4th Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference

James Kroll

Published data on the vascular flora of Erath County, Texas, is limited. In this investigation, data were obtained from vascular plant specimens deposited in the Tarleton State University Herbarium (TAC). Sixty-six new county records were recorded for Erath County. Major range extensions were documented for forty species, these having previously been known from at least one county away distant from the border of Erath County. Fourteen of the species are non-native while 52 species are native; only one of these, Yucca rupicola Scheele (Texas yucca), is endemic to Texas. No rare, threatened, endangered or state-listed noxious species were found.

Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference SFA Gardens 2008 4th Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference David Creech Dept of Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, dcreech@sfasu.edu Greg Grant Stephen F. Austin State University James Kroll Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, jkroll@sfasu.edu Dawn Stover Stephen F. Austin State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/sfa_gardens_lonestar Part of the Agricultural Education Commons, Botany Commons, Forest Sciences Commons, Horticulture Commons, Other Plant Sciences Commons, and the Viticulture and Oenology Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Repository Citation Creech, David; Grant, Greg; Kroll, James; and Stover, Dawn, "4th Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference" (2008). Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference. 6. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/sfa_gardens_lonestar/6 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the SFA Gardens at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact cdsscholarworks@sfasu.edu. • In 00 5' -- . , In Associqtion with the cullowhee Nqtive plqnt Confetence Ptoceec!ings ofthe 4 th Lone Stat Regional Native Plant Confetence ~etsoH by Stephen F. Austin St~ e Pineywoods N~tive N~cogd hes, y~M University Centel' Texqs 28-31,2008 PI~nt Proceed ings ofthe 4th Lone St'lr Region'll N'ltive pl'lnt Conference Hosted by Stephen F. Austin St'lte University Arthur Temple College of Forestry 'lnd Agriculture SFA Pineywoods N'ltive pl'lnt Center N'lcogdoches, Texqs M'ly 28-31, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Lectures Barton, Gail, BiU Fontenot, and Peter Loos Garden Evolution: A Personal Experience Diggs, George and Barney Lipscomb Invaders ofthe Plant Kind in East Texas 3 14 Godwin, Wllliam Microhabitat Ecology and Conservation in East Texas from a Geological Perspective 25 LambersoD, Kristin Allowing Beauty and Interconnectedness ofAll Things to Infiltrate Our Hearts and Yards 26 Midgley, Jan Plant Propagation 28 Morris, George Stream Restoration-The Role ofVegetation 32 Philipps, Tom Welcome to the East Texas National Forests 33 Shackelford, CUff Watching Hummingbirds in Texas: Better Than Reality TV 55 Shackelford, Julie Land Conservation in a Changing Environment 57 Van Kley, Jim Native Plants as Indicators ofthe Natural Forest 60 Vidrine, Malcolm and Caroline Vidrine Meat, Salad, and Microbes: Antimicrobial Plants ofthe Cajun Prairie 71 Field Trip Plant Lists Bronstad, Mark Tyler County 82 Creech, David Nacogdoches Area 87 Gaylord, Heinz Ivy Payne Preserve 97 Keith, Eric Jasper and Newton County 104 Liggio, Joe Matlock Hills and Colero Creek 108 ~o L 113 Peter San Augustine County and Stewart Ranch Neal, Jim Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge 115 Olsen, Glenn Birding 101 121 Shelton, Larry Naconiche Creek 124 Workshops Allen, Charles Edible Plants 127 Boyette, John Carbon Sequestration in East Texas 132 Schmidt, AI Farm Bill 2002 Environmental Quality Incentives Program 134 Steinbach, Mark Texas Land Conservancy 140 Bios ofSpeak.ers and Tour Leaders 143 Lectures Garden Evolution: A Personal Experience A Panel Discussion By Gail Barton, Bill Fontenot and Peter Loos Each of the three panelists will give a short presentation about his/her personal garden space. An open discussion will follow. A summary of each garden situation is given below. Garden of Gail Barton and Richard Lowery Our garden is located in Meridian, Mississippi which is in East Central Mississippi (Zone 7b) near the Alabama state line. We live in the city limits in a residential neighborhood. The house on a 90'xI50' lot was purchased in 1984. At that time, the predominant plant materials were S1. Augustine grass, existing pine and hardwood trees and a few exotic shrubs and ground covers (nandina, evergreen barberry, Indica azalea, cast iron plant, English ivy and liriope). The site was mostly wooded prior to Hurricane Katrina Currently the back garden is sheltered by large (100'+) white oaks and other hardwoods including mockernut hickory, water oak, Southern red oak and flowering dogwood. The terrain is basically a graded hilltop with disturbed urban fill dirt in some areas and native clay loam in others. The indigenous plants that appeared in the garden and began to thrive after a few years of gentler management include beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), devil's walking stick (Aralia spinosa), partridge berry (Mitchella repens), hairy sunflower (Helianthus tomentosus), Joe Pye weed (Eupatorium purpureum), mistflower (Eupatorium colestinum), hydrangea vine (Decumaria barbara), wood oats (Chasmanthium sesiliflorum), elephant's foot (Elephantopus tomentosus), wild petunia (Ruellia caroliniana), and turk's cap mallow (Malvaviscus arboreus). Other natives from the adjacent 6 acres were incorporated into the landscape including: American beech (Fagus grandiflora), sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia virginiana), Indian pink: (Spigelia marilandica), Piedmont azalea (Rhododendron canescens), arrow-wood viburnum (Viburnum dentatum) and ironwood (Carpinus caroliana). The main advantage of the site has been the existing trees especially the large oaks. Since the site is more or less upland, drainage is decent in spite of the heavy clay. Even though the land is located in the city of Meridian, six adjoining acres have been purchased a little at a time. This allows a view ofthe woods including a large stand of piedmont azaleas and a view of a soggy bottom where cypress, sweet bay magnolias, native iris and other wetland species thrive. The garden benefits greatly from the borrowed scenery which serves as a soothing backdrop. The site has been challenging because house is located about 50 feet from a busy street. Quick screening was desperately needed. Since the garden is in town and has been described by many as "growed up", there have been various unpleasant interactions with the city zoning department and with neighbors who were fearful of snakes that might be hiding in the plantings. The original owner bequeathed English ivy which has been a terrible and ongoing maintenance problem. Our last land purchase included an acre of mostly Chinese privet and a half acre of Chinese wisteria The most recent dilemma was putting the place back together after Hurricane Katrina came to town. Most of the large pines in the front yard had to be removed and so the garden is in transition from a gently shaded spot to one that bakes in sun. Some plants have made the transition and others have not. The following understory trees have been incorporated into the garden - ironwood (Carpinus caroUniana), red buckeye (Aesculus pavia), bigleafmagnolia (Magnolia macrophylla), American beech (Fagus grandiflora) and flowering dogwood (Cornusflorida). Screening needs are being fulfilled by evergreen starbush (RUcium jloridanum), Florida leucothoe (Agarista populifoUa), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), spruce pine (Pinus glabra) and titi (Cyrilla racemiflora). Native shrubs include native azaleas, Virgiania sweetspire (Itea virginica), silverbell (Halesia spp.), witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), wahoo (Euonymus americanus), Alabama croton (Croton alabamensis), possumhaw holly (Rex decidua) and palmetto (Sabal minor). Favorite herbaceous groundcovers include woodland pWox (Phlox divaricata), southern shield fern (Thelypteris kunthii), atamasco lily (Zephryanthes atamasco), black eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), beard tongue (Penstemon digitalis), green and gold (Chrysogonum virginianum). The front yard is now totally screened from the street by a planting of starbush, small anise tree, and southern magnolia. Indigenous groupings of sweetbay magnolia and wild honeysuckle azalea on the perimeter ofthe site impart enticing floral scents. A tiny garden pond with spitting frogs provides soothing water sounds and a realistic habitat for a specimen titi. Small pieces of native rock are used to border beds and larger pieces serve as sPeCimen rocks. Yard art including gazing balls and Marc Pastorek's ceramic faces grace the garden. The house is intimately integrated with the garden. Three sliding glass doors open onto an elevated deck that overlooks the back garden. A broken concrete path defines the backyard trails. A series of arbors mark the transition between different parts of the garden. The garden is all about transitions from one season to another and from one garden room to another. Garden of Bill and Lydia Fontenot Lafayette Parish, South-Central Louisiana We are located just north of Lafayette, in south-central Louisiana. We're in the western edge of the Atchafalaya Swamp (ca. 14' above mean sea level) about a half-mile east of Bayou Vermilion, a lazy north-south stream which empties into the Gulf of Mexico a little over an hour due south of us. We live at the dead-end ofa gravel road. We moved there in the spring of 1982, and began gardening in earnest by the following year. Our plant hardiness zone is 8b. The place was a cow pasture when we first moved in. The gravel road was a