Annals of Phytomedicine 11(1): 739-744, 2022 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.54085/ap.2022.11.1.89 Annals of Phytomedicine: An International Journal http://www.ukaazpublications.com/publications/index.php Print ISSN : 2278-9839 739 Online ISSN : 2393-9885 Original Article : Open Access Effect of turmeric supplemented feed on various growth parameters of Pangasius hypophthalmus Sakshi Dauchak, Dharambir Singh  , Tejpal Dahiya and Nikita Punia Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana , India Article Info Abstract Ar tic le histo ry Received 7 January 2022 Revised 23 February 2022 Accepted 24 February 2022 Published Online 30 June 2022 The use of non-specific plant products is gaining attention in aquaculture all over the world, for enhancing growth performance and to improve immunity to control bacterial and viral diseases in fishes. One of such herbs is turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), belonging to Zingiberaceae family. Pangasius is fast-growing fish species for culture fisheries and has great potential to meet the growing aquaculture production demand. The main aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of turmeric (C. longa) supplemented feed on growth performance parameters of Pangasius hypophthalmus. The experiment was conducted for 90 days, using glass aquaria of 48 × 15 × 18" and 240 finger lings were randomly divided in to 3 treatment groups in triplicates along with a control group. Three isoenergetic experimental diets were prepared by supplementing turmeric @ 3 gm/kg (T1), 6 gm/kg (T2) and 9 gm/kg (T3) with basal diet (mustard oil cake and rice bran) and control diet without turmeric. After 90 days of feeding trial, fishes fed with 6 gm/kg turmeric (T2) exhibited significant (p<0.05) increase in length in cm, weight in grams, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) or efficiency, average daily weight gain (ADG) and best survival rate. The results revealed that supplementation of turmeric can improve the growth performance parameters of P. hypophthalmus Ke ywor ds Supplementary feed Pangasius Tu rmeric Immu nity Growth performance 1. Introduction Aquaculture is low cost quality food producing sector, emerging rapidly and producing nearly 50% of the world’s fish food for ever growing human population and all time high aquaculture production has reached up to 114.5 million tons in the world during 2018 including 82.1 million tones fish, 32.4 million tons of aquatic algae and 26,000 tons of ornamental sea shells and pearls (FAO, 2020). Aquaculture has contributed 46.0 per cent to global fish production in 2018, whereas it was 25.7% in 2000. The share of aquaculture in Asian fish production (excluding China) increased up to 42.0 % in 2018, from 19.3% in 2000. Fish production in India has increased from 3.84 MMT in 1990-91 to 13.76 MMT during 2018-19 with an annual growth rate of 4.05% (Kumar et al., 2020). The fish farming has increased manifold in Haryana in recent years and more than 80% of the village ponds available are under fish culture. Village Panchayats in Haryana are earning more than Rs. 125 crores every year through leasing the village ponds for fish farming. Haryana ranks 2nd for per hectare fish production in the whole country. The catfish is the major group of fishes among freshwater fishes being cultivated all over the country. India consists of 197 catfish species from 52 genera and Pangasius is relatively new and fastgrowing fish species that has great potential for production and export (Khan et al., 2018). Moreover, Pangasius is a type of catfish Cor responding autho r: Dr. Dharambir Singh De p a rtme n t o f Zo o lo g y, Ch au d h a ry Ch a ra n S in g h Ha ry a n a Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana, India E-mail: dharambir.titu@gmail.com Tel.: +91-9468073854 Copyright © 2022 Ukaaz Publications. All rights