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| The families of mushrooms and toadstools represented in Britain and Ireland |
~ Tricholomataceae
Morphology. The fruit-bodies producing basidia and basidiospores; commonly conspicuously clustered, or solitary (less commonly); differentiated into a stipe and pileus with the hymenium underneath the latter; tiny to medium sized (mostly), or medium sized to large; 0.5–6(–8) cm across (mostly), or 3–14 cm across (Armillaria mellea). The mature pileus convex, or parasol-shaped, or more or less flat or somewhat depressed. The top of the pileus white or whitish to straw-coloured, or honey-coloured, or yellowish-brown, or light brown, or reddish-brown, or olive, or yellow, or grey, or blackish. The fruit-bodies stinking foetid-foecal when mature (Marasmius foetidum on wood, Micromphala perforans on conifer needles), or with no particular odour other than an ordinary fungoid one. The stipe with neither ring nor volva. The hymenium borne on gills (the hymenophoral trama regular). The hymenophoral trama not bilateral. The basidia ‘unmodified’. The basidiospores ballistosporic; hyaline, or white, or pink (never dark); (usually, at least) smooth; without a germ pore.
The hyphae with clamp connections, or without clamp connections (?). The hyphal walls lamellate, with a thin, electron-dense outer layer and a relatively thick, electron-transparent inner layer. The generative hyphae inflated.
Ecology. Parasitic and saprophytic (notably Armillaria mellea), or saprophytic (mostly); the economically damaging A. mellea on vascular plants (attacking living coniferous and hardwood trees, shrubs, and even herbaceous plants, as well as causing extensive decay in felled timber; and Marasmiellus including important pathogens of maize). The fruit-bodies borne on the ground, on dead wood, and on living wood. Found in grassy places, in heathland, in coniferous woodland, in broad-leaved woodland, in mixed woodland, and in places modified by human activities.
Representation in Britain and Ireland. Androsaceus, Armillaria, Armillariella, Baeospora, Calathella, Campanella, Cephaloscypha, Chaetocalathus, Flagelloscypha, Flammulina, Gerronema, Lachnella, Lentinula, Macrocystidia, Marasmiellus, Marasmius, Merismodes, Micromphale, Nochascypha, Omphalotus, Oudemansiella, Physalacria, Rhizomorpha, Strobilurus, Xerula.
World representation. 670 species; genera 45. Widespread, especially tropical.
Classification. Basidiomycota; Basidiomycetes; Agaricomycetidae; Agaricales.
Illustrations. • Flammulina, Macrocystidia, Marasmiellus, Oudemansiella, Strobilurus, Xerula (LH). MARASMIACEAE. 1, Flammulina velutipes. 2, Macrocystidia cucumis. 3, Oudemansiella mucida. 4, Marasmiellus ramealis. 5, Srobilurus esculentus. 6, Xerula radicata. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Marasmiellus, Marasmius (7 spp.), Micromphala (2 spp.) (LH). MARASMIACEAE. 1, Micromphala perforans; 2, Micromphala foetidum. 3, Marasmius androsaceus; 4, Marasmius lupuletorum; 5, Marasmius rotula; 6, Marasmius alliaceus; 7, Marasmius oreades; 8, Marasmius scorodonius. J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Armillaria mellea (LH). MARASMIACEAE. Armillaria mellea (Honey fungus). J.E. Lange, in Lange & Hora (1965). • Armillaria mellea, with Tricholomataceae (Berkeley). MARASMIACEAE. 1, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. (Honey Fungus). TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 2, Tricholoma equestre (L.) P. Kumm.; 3, Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.) P. Kumm.; 4, Tricholoma sulphurum Bull.; 5, Calocybe gambosa (L.) Donk.; 6, Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) P. Kumm.; 7, Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke. From Berkeley (1860). • Marasmius graminum, M. insititius, M. oreades and M. rotula (Berkeley). MARASMIACEAE. 5, Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr,; 6, Marasmius insititius Fr.; 7, Marasmius rotula Scop.; 8, Marasmius graminum (Lib.) Berk. & Broome. HYGROPHOROPSIDACEAE. 1, Hygrophoropis aurantiaca (Wulfen) Maire. TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 2, Arrhenia retiruga (Bull.) Redhead; 3 & 4, Collybia peronata (Bolton) P. Kumm. From Berkeley (1860). • Marasmius wynnei (Berkeley). MARASMIACEAE. 3, Marasmius wynnei Berk. & Broome. TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 2, Asterophora parasitica (Bull.) Singer. CORTINARIACEAE. 1, Cortinarius bolaris (Pers.) Fr. AURISCALPIACEAE. 4, Lentinellus cochleatus (Pers.) P. Karst. FOMITOPSIDACEAE. Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers. CANTHERELLACEAE. Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. From Berkeley (1860). • Xerula radicata, with Tricholomataceae and Marasmiaceae (Berkeley). MARASMIACEAE. 4, Xerula radicata (Relhan) Dörfelt. TRICHOLOMATACEAE. 1, Lepista saeva (Fr.) Orton; 2, Clitocybe infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Fr.; 5, Collybia fusipes (Bull.) Quél.; 6, Crinipellis scabella (Alb. & Schwein.); 7, Collybia dryophila (Bull.) P. Kumm. HYDNANGIACEAE. 3, Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke. From Berkeley (1860).
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2008 onwards. The families of mushrooms and toadstools represented in Britain and Ireland. Version: 5th August 2019. delta-intkey.com’.