cow path. There were no power poles present either. We waited several months for phone and electricity. Over the years we've had the privilege of watching the cow pasture succeed into a bottomland hardwood forest, dominated by sweetgum, American elm, hackberry, water oak, and green ash, with lesser amounts of coast live oak, sweet pecan, and swamp red maple. Herbaceous species are numerous. Forested areas are dominated by a groundcover of Cherokee sedge (Carex cherokeensis). We began on two-thirds of an acre, and over the years have purchased an additional 49+ acres surrounding us. In November of 1987 we began operating our little backyard native plant nursery, which has given us access to hundreds of species of southern U.S. native species. Over the past 25 years, we've trialed somewhere between 500-1,000 plant species and cultivars, including around 200 specieslcultivars ofsouthern native plants. Soil is the primary limiting factor with our gardens. The native soil is a circumneutral silty-clay with the consistency of modeling clay when wet, and cinder block or lava rock when dry. Lacking any sand whatsoever, the shrink-swell ratio of this soil is ferocious. It took a few years before we came to understand the crucial nature of organic mulch to our gardens. After all this time, we still mulch heavily, mostly with hardwood leaves topped with a thin layer of pine straw. It is a combination ofthe breakdown products of this mulch and the soil flora and fauna which thrive in it that has conditioned our soil and made it possible to plant and cultivate it. The soil is naturally rich and water retentive, often causing non-site-native trees (eastern redbud, for example) to grow so fast and so large that they topple under their own weight. As with all gardens and gardeners, we were quite ambitious when we were young, and spent massive amounts of time trialing plants, weeding, mulching, etc. Over time, however, we've all matured. The gardens are now mostly shady, with only a few locales expressly maintained for sunlight. In our garden, sunlight definitely equates to weeds - and lots of them dozens and dozens of species. Over time, we're really come to appreciate the many showy species of site-generated natives that grace our gardens - by now comprising well over half of our plant total. Similarly, time has allowed us to winnow out an elite list of non-site-generated plants from other habitats, states, and nations which thrive on our site with little or no care - surviving the numerous floods, dry spells, cold snaps, heat waves, etc. which it seems are occurring with greater frequency and intensity at our place. Featured Showy Site-generated Natives Green Hawthorn (Crataegus viridis) Deciduous Holly (Rex decidua) Red Buckeye (Aesculus pavia) Dwarf Palmetto (Sabal minor) Copper Iris (Iris fulva) Short-stemmed Iris (Iris brevicaulis) Woolly Rose-mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos) Spider-wort (probably Tradescantia ohioensis) Dayflower (probably Commelina virginica) Mistflower (Eupatorium coelestinum) American Germanderf'Wood Sage" (Teucrium canadense) Featured Non-site-generated "Natives" Durand Oak (Quercus sinuate) Swamp Cyrilla (Cyrilla racemiflora) Little-IeafVibumum (Viburnum obovatum) Eastern Coralbean (Erythrina herbacea) Alabama Snow-wreath (Nevusia alabamensis) Strawberry Bush (Euonymus americana) Swamp Rose (Rosa palustris) Turk's Cap (Malvaviscus drummondii) Doll's Eyes (Boltonia diffusa) Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) Salt-marsh Mallow (Kosteletzkya virginica) Morning-glory (Ipomea spp.) Tropical Sage (Salvia coccinea) Meadow Rue (Thalictrum spp.) Indian Pink (Spigelia marilandica) La. Iris 'Cherry Bounce' La. Iris 'Dixie Deb' La. Iris 'Black Widow' La. Iris (Dwarf "Black" Iris brevicaulis) La. Iris "Fancy Fulva" La. Iris "Evergreen" Garden of Peter and Cassandra Loos We are located on the south end of Chireno which is east ofNacogdoches along the EI Camino Real in Deep East Texas. We are 2 miles west of the Attoyac River which feeds into Lake Sam Rayburn 8 miles to our south. We are blessed to have Polysot Creek, which feeds into the Attoyac, run through our property which includes the only bluff on Polysot. The property has been in Cassandra's family for numerous generations and includes a total of37} acres. The garden in the traditional sense, what one would call the yard, is approximately 3 acres. When we moved to the property in September of 2003, there were numerous scattered mature shade trees (l Red Maple, 4 Live Oak, } Water Oak, 2 Siberian Elms, } Southern Sugar Maple, 8 Eastern Red Cedar and several Hackberry). There were only a few ornamental shrubs (2 Crepe Myrtle, 3 Flowering Quince, } Nandina, I Burford Holly and 5 Rose of Sharon Hibiscus). There were also a few naturally occurring wildflowers (several dozen Spiderwort plants, a couple of Black-eyed Susan and large sweeping patches of Spring Beauty). The Mowing of the lawn over the past 5 years has been adjusted to benefit existing herbaceous wildflowers and this has increased total numbers of all species. The method and results have been such that there is no early season mowing so, in Jan-Feb the yard is white with Spring Beauty and therefore looks like it's covered in a blanket of snow. In March after the Spring Beauty is past peak (and fading) the Spiderwort begins and mowing starts. We mow around the larger Spiderwort groupings. This allows the Black-eyed Susans to become established and larger patches of them are also left unmown. We maintain mown paths only directly in front of the house at this time of year. In May-June the Spiderworts finish blooming and the Black-eyed Susans begin. With the mowing of Spiderwort the paths become less obvious and so the Black-eyed Susan patches look more like islands. Spring blooming Quaking Grass (Brizia minor) has responded well to the mowing schedule utilized and has added to the lawn 'show'. We have begun adding daffodil varieties, narcissus varieties and other early spring bulbs into the lawn in a few locations. To the side (south) ofthe front yard we have also created a prairie garden. It is a 100' x 20' rectangle that is home to Big Bluestem, Switch Grass and Eastern Gamma Grass collections with over a dozen different varieties of each. There are several Monarda species as well as several Silphium species. Also to be found include Winecup, American Germander, several yellow flowering composites (including Bidem spp., Helianthus mollis, Rudbeckia maxima and Helianthus hirsuta), Verbena, False Indigo, Bush Pea, Death Cammas, Gayfeather and 2 species of wild onion. We have added numerous small flowering trees to the landscape. Most were incorporated as spot plantings - that is they were not part of a 'bed'. A number of genera have more than one species utilized. There are 2 species of Buckeye (Aesculus arguta and A. pavia). We have added a Chalk Maple to go with the existing Southern Sugar Maple and Red Maple. Also we have planted several fruit trees to include Mexican Plum, Southern Crabapple, Louisiana Crabapple and Blanco Crabapple to complement an existing Pear tree. Each was spot planted but in a straight line to create a screen to divide that part of the yard and to give the feel of an orchard. Parallel to the fruit trees is a row of 5 posts each of which supports a different variety of native Wisteria. Currently there are 3 species of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) with plans to add a few more, each in a different area of the yard. To date we have only utilized a few Antique Roses but each is a different variety. We have added five border type beds in the yard and all are mixed shrub/perennial plantings. Each has a theme based on the dominant plant groups. Along part of the driveway we have the flowering Quince/Mint garden. It is home to several Monarda spp. (Beebalm) as well as numerous Pycnanthemum spp. (Mountain Mints). As of now there are 3 Quinces, 2 existing when we moved here are the traditional fire engine red and the third that we added is a peach colored form. There are plans to add a white flowered form and a dark red form. The bed also has several Salvia spp., mainly to stretch out flowering times in the bed while sticking to the mint theme. There are a couple of composites such as Silphium and Asters to add color. Another bed is home to more hydric plants and includes variety collections of Lyonia lucida (Fetterbush), native Azaleas and Palmettos including the naturally occurring hybrid ofS. minor x S. mexicana from Brazoria, IX. The perennials include 2 species of Iris, native Canna and Hibiscus 'Moy Grande'. A third bed, located under the very large existing Water Oak: is home to a Viburnum collection. Each of the 5 Arrowwood Viburnums is from a different source (l from Alabama, 1 from Louisiana and 3, each from a different counties in Texas). There is also a collection of Turkscap varieties (white, red, pink and a hybrid). The herbaceous plants in this bed are trial plants (mostly species from the southeast US that may need some shade to survive in East Texas). The next border is located on a benn at the end of the driveway near the street (FM 95 or Main S1.) and is home to Central and West Texas. Plants include Yucca spp., a Mexican Redbud, Texas Sage, 3 species of Salvia and Agrita. The last border bed, which frames a parking area near the house, started as a small slope and was a previous fence line. To soften the slope, a dry stack rock wall (made of smaller pieces of petrified wood) was added to the low side. The high end was lined with larger pieces of petrified wood to frame the whole bed. This bed is home to our Sweetspire collection. 