reserved. Email: ukaaz@yahoo.com; Website: www.ukaazpublications.com that is endemic to the waters of Mekong basin in Southeast Asia and belongs to the family Pangasiidae. This fish species is also known as Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sutchi catfish, striped catfish or Tra fish (Guimaraes et al., 2016; Rathod et al., 2018). Pangasius has unique qualities like fast growth, air breathing, and tolerance to low dissolved oxygen and compatibility to polyculture, so it has gained popularity in many Asian countries (Mugaonkar et al., 2019). This species can grow up to 1 to 1.5 kg in 6-8 months and annual yield is around 10 to 15 tons per hectare (Mugaonkar et al., 2017). The major cultivated areas in India are Andhra Pradesh (24,000 ha), followed by Bihar (8,000 ha) and West Bengal with 6,400 hectares (Mohan et al., 2019). Diseases are one of the major constraints and limiting factor in the field of aquaculture in India and other countries of the world (Bagum et al., 2013). Aquaculture growth is often linked to culture intensification, leading to overcrowding and poor water quality parameters, facilitating the spread of pathogens and disease outbreaks and mortality (BondadReantaso et al., 2005; Reverter et al., 2017). The chemicals and antibiotics used to control bacterial load are expensive and somehow leave residual effects (Adeshina et al., 2017). Thus, the use of antibiotics has been criticized all over the world (Baruah et al., 2008; Shakaya, 2017). It not only affects the non-target species, but also poses serious health hazards for the consumers. Hence, more attention to formulate eco-friendly alternatives (organic immune-stimulants, vaccines and probiotics) has attracted the intention of researchers for health management in aquaculture in the recent years (Kaur and Ansal, 2020). The use of medicinal and herbal plants belonging to different families in the management practices of aquaculture ponds is gaining momentum, as they are safe, effective, widely available and cost effective to produce fishes 740 free from chemicals (Mousa et al., 2008). The herbal plants are not only used as remedies, but also as growth promoters and immunostimulants (Aly et al., 2016; Hodar et al., 2021). The advantage of the herbs is that most of these plants do not pose threat for human health, because of their natural origin (Stratev et al., 2018). Therefore, there is urgent need for some alternate to replace chemicals with the use of botanicals which have antibacterial potential like C. longa (Abdel-Tawwab and Abbass, 2017). 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Feed preparation and formulation (a) Proximate analysis of feed ingredients This was done by using standard method as described in AOAC (2019). The proximate composition of mustard oil cake and rice bran used for different diets is shown in Table 1. Table 1: Proximate composition of mustard oil cake and rice bran used in different diets (% on dry matter basis) Ing r edie nts Dry matter Cr ude pr ote in Cr ude lipid As h Cr ude fiber Mo isture co nte nt Mustard oil cake 84.11 26.98 13.86 9.58 11.96 11.23 Rice bran 88.22 11.89 7.92 10.52 15.83 10.06 (b) Experimental diet preparation (b) % increase in length Dry turmeric rhizome/root and mustard oil cake were procured from the local market and then grinded using grinding machine and rice bran was bought from the rice mill (from Tohana). Turmeric powder was incorporated in the basal diet (mustard oil cake and rice bran, 1:1) at different concentrations @ 3 gm/kg, 6 gm/kg and 9 gm/kg basal diet (Talpur and Ikhwanuddin, 2013). Sinking pellets of different experimental feeds were prepared using hand pelletizer machine. Molasses was added as binder @2% of formulated feed and thereafter, 10% moisture contents were maintained in the experimental feed through autoclaving for making the pellets. Pellets were then oven