. Steroid skeleton3 25 26 27 1 18 19 21 17 Pentacyclic triterpenoid skeleton 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3 1
- 8. A. Steroidal saponins The steroidal saponins are less widely distributed in nature than the pentacyclic triterpenoid type. Steroidal saponins are of great pharmaceutical importance because of their relationship to compounds such as the sex hormones, cortisone, diuretic steroids, vitamin D and the cardiac glycosides. Examples: Diosgenin (Dioscorea sylvatica), Sarsapogenin (Smilax sp.).
- 9. B. Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins • Triterpenoid saponins my be classified into three groups represented by -amyrin, -amyrin and lupeol. Examples: Glycyrrhetinic acid (Glycyrrhiza sp.) Primulagenin (Primula sp.) and Quillaiac acid (Quillaia saponaria).
- 11. Chemical tests • Haemolysis test - a drop of blood on slide is mixed with few drops of aqueous Saponin solution, RBCs becomes ruptured in presence of saponins. • Foam test - to 1gm of drug add 10-20 ml of water, shake for few min, formation of froth about 2 cm high that persists for 10 minutes or longer.