5 plants all from different sources, 3 are named varieties. There is also a Phlox collection and an Elliot Blueberry collection. Other shrubs in this bed include a dwarf Agrista, a Florida Anise, Red Cedar variety and Chinese Buttonbush. There are also several mixed perennials for additional color. There are other parts of the property that are not part of a traditional garden but are worthy of mention and a tremendous source ofpride. The southwest comer ofthe property (76.3 acres) is an older growth mixed hardwood forest with some Loblolly Pine. Here one can fmd numerous 10' - 15' Piedmont Azaleas, 2 species ofTrillium, acre sized sweeps (patches) of Mayapple, several small patches of Solomon Seal, numerous Violet species, several species of Fern (Cinnamon, Royal, Lady, Sensitive, Virginia Chain, Netted Chain, Wood, Bracken and Ebony Spleenwort), Fringe Tree, Southern Sugar Maple, Red Maple, Witch Hazel, Possum Haw Viburnum, Maple-Leaf Viburnum, Rusty Black Haw Viburnum, Arrowwood Viburnum, HopHom Beam, Hornbeam, Sweetbay Magnolia, Southern Magnolia, Sweetleaf, several species of Blueberry and Beech. There are also several patches ofFeatherbells, 3 patches of Wood Betony and on the bluffoverlooking Polysot Creek there is dwarf Paw Paw and a dozen specimens of Tall Catchfly (Silene subcilliata). There are also several species of Hickory as well as Black Walnut and Paw Paw, although the largest specimens are located elsewhere along the creek on the property. The Oaks to be found include White Oak, Overcup Oak, Water Oak, Southern Red Oak, Willow Oak, Swamp Chestnut Oak and Laurel Oak. Another part of the property worthy of mention is the north creek bottom pasture which is home to an over 50 acre stand of Cabbage Leaf Giant Coneflower (Rudbeckia maxima) and is also home to hundreds of Ironweed and Spring Lady Tresses (Spiranthes vernalis). Nothing in these 2 areas was added by us though there are plans to try and introduce Lady Slipper Orchids to the 'back woods' at the bluff. We continue to try to time pasture mowing to best benefit the Coneflowers and Ironweed. The overall theme of the traditional garden is actually a reflection of Peter's strong belief not only in diversity but also in bio-diversity and therefore there are not only genera collections but also species collections. An added bonus to this is that the garden serves as a holding area for seed and cuttings for nursery stock. There are plans not only to continue to add plant material where space allows and increase genera and species diversity, but also to continue to trial new plant material. With all the plant diversity incorporated into the garden to date has come an increased diversity of wildlife which only adds to our enjoyment. We eagerly look forward to the spring and fall migrations of song birds and butterflies. With the spring arrival of hummingbirds passing through, we know it's only a matter oftime before the Blue Birds arrive, nest and bring their young into the world only to be followed by our mating pair ofwoodpeckers and the start of the arrival of numerous species of butterflies that visit each year. Invaders of the plant kind in East Texas George M. Diggs, Jr. Department of Biology Austin College Sherman, TX 75090, U.S.A. and Botanical Research Institute of Texas, gdiggs@austincollege.edu Barney L. Lipscomb Botanical Research Institute of Texas 509 Pecan Street, Fort Worth, TX 76102, U.S.A., bamey@brit.org We all agree that kudzu, Chinese tallow, and Johnson grass are invasive plant species that cause serious problems, both ecologically and economically. But exactly what is an invasive plant? Does it have to be introduced? - and if so, introduced from where? And, what do we mean by the terms naturalized, weed, or invasive? Further, why should we care about introduced plants in our ecosystems? Some clarification is in order. Some dermitions We define introduced species as those non-natives introduced from outside the U.S. These non-native taxa are also variously referred to as alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or foreign. This definition is somewhat of a compromise-if a species native to the eastern U.S. is introduced into Texas and subsequently becomes a problem (e.g., black locust-Robinia pseudoacacia), by our definition it is not considered an introduced species. Bluebonnets (Lupinus sp.) were not originally (in presettlement times) found in many Texas counties, but nonetheless we consider them native (All six Texas species of Lupinus are considered the state flower---see Andrews 1986 or Diggs et al. 1999 for a discussion). Some plants are not indigenous to Texas, but are native just across the border in adjacent states (e.g., oak-leaf hydrangea-Hydrangea quercifolia native in western Louisiana). Many of us, however, plant them in our landscapes and value them as native plants. A purist (and we are certainly not purists) might only want plants native to their particular county-but even in this case, a county has arbitrary boundaries. At the practical level (e.g., preventing importation of problematic exotic species, legal implications, etc.), using an "origin outside the U.S." definition for introduced species seems to make the most sense. They are thus species native somewhere outside the U.S. that have gotten here most likely with human help-either intentional or unintentional. A naturalized species is simply a non-native that is reproducing in the area without human assistance (see Nesom 2000 for a more detailed definition). This term is thus less inclusive than the concept of an introduced species. We need to distinguish naturalized species from those that are simply capable ofgrowing here, in gardens, landscapes, etc. To be naturalized, they must actually be reproducing on their own. Many important introduced cultivated plants are therefore not considered naturalized. We should note that some problematic naturalized plants do not necessarily reproduce by seeds-Arundo donax, giant reed, which is an aggressive invader in some areas, apparently does not set fertile seed in Texas, but still effectively spreads vegetatively (for example, by pieces of rhizome scattered by road equipment, water, etc.). The word weed can have a variety of different meanings (Baker 1974; Randall 1997). From the sociological or human perception standpoint, a weed is a plant growing where it is not wanted, a "plant-out-of-place" (Stuckey & Barkley 1993), or simply a plant that someone doesn't want or like where it is. It should be obvious here that one person's weed is another person's treasure. In fact, in one of our (OD) "yards" there are many highly valued native wildflowers that neighbors definitely consider weeds. When defined in this way, many but not all weeds are naturalized introduced species. From an agricultural perspective, weeds are plants that reduce agricultural yields-again many introduced species do so (Holm et ale 1977), but so do some natives. Biologically, weeds (sometimes termed colonizing plants or colonizers) are species that "have the genetic endowment to inhabit and thrive in places of continual disturbance, most eSPecially in areas that are rePeatedly affrcted by the activities ofhumankind' (Stuckey & Barkley 1993). Many introduced plants fall within any of the above definitions of weedy species (as would some native species). However, it should be noted that the above sociological, agricultural, and biological definitions of weeds partially overlap with, but are not synonymous with our definitions of either introduced or naturalized species. Invasive species Introduced species include some of our most beautiful ornamentals (e.g., daffodils, tulips, and many rhododendrons and roses), provide most of our important food crops (e.g., corn, soybean, and wheat), are the source of most of our herbs (e.g., rosemary, oregano, basil), and are among the most widely used landscape plants in East Texas today. On the other hand, some are also extremely aggressive organisms that become serious problems. An invasive species is sometimes defmed as "one that becomes so well adapted to its new environment that it interferes with native species" (Tellman 2002). More specifically, invasive species can be defined as those that are 1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and 2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health (Invasivespecies.gov 2004). More simply an invasive is a non-native species that adapts to and invades its new environment to the point that it interferes with native species. We need to point out that while several of these definitions limit invasives to non-native species, from the practical standpoint we also consider some native species to be invasive. For example, in Texas the exclusion of fire has radically changed the ecology of many originally fire-adapted ecosystems (e.g., Blackland Prairie, Cross Timbers, long-leaf pine forests). As a result, under conditions of fire suppression native species such as mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and juniper (Juniperus ashei, J. virginiana) have become extremely invasive and have taken over large areas of native ecosystems. In fact, from the agricultural standpoint, some Texas landowners would consider mesquite or juniper to be their most serious plant invaders. Ecologically, the same can sometimes be said to be true. For example, on Blackland Prairie remnants in North Central Texas invasion by junipers (eastern red cedar) is one ofthe most serious long-term threats. In fact, without mowing or controlled bums junipers will in several decades completely eliminate native Blackland Prairie. It is important to note that these native species have become invasive only due to the human-caused changes in the naturally occurring ecosystems-under presettlement conditions they would not have been problematic. Why should we care about introduced species in our ecosystems? One answer is ecological. Globally, nationally, and in Texas, invasive species are considered the second most important threat to species of concern (following only habitat destruction) (Simberloff20oo; Pimentel 2002). In other words, the most basic answer is that many of us want to preserve at least some remnants of our native flora