dried at 400C for 8 h and stored in air tight plastic containers at room temperature. = (c) ADG = (d) FCR = (e) SGR = Mean final length - mean initial length Mean initial length ×100 Mean final Weight - Mean initial weight  g  Number of culture days × 100 Amount of dry feed consumed Live weight gain Log final body weight - Log initial body weight 2.2 Experimental design Under laboratory condition, the 500 finger lings of P. hypophthalmus (procured from the certified farmer) were acclimatized for one week with mustard oil cake without turmeric supplementation under laboratory conditions. Thereafter, 240 healthy fingerlings were selected and transferred to glass aquaria of 48×15×18" size and 12 groups (20 fishes/aquaria) under three feeding groups in triplicate were made with one control. One-third of water was replaced regularly and KMNO4 was used as an oxidizing agent for disinfection. Total 4 feeding groups were maintained, group 1 (control): fingerlings were fed on basal diet without any additive, group 2 (T1): Fish basal diet + 3 gm/kg C. longa, group 3 (T2): Fish basal diet + 6 gm/ kg C. longa and group 4 (T3): Fish basal diet + 9 gm/kg C. longa. All the fingerlings of all the feeding groups were fed @5% of their body weight in morning, noon and evening. Various growth parameters were recorded every fortnightly up to 90 days and ration was adjusted accordingly. (f) Survival Rate = Number of Days ×100 Final number of fish Initial number of fish × 100 2.4 Statistical analysis The data were analyzed (means ± SD ) by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using OPSTAT; and differences between means were determined and compared by using Duncan’s test and considered significant at p<0.05. 3. Results 3.1 Growth parameters The observations on all the growth parameters are presented below 2.3 Evaluation of growth performances and compared with control. Growth parameters were recorded fortnightly in terms of gain in length (cm) and weight (gm), average daily weight gain (ADG), food conversion ratio (FCR), survivability, specific growth rate (SGR) and per cent increase in length and weight using prescribed standard formulae as given below: (a) Weight gain (%) (a) Weight gain (%) 528.91% after feeding trials of 90 days and maximum gain in weight = Mean final weight - Mean initial weight Mean initial weight The observations recorded for the growth performance in terms of weight gain (%) are presented in Tables 2 and 3. The fingerlings of P. hypophthalmus exhibited weight gain in the range of 382.49 to was 528.91 ± 5.07 %, recorded in fingerlings of T2 treatment, ×100 which was significantly higher (p<0.05) than T1. Weight gain was 422.41 ± 1.13% and 383.79 ± 2.91% in T3 and T1, respectively. 741 Table 2: Effect of turmeric supplemented feed on mean weight (gm) of P. hypophthalmus Tre atme nt 0 day 15 days 30 days 45 days 60 days 75 days 90 day Co ntr o l 4.45 ± 0.03 7.13 ± 0.00 9.37 ± 0.05 11.78 ± 0.04 14.81 ± 0.07 17.91 ± 0.06 21.42 ± 0.12 T1 4.43 ± 0.04 7.06 ± 0.02 8.92 ± 0.00 11.23 ± 00.1 14.18 ± 0.06 19.61 ± 0.12 21.34 ± 0.24 T2 4.43 ± 0.01 8.02 ± 0.09 10.73 ± 0.03 13.49 ± 0.13 17.92 ± 0.08 22.43 ± 0.17 27.84 ± 0.26 T3 4.44 ± 0.00 7.61 ± 0.02 9.79 ± 0.04 12.45 ± 0.03 15.81 ± 0.03 19.38 ± 0.03 23.16 ± 0.03 N/S 0.17 * 0.11 * 0.28 * 0.21 * 0.37 * 0.63 * C.D.(p  0.0 5) Table 3: Effect of turmeric on % increase in weight of P. hypophthalmus Tre atme nts After 90 days Co ntr o l 382.49 ± 5.34 T1 (3 gm/kg) 383.79 ± 2.91 T2 (6 gm/kg) 528.91 ± 5.07 T3 (9 gm/kg) 422.41 ± 1.13 C.D. (p  0.05) 1 3 .2 4 * trials of 90 days (Tables 4 and 5). The observations recorded showed that maximum gain in length was 95.02 ± 1.90% in T2 treatment, followed by T1 and T3. Length gain in fingerlings of T2 treatment, was significantly higher (p<0.05) than control, T3 and T1. (c) Average daily weight gain (ADG) (b) Percent increase in length The gain in length measured in percentage increase in fingerlings of P. hypophthalmus was in the range of 74.02 to 95.02 % after feeding The changes in an average daily weight gain were recorded after 90 days of feeding trials, and the maximum ADG (0.26 ± 0.003 gm) was observed in T2, followed by T3 and T1 with gain of 0.21 and 0.19 gm, respectively (Table 6). But, maximum value of ADG (0.36 gm) was observed in T2 treatment between 75 to 90 days whereas; minimum value (0.12 gm) was recorded in T1 treatment during 15 to 30 days interval. When compared with other treatments, ADG of T2 was (p>0.05) during 15 to 45 days interval. Table 4: Effect of turmeric supplemented feed on mean length (c m) of P. hypophthalmus Tre atme nt 0 day 15 days 30 days 45 days 60 days 75 days 90 days 9.89 ± 0.11 10.88 ± 0.05 11.78 ± 0.1 12.50 ± 00.1 13.13 ± 0.06 13.93 ± 0.15 10.84 ± 0.02 11.74 ± 0.05 12.57 ± 0.19 13.14 ± 0.12 14.03 ± 0.05 Co ntr o l 8.01 ± 0.003 T1 7.70 ± 0.05 10.35 ± 0.33 T2 7.43 ± 0.04 10.02 ± 0.06 11.55 ± 0.04 12.38 ± 0.04 12.94 ± 0.11 13.68 ± 0.12 14.43 ± 0.07 T3 7.72 ± 0.05 9.87 ± 0.05 10.97 ± 0.07 12.08 ± 0.04 12.78 ± 0.07 13.43 ± 0.11 13.86 ± 0.14 0.13 * 0.18 * 0.17 * 0.21 * 0.21 * 0.35 * 0.36 * C.D.(p  0.05) Table 5: Effect of turmeric supplemented feed on % increase in length of P. hypophthalmus Tre atme nt C o m pl e t e Control 74.02 ± 1.76 T1 82.29 ± 0.50 T2 95.02 ± 1.90 T3 79.633 ± 2.45 C.D.(p  0.05) 5.96 * Table 6: Effect of turmeric supplemented feed on average daily weight gain (gm) in P. hypophthalmus. Tre atme nts 0 to 15 15 to 30 30 to 45 45 to 60 60 to 75 75 to 90 After 90 days Co ntr o l 0.18 ± 0.00 0.15 ± 0.00 0.16 ± 0.00 0.21 ± 000 0.20 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.00 0.19 ± 0.00 T1 (3 gm/kg) 0.18 ± 0.00 0.12 ± 0.00 0.15 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.00 0.23 ± 0.00 0.24 ± 0.00 0.19 ± 0.00 T2 (6 gm/kg) 0.25 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01 0.29 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.01 0.36 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.00 T3 (9 gm/kg) 0.21 ± 0.00 0.15 ± 0.00 0.18 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.00 0.24 ± 0.00 0.21 ± 0.05 0.21 ± 0.00 0.01 * 0.02 * 0.02 * 0.02 * 0.06 * 0.08 * 0.01 * C.D. (p  0.05) 742 (d) Feed conversion ratio (FCR) Feed conversion ratios in fingerlings of P. hypophthalmus are shown in Table 7. The minimum FCR (2.49 ± 0.03) was recorded in T2 treatment, whereas the maximum FCR (3.34 ± 0.06) was calculated in control, followed by T1 and T3 with values 2.91 ± 0.08 and 2.88 ± 0.02, respectively. Lowest FCR (0.88 ± 0.03) was observed in T2 treatment after 15 days of trial interval whereas highest FCR (4.22 ± 0.44) was recorded in T1 treatment between 75 to 90 days interval. Table 7: Feed conversion ratio in fingerlings of P. hypophthalmus fed with turmeric supplemented feed Tre atme nts 0 to 15 15 to 30 30 to 45 45 to 60 60 to 75 75 to 90 After 90 days Co ntr o l 1.28 ± 0.06 2.36 ± 0.03 2.98 ± 0.07 3.03 ± 0.03 3.36 ± 0.13 3.89 ± 0.16 3.34 ± 0.06 T1 (3 gm/kg) 1.25 ± 0.02 2.84 ± 0.04 2.92 ± 0.11 2.95 ± 0.14 3.31 ± 0.17 4.22 ± 0.44 2.91 ± 0.08 T2 (6 gm/kg) 0.88 ± 0.03 2.45 ± 0.15 3.12 ± 0.09 2.29 ± 0.06 2.98 ± 0.10 3.12 ± 0.07 2.49 ± 0.03 T3 (9 gm/kg) 1.04 ± 0.01 2.6 ± 0.02 2.77 ± 0.03 2.81 ± 0.03 3.29 ± 0.04 3.93 ± 0.05 2.88 ± 0.05 0.12 0.26 * N/S 0.27 * N/S 0.77 * 0.19 * C.D. (p  0.05) (e) Specific growth rate (SGR) The values of SGR were calculated for the fishes fed with turmeric supplemented feed for 90 days (Table 8). The maximum SGR (0.89 ± 0.01%) was observed in T2 treatment while minimum values were significantly similar in control and T1, i.e., 0.76 ± 0.00. The fingerlings exhibited significantly higher (p<0.05) SGR in T2 as compared to other treatments. However, maximum SGR (1.78 ± 0.04%) was observed in T2 treatment during 0 to 15 days interval whereas minimum value (0.51 ± 0.01%) of SGR was