and native ecosystems. By the most recent estimates, approximately 10% of East Texas' plant species are of conservation concern (Diggs et al. 2006). While many if not most of these owe their precarious position to habitat destruction, invasive species are now a serious threat. Since many species of conservation concern currently exist only in scattered remnant habitats or in precariously small populations, they are particularly susceptible to adverse effects caused by introduced invasives. To understand the severity ofthe problem, one only has to think about the impact of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebiftra) on Texas Coastal Prairie remnants. A second answer is economic. Invasives include serious agricultural weeds, damaging parasitic plants, and extremely problematic aquatics-the economic cost to deal with these invasive species is often large. What will the economic costs be if the root parasite Orobanche ramosa, branched broom-rape, (now known from at least 23 Texas) becomes an agricultural pest here as it has in some parts of the world? This federal noxious weed, which is apparently being spread by highway mowing equipment, is capable of causing total crop failure. Unfortunately, in Texas the "horse is out of the barn" and it remains to be seen if it adapts to the local situation and becomes economically problematic (Texas Cooperative Extension 2003; TAMU 2008; J. Quayle, pers. comm.). Why are invasive exotics (invasive introduced species) so problemtic? Invasive exotics are an example ofthe phenomenon of ecological release--an introduced species is releasedfrom the ecological constraints ofits native area (e.g., diseases, parasites, pests, predators, nutrient deficiencies, competition, etc.) and is consequently able to undergo explosive population growth in its new home. Elton (1958), one of the founders ofthe field of invasion ecology, used the term "ecological explosion" for this phenomenon, because the invasions display a "bursting out from control of forces that were previously held in restraint by other forces." Unfortunately, ecological release is well known in East Texas. For example, Pueraria montana var. lobata, kudzu, is an aggressive vine which can completely cover native forests and is already well-established in a number of East Texas counties (e.g., Colorado, Grayson, and Lamar). Festuca arundinacea, tall fescue, is capable of invading intact native tall grass prairies and is considered by some (e.g., Fred Smeins, pers. comm.) to be the most serious invasive threat to some tall grass Blackland Prairie remnants such as the Nature Conservancy's Clymer Meadow in Hunt County. The eastern Asian Triadica sebiftrum, usually known as Chinese tallow tree or as popcorn tree, is now widely recognized as one of the most serious invasive exotics in East Texas and in the adjacent Gulf Prairies and Marshes (e.g., Barrilleaux & Grace 2000; Keay et al. 2000; Loos 2002). It is particularly problematic in invading and destroying native Coastal Prairie habitats, and is showing a rapid increase in sapling populations in some floodplain forests of the Big Thicket National Preserve (Harcombe et al. 1998; Keay et al.2000). In the Big Thicket we have seen a "battle ofthe invasives"-Lygodiumjaponicum (Japanese climbing fem) swarming wildly over Chinese tallow-crowding out native species in the process. Aquatic examples include Hydril/a verticil/ata (hydrilla) and Salvinia molesta (giant salvinia, kariba weed}-these plants can displace native aquatics and can reduce oxygen content, degrade water quality, and can cause physical problems including hindering boats, clogging irrigation and drainage canals, and blocking water intakes. Virtually every Texas biologist can give personal examples of invasive exotics that demonstrate ecological release--in Grayson county, for example, the native understory of some remnant native forests has been almost completely replaced by the combination of Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) and Lonicerajaponica (Japanese honeysuckle). Unfortunately, there are numerous other examples in East Texas of ecological release. Some of the most serious include Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songarica (King Ranch bluestem), LesPedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza or Chinese bushclover), and Sorghum halapense (Johnson grass). Numbers of introduced/exotic species in the Dora Of the 3,402 total species known for East Texas, 619 species or 18% of East Texas' flora, have been introduced since the time of Columbus and become naturalized (Diggs et al. 2006). This number seems reasonable based on data from other parts of the U.S. For example, Stuckey and Barkley (1993) indicated that in states in the northeastern U.S. the percentage of foreign species ranges from 20% to over 30%, while the numbers vary in western states with some being a bit lower (e.g., California 17.5%, Colorado 16%, Iowa 22.3%, Kansas 17.4%, and North Dakota 15%) (Stuckey & Barkley 1993; Rejmanek & Randall 1994). The higher percentages are in states that have been occupied the longest by non-native humans and in those with most extensive agriculture/disturbance. Another way to think about introduced species As noted above, as of the publication of the Rlustrated Flora of East Texas, 619 of 3,402 native and naturalized species known for East Texas had been introduced. Further, a table in Diggs et al. (2006) lists 41 species recently (since 1997) introduced into East Texas. This is a very conservative estimate because these 41 are species that are both recently introduced into East Texas and new to the state. Between the "cut-ofI" date for that book (part way through 2004) and the end of 2006, an additional seven species were documented for the area (2 native, 5 introduced-see Table 1) that were not included in the counts for the East Texas flora. Those bring the East Texas totals, as of the end of 2006, to 3209 species with 624 introduced. Thus, within the 1997 to 2006 decade a total of 46 additional introduced species were documented (It should be noted that several species included in the book, due to the gracious sharing of information by various colleagues, have since been officially published in various journals-e.g, Ctenium aromaticum and A/stroemeria pu/che//a-Singhurst et al. 2005; we should also note that we have included species to the best of our knowledge based on when they were discovered and/or reported or published). How does this number of 46 species introduced in the past decade compare with previous decades? One might hypothesize that there were probably more introductions early on, for example in the 1800s or early 1900s, since fewer non-natives had already been introduced. Certainly we know that introduced species were making their way into Texas quite early. For example, by 1879 Reverchon had documented for Dallas County "66 introduced species that have taken such a foothold that they may be considered indigenous" (Reverchon 1879). He later (Reverchon 1880) listed more in "Notes on Some Introduced Plants in Dallas County, Texas" including Adonis autumnalis (pheasant's-eye), Capse//a bursa-pastoris (shepherd's-purse), Marrubium vulgare (horehound), and Nasturtium officinale (water cress). Alternatively, one might argue that 20th century agriculture, with the extensive movement of seeds and materials, might have resulted in more introductions in the middle to late 1900s. Or one might argue that the most introductions have occurred quite recently, because of greatly improved modem transportation and shipping systems and the associated ease of importation of plant material from all over the world. In order to calculate the relative rate of introductions one must make some assumptions. First, when to start-in other words how long have introduced plants (defined as those from outside the U.S.) been able to make their way into East Texas. The answer is almost certainly dependent on where in East Texas one is talking about For this discussion we are choosing 1779 (the permanent settlement of Nacogdoches, the oldest town in Texas). This is a conservative choice-if the date of the establishment of the fIrst mission in Nacogdoches (1716) was chosen, the argument we are going to present would be even stronger. Thus using our 1779 starting point, there have been approximately 23 decades for introduced species to become naturalized in East Texas. Based on our total of 624 introduced species, that means an average of 27 per decade. Therefore, our fIgure of 46 species introduced in the past decade (7.4% of the total) is well above the long term per decade average of 27 (4.3% of the total). The number of introduced species documented since 2006 further strengthens the point7 additional introduced species (for a total of 631) have been added to the East Texas flora between the end of2006 and the end of 2007 making the number added in the last 11 years 53 or 8.4% of the total (see Table 1). Additionally, unpublished data complied by Lipscomb show that in the 1990 to 1999 decade 83 species were added to the flora of Texas as a whole, including 56 introduced naturalized species-again, a surprisingly high number. Clearly, significant numbers of introduced species are continuing to naturalize in Texas. What are some possible explanations for the above average rate of introduction in recent years? Some possibilities include the following: 1) More collecting and research recently (i.e., more botanists discovering things that are introduced). 2) More introduced plants being imported recently (and thus more that can potentially naturalize). 3) More habitat disturbance recently (thus allowing more mvaslOn into the disturbed ecosystems). 4) Technological and behavioral changes (e.g., modem highway mowing techniques). We speculate that all of these explanations probably contribute. 