recorded in control and T3 between 75 to 90 days interval. Table 8: Effect of turmeric supplemented feed on specific growth rates (%) of P. hypophthalmus Tre atme nts 0 to 15 15 to 30 30 to 45 45 to 60 60 to 75 75 to 90 After 90 days Co ntr o l 1.37 ± 0.02 0.79± 0.01 0.66± 0.01 0.66± 0.00 0.55± 0.01 0.52± 0.02 0.76± 0.00 T1 (3 gm/kg) 1.39 ± 0.01 0.68± 0.01 0.66± 0.02 0.68± 0.01 0.63± 0.01 0.53± 0.01 0.76± 0.00 T2 (6 gm/kg) 1.78 ± 0.04 0.78± 0.04 0.66± 0.03 0.82± 0.04 0.65± 0.02 0.63± 0.01 0.89± 0.00 T3 (9 gm/kg) 1.14 ± 0.30 0.73± 0.00 0.69± 0.01 0.69± 0.01 0.59± 0.01 0.51± 0.00 0.80± 0.00 N/S 0.07 * N/S 0.07 * 0.04 * 0.04 * 0.01 * C.D. (p  0.05) (f) Survival rate Observations on survival rate reveals that maximum survival rate was equal (96.67%) in the both (T2 and T3), the treatments where as it was 93.33% in control group. Figure 1: Effect of turmeric supplemented feed on the survival rate of P. hypophthalmus. 4. Discussion It is well established fact that changes take place in growth and metabolism of fishes besides physicochemical characteristics as a result of supplementary feeding. Major input cost in culture fisheries are the cost of commercial supplementary feed and synthetic drugs to enhance production and to minimize the losses due to various viral and bacterial diseases. Herbal plants extracts in the management practices of fish ponds is gaining popularity because they are safe, cost effective, easy and widely available to produce fish free from any residual effects of synthetic drugs. The data and observations made during present investigation on the fingerlings of P. hypophthalmus reveals that supplementation of curcumin in the fish feed resulted in the enhanced growth performance. Fingerlings fed upon supplementary diet containing turmeric @ 3 gm/kg, 6 gm/kg and 9 gm/kg in T1, T2 and T3, respectively exhibited better growth performance in terms of total weight and length gain in comparison to fishes fed with similar diets, but without turmeric. Significantly (p<0.05) better SGR, ADG and FCR were observed in T2 treatment. Similar results were observed by Sahu et al. (2008) in L. rohita where highest weight gains with lowest FCR were found with the diet supplemented with curcumin @ 5 gm/kg. Similarly, Mooraki et al. (2019) observed the positive effect of 0.3 per cent turmeric powder as an herbal additive on growth performance and FCR of Green Terror (Adinocara rivulatus). Adeshina et al. (2017) also got positive results, the level of C. longa in diet as an additive in the basal diet of Clarias gariepinus, and recorded significant increase (p<0.05) in total weight gain (g), percentage weight gain (%), specific growth rate (%) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) meanwhile feed conversion ratio decreased significantly (p<0.05). Maximum total weight gain (54.54 gm), SGR (0.96 gm/day), feed intake (68.98 gm), PER (1.36) and energy intake (300.40 kcal/fish) was noted in fishes 743 fed with the diet containing 3.0% C. longa (Adeshina et al., 2017). Present study reveals that the maximum SGR (0.89) was observed in T2 treatment, whereas minimum SGR (0.76) was recorded in control. The best FCR with minimum value (2.49) was in T2 treatment and maximum FCR (2.91) in T1 treatment, minimum value of FCR in T2 may be because turmeric might have contributed in the digestion process or may have helped in enhanced secretion of digestive enzymes to better utilization of available nutrients (Dulbecco and Savarino, 2013). The maximum % increase in length (95.02%), weight (528.91%), and average daily weight gain (0.26 gm) were also observed in T2 treatment. This increase in growth parameters is due to curcumin content in turmeric which stimulates appetite and enhances the palatability of feed for fishes (Arief et al., 2015). No significant (p>0.05) variations in the survival rate of fishes were recorded in all treatments during present study. Red spots near pectoral and caudal fins along with some symptoms of tail rot type disease were observed in the fishes fed with control diet so antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial property of curcumin may have prevented the growth of harmful microorganisms in all treatment and this view is supported by Ashry et al. (2021), that fish (Sparus aurata) fed with turmeric supplemented diet stay healthy. Conclusively, it can be stated that turmeric improved growth in fingerlings of P. hypophthalmus through improved digestion. 