1) There has been an increased interest in Texas floristics in recent years. However, botanists in the state have long been aware of and interested in the effects of introduced species (e.g., Reverchon 1879, 1880; Cory 1940Six thistles recently introdued into Texas"; Cory 1950; the publication of the Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas-Correll & Johnston 1970; see Geiser 1948). Further, unpublished data gathered by one of us (BL) indicates that plant collecting has actually dramatically declined (Fig. 1). 2) Many plants are being brought into the state at present, but this is not new-huge numbers of ornamental plants have intentionally been brought into the area over many decades and likewise for many years large numbers of alien species have arrived as weeds (through agriculture and other means). Further, at present there is increased awareness about the problems of invasive exotics and at least some care is being taken to prevent the most problematic exotics from being introduced. importation. It is thus extremely hard to judge the relative impact of recent 3) Without doubt there is continuing extensive habitat disturbance-and it is known that invasives have an easier time gaining a foothold in stressed ecosystems. The role of this factor is unclear-tremendous areas of native East Texas ecosystems were disturbed or destroyed in the late 1800s and early 1900s by conversion to agriculture and by logging. However, today, while almost no pristine habitat remains to be disturbed, vast areas devoted to agriculture and other human-dominated habitats as well as large amounts of secondary vegetation receive almost constant disturbance. Further, agricultural methods are becoming increasingly intensive. Sorting out the relative effects of these disturbance factors on invasion biology is not easy. 4) Finally, technological and behavioral changes clearly affect some (but not all) invasions. For example, in the cases of Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape) and Scabiosa atropurpurea (pincushions) highway mowing equipment seems likely as the proximal cause for the rapid spread of these species in some areas. Branched broomrape, for example, rapidly spread over a 23 county area in the early 2ooos. In Collin County, within a few year span, pincushions came to be the dominant roadside vegetation. In Grayson County, one of us (OD) has observed the rapid spread along local roadsides of a number of invasives over the past two decades including Scabiosa atropurpurea, Carduus nutans (musk thistle), and Daucus carota (Queen Anne's-lace). Unfortunately, there is little hard data to allow insight into which of the four factors mentioned above or some other undiscussed factors are contributing most to the recent high rate of introduction of exotic species into East Texas--as noted above, probably all have some effect. What does the future hold? Data from Missouri may be instructive-when comparing tallies from 1963 and 1999 (a 35 year interval), the proportion of non-natives in the Missouri flora increased from 22.8 to 27.7% (Yatskievych & Raveill 2001). A similar increase will probably occur in East Texas. As noted by Turner et ale (2003), "newly introduced aliens are likely to increase in diversity and geographic range as urban areas are expanded and new crop and grazing plants introduced, along with their baggage of weeds." Implications/Conclusions There is no question that introduced invasive species have tremendous costs. The economic costs of introduced invasive plants have been estimated nationally at $34 billion (Pimentel 2002) (much of this in the agricultural sector). In addition, the potential economic costs of invasive plants recently introduced into Texas (e.g., Cuscuta japonica---Japanese love-vine, Orobanche ramosa--broomrape, Salvinia molesta---kariba weed, Solanum viarum--tropical soda-apple), can only be speculated on, but are potentially huge. Likewise, the ecological costs are very significant. Huge areas of East and coastal Texas have already been negatively impacted by Triadica sebijera-Chinese tallow, and dozens of other examples of ecologically devastating invasive exotics could be given. Texas was until recently (2003) one of only 16 states without a noxious plant programleaving it unable to act in an effective manner against potentially serious invasive species. As a result, the state was left vulnerable to costly effects caused by invasive exotics. Fortunately, initial legislation was passed in 2003 establishing a "Noxious and Invasive Plant List" (Texas Administrative Code 2007) and the "Pulling Together Initiative," a cooperative venture focusing on invasive plants, is in place. Further, there is now a Texas Invasive Species Coordinating Committee (TISCC), which exists by memorandum of agreement between eight state agencies (Waite 2007) and extensive information is available on-line (TexasInvasives.org 2007). Still, the state has no single authority in charge of dealing with invasive species-a fact that may prove costly in the future. It is unfortunate that ecological problems like the one posed by invasive species often do not gain political traction or get significant attention or resources-yet, they can have profound costs. Without major emphasis on prevention, there will almost certainly be additional problematic introduced species added to the Texas flora in the years to come-with their associated economic and ecological costs. REFERENCES ANDREWS, J. 1986. The Texas bluebonnet. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin. BAKER, H..G. 1974. The evolution of weeds. Ann. Review Ecol. Syst. 5:1-24. BARRILLEAux, T.e. and J.B. GRACE. 2000. Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: The effects of soil and moisture regime. Amer. J. Bot. 87:1099-1106. BROWN, L.E., E.L. KEITII, D.J. ROSEN, and J. LIGGIO. 2007. Notes ofthe flora of Texas with additions and other significant records. III. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1:1255-1264. CLEMANTS, S.E. 2004. Alternanthera. In: Flora ofNorth America Editorial Committee, eds. Fl. North Amer. 4:447-451. Oxford Univ. Press, New York and Oxford. CORRELL, D.S. and M.e. JOHNSTON. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner. CORY, V.L. 1940. Six thistles recently introduced into Texas. Madrofio 5:200-202. CORY, V.L. 1950. Additional records ofplants introduced into Texas. Field & Lab. 18:89-92. DIGGs, G.M., JR., B.L. LIPSCOMB, and R.J.O'KENNoN. 1999. Shinners and Mahler's illustrated flora ofNorth Central Texas. Sida, Bot. Misc. 16. DIGGs, G.M. JR., B.L. LIPSCOMB, M.D. REED, and R.J. O'KENNON. 2006. Illustrated flora of East Texas, Vol. I. Sida, Bot. Misc. 26. ELTON. C.S. 1958. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Originally published by Methuen and Co.; republished in 2000 with a new forward (D. Simberloff) by Univ. ofChicago Press, Chicago, IL. GEISER, S.W. 1948. Naturalists of the frontier, 2nd eel. Southern Methodist Univ. Press, Dallas, TX. HARCOMBE, P.A., RB.W.HALL, J.S. GLITZENSTEIN, and D.R STRENG. 1998. Sensitivity of GulfCoast forests to climate change. In: G.R. Guntenspergen and B.A. Vairin, eds. Vulnerability of coastal wetlands in the southeastern United States: Climate change research results, 1992-97. Biological Science Rep. USGSIBRlBSR-I998-OO2. U.S. Dept ofthe Interior, U.S. Gool. Survey, National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, LA. HILL, S., R LoPER, J.R SINGHURST, and W.C. HOLMES. 2007. Vicia /athyroides (Fabaceae): new to the flora of Texas. J. Bot Res. Inst. Texas 1:1253-1254. HOLM, L.G., J. DoLL, E. H O L ~ J. PANCHO, and J.IlERBERGER. 1997. World weeds: Natural histories and distribution. John Wiley, New YoIk. HOLM, L.G., D.L. PLUCKNETf, J.V. PANCHO, and J.P. HERBERGER. 1977. The world's worst weeds: Distribution and biology. Published for the East-West Center by the Univ. of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. INVASIVESPECIES.GOV. 2004. A gatewate to federal and state invasive species activities and programs. http://www.invasivespecies.gov. Accessed Mar 2004. R LANKAu, and E. SIEMANN.2000. The role of allelopathy in the invasion of the Chinese KEAY, J., W.E. R O G E ~ tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum). Texas J. Sci. 52(4) Suppl.:57--64. KEITH, E.L. 2004. Tagetes erecta (Asteraceae), a new escape to the flora of Texas. Phytologia 86:104-106. LEMKE, D.E. andJ.L. APLACA. 2006. Erodium ma/acoides (Geraniaceae), new to Texas. Sida 22:1245-1249. Loos, P.M. 2002. An alien among us. Newsletter Native Plant Soc. Texas 20:6. NESO~ G.L. 2000. Which non-native plants are included in floristic accounts. Sida 19:189-193. PIMENTEL, D.. ed. 2002. Introduction: Non-native species in the world. In: Biological invasions: Economic and environmental costs of alien plant, animal, and microbe species. pp. 3-8. CRC Press, Baca Raton, FL. QUA¥LE, J. (JEFF). Personal communication, 2004. Plant collector, discoverer ofthe recently descn"bed Senecio quaylii (Asteraceae), naturalist, and botanical consultant of Fort Worth, TX. RANDALL, J.M. 1997. Defining weeds ofnatural areas. In: J.O. Luken and J.W. Thieret, 005. Assessment and management ofplant invasions. Springer-Verlag. New York. REJMANEK, M. and J.M. RANDALL 1994. Invasive alien plants in California: 1993 summary and comparison with other areas in North America. Madrofio 41: 161-177. REVERCHON, J. 1879. Flora of Dallas County, Texas. Bot Gaz. 4:210-211. REVERCHON, J. 1880. Notes on some introduced plants in Dallas County, Texas. Bot Gaz. 5:10. ROSEN, D.J. and RB. FADEN. 2005. Gibasis pe//ucida (Commelinaceae), a new and potentially weedy genus and species for Texas. Sida 21:1931-1934. SMEINS, F. (FRED). Personal communication. 1998. Professor ofEcology in the Department ofRangeland Ecology and Management, Texas A&M University. Expert on structure and dynamics ofrangeland (grassland, wetland, savannah) ecosystems including the Blackland Prairie. SIMBERLOFF, D. 2000. Foreward. In: C.S. Elton. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Originally published by Methuen and Co.; republished in 2000 by Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. SINGHURST. J.R, EeL. KEI1H, and W.C. HoLMES. 2005. Three species of vascular plants new to Texas. Phytologia 87:124-128. STUCKEY, RL. and T. M. BARKLEY. 1993. Weeds. In: Flora ofNorth America Editorial Committee, 005. Fl. North Amer. 1:193-198. Oxford Univ. Press, New York and Oxford. TELLMAN, B. 2002. Introduction. In: Tellrnan, B., ed. Invasive exotic species in the Sonoran region. pp. xviixxvi. Univ. of Arizona Press and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tuscon. TEXAS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE. 2007. Quarantines and Noxious Plants, Chapter 19. State of Texas. http://info.sos.state.tx.uslplslpublreadtac$ext.TacPage?s1=R&app=9&p_dir=&p]loc=&p_tlOC=&PJ)loc=&pg=1 &p_tac=&ti=4&pt= l&ch=19&r1=300. Accessed Mar 2008. TEXAS COOPERATIVE EXTENSION. 2003. Keep watch for branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa): A major threat to U.S. crops. http://www-aes.tamu.edulmarylbrmrape/brmrape.htm 2002. Accessed Jan 2003. TEXASINVASIVES.ORG. 2007. Texas Invasives.org. http://www.texasinvasives.orgl. Accessed Mar 2008. TAMU.2008. Keep watch for branched broomrape (Orbanche ramosa). Texas A&M Univ. Agric. Exten. Service. College Station, TX. USDA. http://www-aes.tamu.edulmarylbrmrapelbrmrape.htm. Accessed Mar. 2008. TURNER,B.L., H.NICHOLs,G. DENNY,andO. »oRON. 2003. Atlas ofthe vascular plants ofTexas, Vol. I: Dicots, Vol. 2: Ferns, gymnosperms, monocots. Sida. Bot Misc. 24. USDA NATURAL REsoURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE. 2002. Federal noxious weeds. http://plants.usdagov/cgi_binltopics.cgi?earl=noxious.cgiAccessed Dec 2002. WAITE, D. 2007. Executive summary: 2007 Texas Invasive Plant Conference. http://www.necis.netlnecisifilesl2007_texas_invasiveJ)lant_conference.pdf. Accessed Mar. 2008. Y A TSKlEVYCH, G. and J.A. RA VEILL. 200 I. Notes on the increasing proportion of non-native angiosperms in the Missouri flora, with reports of three new genera for the state. Sida 19:701-709. Collecting Activity In Texas In the 20th century 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 o ....~ ,f," .....~ ....<1> rf>" ....<1> r§>" ....<1> ~ .0" ~. ....<6 ....~ ,f,'" ~ . ....<1> ,s,'" ....<it' ,f," ....<&' Decade Fig. I. Collecting activity in Texas in the 20th century based on 7,685 herbarium specimens selected randomly from the DIGITAL FLORA OF TEXAS HERBARIUM SPECIMEN BROWSER. 200 I. http://www.csdJ.tamu.edu/FLORA/tracy2/mainl.html. Accessed Nov 200 I. Table I. Introduced species added to Texas from mid 2004 to 2006 and during 2007 (Clemants 2004; Keith 2004; Rosen & Faden 2005; Lemke & Aplaca 2006; Brown et aI. 2007; Hill et aI. 2007) Introduced species reported mid-2004-2006 Introduced species reported 2007 Alternanthera ficoidea (caljco plant, Joseph's-<:oat) Erodium malacoides (Mediterranean stork's bill) Gibasis pellucida (bridal veil) Lepidium campestre (field pepperweed) Orobanche minor (small broomrape, hellroot) Pavonia hastata (pale pavoma, spearleaf swampmallow) Sphagneticola trilobata (wedelia, creeping oxeye Valerianella locusta (com salad, lamb's-Iettuce Tagetes erecta (marigold) As yet unpublished report of a South African Iridaceae Vida lathyroides (spring vetch) Zephranthes grandiflora (pink rain lily, rosepink zephyrlily) Table 2. Data on the number of introduced species in the flora of East Texas. 1779-1996 I997-mid 2004 mid 2004-2006 2007 # of Introduced Species Added & Totals total 578 41 (total 619) 5 (total 624) 7 (total 631) # and % added 19972007 53 or 8.4% of total # of introduced species Time Frame Allowing Beauty and the Interconnectedness of All Things to Infiltrate Our Hearts and Yards (The following are ideas that I touch upon during my presentation, as well as showing slides that guide my talk.) What is Wild? Changing our perspective and then recognizing our needs from that perspective. Example: If I morph into a Wood Thrush, my quest becomes seeking the food my body requires, searching for shrubby undergrowth where I desire to build my nest, always being on guard for predators, and where might be the most advantageous perch...one that best allows my glorious song to carry when I open my throat to sing? From the flowers, seeds, stalks and roots of many plants with the general human derived title of ''weeds'' comes sustenance to a bounty of critters...whereas Nature names her weeds, exotic invassives. Allowing beauty. Recognizing the majestic wonder ofthe simple. Recognizing the majestic wonder of those entities we deem annoying (ever watch a mosquito steal/borrow your blood?). To observe a flower...giving it no name or physical attribute...when the mind quiets and the spirit opens we come to recognize the essence of flower and self as one in the same! The clutter of modem day life keeps us occupied and ignorant to the realization of our connection with all life. Through the landscape of our yards, we can create sanctuary a place that invites those entities who speak not with a human voice (be it plant or any critter) then each step we take within this place becomes breathtaking, for we realize that every action has an outcome and we know that all things are connected...and ultimately, with arms open wide we sing, "life is beautiful"! COLLECTING AND HANDLING SEEDS OF SPRING BLOOMING WilDFLOWERS by Jan Midgley Spring brings to mind words like vernal, fresh and new. These words also describe the seeds of spring wildflowers. Many of these seeds must be collected and handled with more care than seeds collected from plants that bloom and fruit in the summer and fall. For most spring blooming native plants, desiccation is deleterious or deadly. Many native plants that bloom and fruit in late winter and spring have seeds that are commonly referred to as "wef' seeds. The term wet just means they should be kept moist and never allowed to dry. Some of these seeds have a fleshy attachment called an aril or elaiosome which is cream colored and oily. This aril is attractive to ants and they disperse the seeds, a method of seed dispersal called myrmecohory. The ants carry the seeds to their nests, eat the aril or feed it to their larvae and then toss the seeds back out on the ground far from the mother plant. You may have noticed bloodroot seedlings appearing all around your yard if you have that species in your garden. Collect arillate seeds in a plastic bag that can be closed securely. If you cannot begin to process them immediately, add some moist construction sand or peat moss to the bag. Sand works well with small seeds that might not be visible in the strands of the moss. The seeds can be held for a few days or even weeks in a refrigerator while you continue to collect seeds of that species. Seed collection of some species may take a few weeks. Seeds of rue anemone and false rue anemone can be rubbed off their receptacles directly onto potting soil in cells or in a pot as you collect over time. leave the pot outside in the shade and water it regularly. Collect seeds of wood poppy and bleeding heart in plastic sandwich bags containing 2 tablespoons of moist sand and keep them in the refrigerator. They will stay in a refrigerator for about 4 months before sowing. Examples of seeds that have arils include: Anemonella thalictroides (rue anemone), Actaea pachypoda (doll's eyes), Asarum canadense (deciduous ginger), Cardamine spp. (syn. Dentaria, toothwort), Claytonia spp. (spring beauty), Dicentra spp. (bleeding heart and dutchman's britches), Eryfhronium spp. (trout lily), Hepatica spp., Hexastylis spp. (evergreen ginger), Jeffersonia diphylla (twinleaf), Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot), Sty/ophorum diphyllum (wood poppy), and Trillium spp. (trillium) A fleshy coat around a seed can be considered a type of aril. The fleshy material contains a germination inhibitor. The natural process is for the seeds to pass through the digestive tract of some animal to remove the flesh and slightly scarify the seeds. We can simulate that process by soaking and cleaning the seeds and even roughing them up a bit with a handheld quick prep device (like the ones used to cream soup in the pot on the stove). Seeds from herbaceous plants, other than dry legumes, rarely need scarification. The seeds from woody plants may have a tougher seed coat that requires abrasion to hasten germination. Examples of seeds that have fleshy coverings include: Arisaema spp. Oack-inthe-pulpit, green dragon), Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh), Maianthemum racemosum (syn. Smilacina racemosa, false solomon's seal), Polyganatum biflorum (solomon's seal), and Prosartes lanuginosa (syn. Disporum lanuginosum, yellow mandarin). Lastly, there is a group of seeds that have no visible aril or fleshy covering. They just do not tolerate drying out or long term storage. Some lose viability more rapidly than others. The best way to handle them is to sow them as soon as possible. The flowering! fruiting branches can be collected in paper bags to allow the seeds to fall in the bag but should be sown within 7-10 days. Bill Cullina of the New England Wildflower Society has coined the term "hydrophilic" or water loving to describe these seeds. Examples of "hydrophilic" seeds include: Actaea racemosa (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa, black cohosh), Camassia scilloides (wild hyacinth), Delphinium spp., (wild larkspur), Phlox divaricata (wild blue phlox), Polemonium reptans Oacob's ladder), Spigelia marilandica (indian pink), and Tiare/la cordifo/ia (foamflower). Fruiting and the collection date(s) usually occur within six weeks of flowering. Some species (ex. blue phlox, jacob's ladder, foamflower) will be flowering and fruiting at the same time. Many spring blooming plants have explosive devices to disperse the seeds (ex. toothwort, wood poppies). One must collect these capsules when the color changes