5. Conclusion In the present investigation, the effect of turmeric (C. longa) supplemented feed on growth performance, parameters of P. hypophthalmus was evaluated for 90 days, using 500 L capacity glass aquaria and 240 fingerlings. After 90 days, fishes (P. hypophthalmus) fed with 6 gm/kg turmeric (T2) exhibited significant (p<0.05) increase in length, weight, SGR, FCR, ADG and best survival rate. Hence, it can be concluded that supplementation of turmeric can improve and enhance various growth parameters of P. hypophthalmus through improved digestion. Acknowledgements We are thankful to CCSHAU, Hisar for providing required facilities during present investigation. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this article. References Abdel-Tawwab, M. and Abbass, F.E. (2017). Turmeric powder, Curcuma longa L., in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., diets: Growth performance, innate immunity and challenge against pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophilla infection. Journal World Aquaculture Society, 48 :303-312. Adeshina, I.; Adewale, Y.A. and Tiamiyu, L.O. (2017). Growth performance and innate immune response of Clarias gariepinus infected with Aeromonas hydrophila fed diets fortified with Curcuma longa leaf. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 25 (2):87-99. Adeshina, I.; Jenyo-Oni, A.; Ajani, E.K.; Emikpe, B.O. and Alao, S.O. (2017). The effect of fresh leaf Ocimu m gratissimum and dried buds Eugenia caryophyllata extracts on the tissues bacteriological changes of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Bulletin Animal Health Product Africa, 65 :191-199. Aly, S.; Mohamed, A.A.Z.; Rahmani, A.H. and Nashwa, M.A.A. (2016). Trials to improve the response of Orec hromis nilotic us to Aeromon as hydrophila vaccine using immunostimulants (garlic, Echinacea) and probiotics (Organic Green TM and Vet-Yeast TM ). African Journal of Biotechnology, 15 :989-994. AOAC (2019). Office methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists international, 21 st edition, Gaithersburg, MD , USA. Arief, M.; Faradiba, D. and Al-Arief, A.M. (2015). Pengaruh pemberian probiotik plus herbal pada pakan komersil terhadap retensi protein dan retensi lemak ikan nila merah (Oreochromis niloticus). Jurnal Ilmiah Perikana dan Kelautan, 7 (2):207-212. Ashry, A.M., Hassan, A.M., Habiba, M.M., El-Zayat, A., El-Sharnouby, M.E., Sewilam, H. and Dawood, M.A.O. (2021). The impact of dietary curcumin on the growth performance, intestinal antibacterial capacity, and haemato-biochemical parameters of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). Animals, 11 :1779. Bagum, N.; Monir, M.S. and Khan, M.H. (2013). Present status of fish diseases and economic losses due to incidence of disease in rural freshwater aquaculture of Bangla desh. Jou rna l Innovation Development Strategy, 7 :48-53. Baruah, K.; Norouzitallab, P.; Debnath, D.; Pal, A.K. and Sahu, N.P. (2008). Organic acids as non-antibiotic nutraceuticals in fish and prawn feed. Aquaculture Health International, 12 :4-6. Bondad-Reantaso, M.G.; Subasinghe, R.P.; Arthur, J.R.; Ogawa, K.; Chinabut, S.; Adlard, R.; Tan, Z. and Shariff, M. (2005). Disease and health management in Asian aquaculture. Parasitology, 132 (3-4):249- 27 2. Dulbecco, P. and Savarino, V. (2013). Therapeutic potential