from green to pale yellow, before the capsules fling the seeds far and wide. A few species take many months to ripen their seeds (ex. black cohosh and fairy wand). The last two examples are interesting because the black cohosh seeds are hydrophilic and the fairy wand seeds can be stored dry. Why would the black cohosh ripen in late OCtober and yet need a warm moist stratification? Just one of the mysteries about seeds and their germination that keep me fascinated. Seed treatments after collection are highly variable. Most of the seeds of spring blooming plants would naturally go through a warm moist period (late spring and summer) before they enter a cold period (winter). If one has no specific information about how to germinate a certain species, replicating natural seasonal changes is a reliable guide. What makes seed germination so interesting is the muttitude of variables that influence germination. Some seeds don't need to undergo the first warm moist period (ex. alabama delphinium) and others absolutely require it (ex. black cohosh). Some seeds germinate within 1 month (ex. foamflower) and some germinate in 2 years after repeated warm-cold cycles (ex. trillium). Some seeds will germinate the first fall (ex. toothwort, jacob's ladder) and some will germinate the following spring (ex. ginger, hepatica). Messing around with seeds will entertain you for a lifetime. If you are interested in specific information for collecting and germinating seeds of herbaceous plants including grasses and vines, you can order" Native Plant Propagation", a manual by Jan Midgley. Send a check for $14.00 (includes shipping) to her at 234 Oak Tree Trail, Wilsonville, AL 35186. email: jwildflwr@aol.com PROPAGATING NATIVE PLANTS FROM SEEDS Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference - Jan Midgley May 30, 2008 "Wet" Seeds "Wet" seeds have an aril or a fleshy covering orjust do not tolerate drying out. Sow ASAP or keep moist in close-able plastic bag with a bit of sand or spagnum. Anemonella thalictroides (rue anemone) Actaea pachypoda (doll's eyes) Actaea racemosum (black cohosh) Arisaema triphyllum (jack-in-the-pulpit) Cardamine douglassii (mountain cress, toothwort) Delphinium alabamicum (alabama delphinium) Erythronium spp. (trout lilies) Hepatica rotundiloba (round-lobed hepatica) - syn. Anemone americana Hexastylis arifolia (evergreen ginger, little brown jugs) Hymenocallis caroliniana (spiderlily) Mitchella repens (partridgeberry) Polemonium reptans Oacob's ladder) Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot) Spigelia marilandica (indian pink) Tiarella cordifolia var. collina (wherryii's foamflower) Trillium decumbens (bent-stalk trillium) Myrmecochory (ant dispersal) "Dry" Seeds Aster family and phlox species are not self-fertile. You ~ grown plants to get fertile seeds. Eustoma exaltatum (seaside gentian) - annual Seed storage Amsonia tabernaemontana (bluestar) Asclepias tuberosa (butterfly weed) Baptisia alba (white wild indigo) Senna marilandica (wild senna, cassia) Camassia scilloides (wild hyacinth) Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower) - Asteraceae Gentiana saponaria (soapwort ginger) Hibiscus laevis (halbard-Ieaved marshmallow) Liatris earlii (gayfeather) - Asteraceae Lilium canadensis 'Springville' (canada lily) Penstemon calycosus (smooth beardtongue) Phlox paniculata (garden phlox) P. divaricata (wild blue phlox) Sarracenia leucophylla (White-topped pitcher plant) Silene virginica (firepink) Silphium asteriscus (rosinweed) - Asteraceae Symphyotrichum georgianum (georgia aster) - Asteraceae Zephyranthes atamasco (atamasco lily) Zizia aurea (golden alexander) have two or more seed STREAM RESTORATION - THE ROLE OF VEGETATION There's more to a stream than the rushing or meandering water. A stream is a complex and valuable ecosystem which includes the land, animals, and plants. Stream corridors are increasingly recognized as critical ecosystems supporting interdependent uses and values. Today, interest in stream restoration is expanding. This is evident with the inception ofNe's Ecosystem Enhancement Program (EEP) and the Tennessee Stream Mitigation Program. Vegetation plays a crucial role in the success of the projects both in the initial phases, as bank stabilization, and in the completion ofthe project, in creating successful ecosystems. During the initial phases of the stream restoration, reduction of invasive trees, shrubs, and vines is essential to establish a native riparian habitat. Construction of the channel and bank stabilization include using a number of bio-engineering practices and the completion ofprojects relies on the successful establishment ofboth herbaceous and woody plants in the riparian buffer. Post restoration will depend on working with partners to establish a long range maintenance program to ensure a successful stream restoration project. It's also about the biology! George Morris, River Works, Inc VASCULAR FLORA OF A LONGLEAF PINE UPLAND IN SABINE COUNTY, TEXAS Thomas C. Philipps V.S.D.A. Forest Service, National Forests and Grasslands in Texas 415 S. 1st. Street, Lufkin, Texas 75901 TPhillipps@fs.fed. US Suzanne Birmingham Walker Azimuth Forestry Services, Inc., 14671 State Highway 87 South, Shelbyville, Texas 75973 Barbara R. MacRoberts and Michael H. MacRoberts Bog Research, 740 Columbia, Shreveport, Louisiana 71104 and Herbarium, Museum of Life Sciences, Louisiana State University in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71115 ABSTRACT We describe the vascular flora of select plots within longleaf pine uplands at Fox Hunter's Hill in the Sabine National Forest in eastern Texas. The eight established 0.1 ha plots contained a total of 196 species and averaged 87.25 species (range 71 to 112) per plot; sixteen 0.001 ha plots averaged 28.75 species (range 17 to 46); and sixteen 0.0001 ha plots averaged 12.44 species (range 5 to 25). A comparison between longleaf pine uplands in central Louisiana and Fox Hunter's Hill shows that they have similar floristic composition. KEY WORDS: longleafpine, Pinus palustris, longleaf pine uplands, Sabine National Forest, Sabine County, Texas. Longleaf pine uplands are among the most extensively studied and best known ecosystems in the southeastern United States (Marks and Harcombe 1981, Platt et ale 1988, Frost 1993, Peet and Allard 1993, Ware et ale 1993, Streng et ale 1993, Glitzenstein et al. 1995, Noel et ale 1998, Platt 1999, Christensen 2000, Conner et ale 2001). Surprisingly, considering the amount of attention given to this ecosystem and its eponym, relatively little is known about the herbaceous layer. Either little or no information has been collected or only partial descriptions are available. This is especially true of longleaf pine communities in the West Gulf Coastal Plain (Streng and Harcombe 1982, Bridges and OrzelI 1989, Orze111990, Harcombe et al. 1993, MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1998, Turner et al. 1999, Haywood et al. 1998, 2001, Haywood and Harris 1999, Van Kley 1999a, 1999b, 2006, MacRoberts et a1. 2004a, Lester et al. 2005, Diggs et al. 2006), where far less research has been done than in the Atlantic and East Gulf Coastal Plain (Peet and Allard 1993, Platt 1999, Christensen 2000). In our search of the literature, we were able to find only one detailed study of the floristic composition of longleaf pine uplands in the West Gulf Coastal Plain (MacRoberts et al. 2004a). If management of longleaf pine communities is to be undertaken effectively, more than just eliminating offsite woody vegetation and reintroducing fire may be needed. At a minimum, the herbaceous layer must be known, for historical evidence indicates that many currently rare species were more common prior to recent anthropogenically influenced declines, and if current trends continue, today's common species may become rare in the near future (Glitzenstein et al. 2001). In order to reconstruct any plant community, whether by adding rare species to intact communities or by restoring badly degraded sites, one must know what was there initially and, while we cannot go back to pre-settlement vegetation, we can at least begin by studying or by documenting today's best managed sites. Gathering information on the herbaceous layer of longleafpine uplands is not always easy, since virtually all West Gulf Coastal Plain longleaf pine was cut during the last two centuries (Noss 1988, Frost 1993, Outcalt 1997, Platt 1999, Diggs et ale 2006). At best, second growth exists but even where there is second growth, there is seldom much, if any, herbaceous layer because of shading by shrub growth resulting from fire suppression (Platt et ale 1988, Streng et al. 1993, Olson and Platt 1995, Brewer 1998, Frost 1998, Platt 1999, Haywood et al. 1998, 2001, Drewa et al. 2002). In pre-European North America, longleaf pine extended from Virginia to Texas (Schwarz 1907, Ware et ale 1993, Platt 1999, Conner et al. 2001). In the West Gulf Coastal Plain, it occurred in Louisiana and Texas. In central and southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas there were large tracts of longleaf pine (Eldredge 1934, Smith 1991, Evans 1997, Outcalt 1997), which were cut in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Over the total original range of longleaf pine, less than 3 percent remains in a semi-natural condition, and most of this is on public land (Frost 1993, Peet and Allard 1993, Bezanson 2000, Van Kley 2006). Information about longleaf pine uplands before the arrival of Europeans can be gleaned from historical descriptions, lumber company records, and from the few acres that have miraculously survived logging, for example, the Wade Tract in Georgia (Evans 1997, Platt 1999). Early travelers write of monospecific longleaf pine uplands in central Louisiana and eastern Texas (MacRoberts et ale 2004a, Diggs et ale 2006). They depict a landscape with widely spaced uneven aged pines, an open canopy with frequent gaps, and a rich herbaceous layer of grasses, composites, and other forbs. There was little or no midstory and little or no woody vegetation. Every one to three years low intensity fires moved through these pinelands, usually in the spring and summer. Since documentation of floristic composition can be foundonly for a small portion of this community _..