of curcumin in digestive diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 19 (48): 92 56-927 0. FAO (2020). The state of world fisheries and Aquaculture, in brief: Sustainability in action, fishing canoes and gear in the Canoe Basin, Tema, Ghana., pp:1-28. Guimaraes, C.F.M.; Mársico E.T.; Monteiro M.L.G.; Lemos, M.; Mano, S.B. and Junior, C.A.C. (2016). The chemical quality of frozen Vietnamese Pangasius hypophthalmus fillets. Food Science and Nutrition, 4 (3):398-408. Hodar, A.R.; Vasava, R.; Mahavadiya, D.; Joshi, N.; Nandaniya, V. and Solanki, H. (2021). Herbs and herbal medicines: A prominent source for sustainable aquaculture. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 24 (1):719-732. K aur, H. and Ansal, M.D. (2020). Efficacy of Aloe vera as a growth promoting additive in carp (Labeo rohita Ham.) grow out feed. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8 (2):997-1002. Khan, A.; Guttormsen, A. and Roll, K.H. (2018). Production risk of Pangas (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fish farming. Aquaculture Economics and Management, 22 (2):192-208. Kumar, G.; Wise, D.; Li, M.; Aarattuthodiyil, S.; Hedge, S.; Rutland, B.; Pruitt, S.;Griffin, M. and Khoo, L. (2020). Effect of under stocking density of channel catfish fingerlings in intensively aerated multiple batch production. Journal of the world Aquaculture Society, 52 (1):3040 . Mohan, A.B.; Rao, K.G. and Babu, G.R. (2019). Recent trends in Pangasius, Pa nga sia nod on h ypo phthalmus fa rming, production a nd marketing in India. Asian-Pacific Aquaculture. pp:9-12. 744 Mooraki, N.; Batmany, Y.; Zoriehzahra, S.J. and Kakoolaki, S. (2019). Evaluating Reverter, M.; Tapissier-Bontemps, N.; Sasal, P. and Saulnier, D. (2017). Use of the effect of using turmeric (Cu rcu ma long a) on growth performance and hematological parameters of the ornamental fish, Green Terror (Andinocara rivulatus). Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 5(2):37-47. medicinal plants in Aquaculture. Diagnosis and Control of Diseases of Fish and Shellfish. pp:223-261. Mousa, M.A.A.; El-Ashram, A.M. and Hamed, M. (2008). Effect of neem leaf extra ct on freshwa ter fishes and zooplankton commu nity. 8 th International Symposiumon Tilapiain Aquaculture, pp:307-318. Mugaonkar, P.K.; Kumar, N.R. and Biradar, R.S. (2019). Economics and Determinants of Pangas catfish produ ction in India. Fishery Technology, 56 (1):80-88. Mugaonkar, P.K.; Kumar, N.R.; Shelar, G. and Shete, A. (2017). Pangasius aquaculture growing in India. Global Advocate, pp:1-5. Rathod, N.B.; Pagarkar, A.U.; Pujari, K.H.; Shingare, P.E.; Satam, S.B., Phadke, G.G. and Gaikwad, B.V. (2018). Status of valuable components from Pangasius: A Review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7 (4):2319-7706. Sahu, S.; Das, B.K.; Mishra., B.P.; Pradhan, J.; Samal, S.K. and Sarangi, N. (2008). Effects of dietary Curcuma longa on enzymatic and immunological profiles of Rohu, Labeo rohita, infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture Research, 3 (9):1720-1730. Shakaya, S.R. (2017). Effect of herbs and herbal products feed supplements on growth in fishes: A review. Nepal Journal of Biotechnology, 5 (1):5 8-63. Stratev, D.; Zhelyazkov, G.; Noundou, X.S. and Krause, R.W.M. (2018). Beneficial effects of medicinal pla nts in fish diseases. Aqu acu ltu re International, 26 :289-308. Talpur, A.D. and Ikhwanuddin, M. (2013). Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf dietary effects on the immunity response and disease resistance of Asian Seabass, Lates calcarifer challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 34 (1):254-264. Sakshi Dauchak, Dharambir Singh, Tejpal Dahiya and Nikita Punia (2022). Effect of turmeric supplemented feed Citation on various growth parameters of Pangasius hypophthalmus. Ann. Phytomed., 11(1):739-744. http://dx.doi.org/10.54085/ ap.2022.11.1.89.