- notably lacking is documentation for the herbaceous layer --- it was the purpose of this study to locate a longleaf pine upland where the understory appeared to be intact and to obtain a floristic list. While the aim was to gather baseline data, the question of the quality of longleaf pine uplands in the West Gulf Coastal Plain is also briefly addressed (see Conner et ale 2001 for detailed discussion). STUDY SITE Previous surveys of the Texas National Forests and Grasslands in Texas, notably the Sabine National Forest and Angelina National Forest, have pinpointed several high quality longleaf pine uplands (OrzelI 1990). One of these is Fox Hunter's Hill in southern Sabine County, Texas. Fox Hunter's Hill is situated in the Mayflower Uplands Landtype Association (LTA). This LTA is associated with the Catahoula formation overlain with sandstones, sandy clays, and volcanic tuffs. Clay outcrops are present as are deep sands and loams. The topography is generally a rolling hill landscape with some steep hills. The LTA is noted for the longleaf-little bluestem herbaceous community, Catahoula barrens (glades), and hillside seeps/bogs (Figure 1). However, Fox Hunter's Hill, like the remainder of longleaf pine uplands in the West Gulf Coastal Plain, is not pristine. Pine stands are generally young, over-stocked, and even-aged; the canopy is dense, with insufficient gaps, and there is often too much shrub and mid-story woody vegetation. Fores! Service records indicate that prescribed fire has been introduced mainly in the non-growing season (however, recent Figure 1: Shingle Branch Bog occurs within Fox Hunter's Hill burns have been applied as late as May) and often with long intervals (2-4 years) between ignitions. In spite of these problems, Fox Hunter's Hill (Figure 2) has a diverse ground layer in many places. Community types at Fox Hunter's Hill include extensive areas of arenic dry uplands, loamy dry mesic uplands, and small patches of xeric sandylands and glades. Along creeks are herbaceous seeps, particularly bogs and baygalls (Orzell 1990, Diggs et ale 2006, Van Kley 2006). High-quality longleaf pine upland is habitat for such Figure 2: Upland Longleaf Community at Fox Hunter's Hill federally listed animals as the Red-cockaded Woodpecker and the Louisiana Pine Snake (Connor et ale 2001), and rare plants such as Liatris tenuis Shinners (Figure 3), Silene subciliata B.L. Robins., and Rudbeckia scabrifolia L. Brown (Carr 2004). . Few logging and other silvicultural activities have been conducted at Fox Hunter's Hill in the recent past. In the past 17 years, two prescriptions have been written for the area (S. Walker unpubl. data); however, one of the projects was not carried out and the other project included only a small area of patch clear-cut that was necessary due to scorch' from a prescribed burn. That area was replanted with longleaf pine. Prescribed fire has been the main management tool used in Fox Hunter's Hill for the past 15 years. With the exception of 2000- Figure 3: Liatris tenuis Shinners 2003, when no prescribed burning occurred, Fox Hunter's Hill has been burned on a 2-3 year rotation (T. Zimmerman pers. corom.). The timing of bums alternated between fall and late winter to early spring. However, the latest prescribed bum applied to Fox Hunter's Hill occurred in May 2006 because of a desire to implement a growing season fire pattern. METHODS We established eight 20 m x 50 m (0.1 ha) plots in areas representative of the various longleaf pine upland habitats (Figure 4). Included were extensive areas of arenic dry uplands and loamy dry mesic uplands. Plots 1, 3, and 5 were mostly herbaceous and plots 2, 4, 6, and 8 were mostly shrubby. Plot 6 contained a small area of xeric sandy lands; plots 3 and 7 had Catahoula glade elements. Within each 0.1 ha plot, we established two nested 3.16 m x 3.16 m (0.001 ha) plots and twol m x 1 m nested (0.0001 ha) plots (see Peet et ale [1998] for plot design). We surveyed these plots on 21 and 22 June 2005, 12 July 2005, 26 and 27 October 2005, and 5 and 6 April 2006, and recorded all species in each. We estimated canopy cover for each 0.1 ha plot. '-;"r.. .' ~-;. t-" .. . · . ..... il:r" .c---. MfoIj\' ( 0 t:RWttI1i ~.l Figure 4: Plot locations at Fox Hunter's Hill Throughout this paper, plant nomenclature follows Kartesz and Meacham (1999), Diggs et ale (2006), or USDA (2006). RESULTS Table 1 lists the vascular flora of the eight 0.1 ha plots. 1-8 refer to the 0.1 ha plot in which the species occurred. Table 1: Fox Hunter's Hill Plant Species List 2005-2006 ACANTHACEAE Ruellia humilis Nutt. (1)(2)(4)(5)(6) ACERACEAE Acer rubrum L. (1)(2)(4) AGAVACEAE Yucca louisianensis Trel. (2)(8) ANACARDlACEAE Rhus copallinum L. (1)(2)(4)(5)(6)(8) Toxicodenron puhescens P. Mill. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) ANNONACEAE Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal (1)(2)(5)(6) APlACEAE Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. (1)(5)(6)(7) AQUIFOLIACEAE flex opaca Ait. (2)(6)(8) flex vornitoria Ait. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(8) ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia reticulata Jacq. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6) Aristolochia serpentaria L. (1)(4)(5) ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. (6) Mate/ea cynanchoides (Engelm.) Woods. (6) ASTERACEAE Ambrosia artemisifolia L. (1)(2)(5)(8) Baccharis halimifolia L. (1)(5) Berlandiera pumila (Michx.) Nutt. (1)(2)(5)(6) Bigelowia nuttalliiL.C. Anders. (3)(4) Eoltonia diffusa Ell. (2)(4) . Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt. (1)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) Cirsium sp. (6) Croptilon divaricatum (Nutt.) Raf. (6) Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt (7) Elephantopus tomentosus L. (4) Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. (1)(6)(8) Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small (5)(6) Eupatorium compositifolium Walt. (1)(2)(5)(6) Eupatorium rotundifolium L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) Eurybia hemisphaerica (Alex.) Nesom (7) Gaillardia aestivalis (Walt.) H. Rock (1)(5)(6) Helianthus angustifo/ius L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(7)(8) Helianthus hirsutus Raf. (4) Hieracium gronovii L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) Hymenopappus artemisiifolius var. artemisifolia DC. (1)(2)(5)(6) Ionactus linariifolius (L.) Greene (1)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) Krigia Spa (6) Lactuca canadensis L. (1)(2)(5) Liatris elegans (Walt.) Michx. (1)(2)(5)(6)(8) Liatris pycnostachya Michx. (6) Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx. (4)(5)(8) Liatris tenuis Shinners (3)(4)(7) Pityopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. var. graminifola (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt (5)(6) Rudbeckia grandiflora (D. Don) J.F. Gmel ex DC. (1) Rudbeckia hirta L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) Silphium gracile Gray (1)(2)(5)(6) Solidago nitida Torr. & A. Gray (1)(2)(6)(7) Solidago odora Ait. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) Solidago petiolaris Ait. (2)(3)(5)(8) Symphyotrichum dumosus (L.) Nesom (3)(4)(6)(7) Symphyotrichum patens (Ait.) Nesom var. patens (1)(2)(3)(6)(7)(8) Symphyotrichum pratensis (Raf.) Nesom (3)(4)(7) Vernonia texana (A. Gray) Small (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(8) BIGNONIACEAE Bignonia capreolata L. (1)(7) BORAGINACEAE Lithospermum caroliniense (Ornel.) MacM. (1)(2)(5)(6) CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia appendiculata A. DC. (6) Lobelia puberula Michx. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) CAPRIFOLIACEAE Viburnum rufidulum Raf. (8) CISTACEAE Helianthemum georgianum Chapm. (1)(6) Lechea mucronata Raf. (1)(3)(4)(5)(7) Lechea tenuifolia Michx. (3)(5) CLUSIACEAE Hypericum crux-andreae (L.) Crantz (3)(4) Hypericum gentianoides (L.) B.S.P. (3)(6)(7) Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz (1)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) COMMELINACEAE Commelina erecta L. (1)(2)(5)(6) Tradescantia reverchonii Bush (1)(5)(6) CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey. (5) CORNACEAE Cornusflorida L. (1)(2)(4)(5)(6)(8) Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (2)(3)(4)(5)(7)(8) CYPERACEAE Carex caroliniana Schwein. (4) Cyperus echinatus (L.) Wood (1)(2)(5)(6)(8) Cyperus filiculmis Vabl. (6) Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torr. (5) Rhynchospora globularis (Chapm.) Small. (3)(4)(7)(8) Rhynchospora grayi Kunth (1)(2)(3)(4)(8) Scleria ciliata Michx. (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(8) Scleria oligantha Michx. (8) Scleria triglomerata Michx. (1)(5)(6) DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium aquilinum L. (1)(7)(8) DROSERACEAE Drosera brevifolia Pursh (3)(4)(7)(8) EBENACEAE Diospyros virginiana L. (4)(7) ERICACEAE Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(7)(8) Vaccinium corymbosum L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(8) Vaccinium stamineum L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(7)(8) EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha virginica L. (5)(6) Cnidoseolus texanus (Muell.-Arg.) Small (5)(6) Croton argyranthemeus Michx. (1)(3)(4)(5X6) Croton willdenowii G.L. Webster (3)(6) Croton michauxii G.L. Webster (7) Euphorbia Spa (8) Euphorbia corollata L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(8) Stillingia sylvatica L. (2)(5)(6)(8) Tragia sma/Iii Shinners (1)(2)(5)(6)(8) Tragia urens L. (1)(2)(5)(6)(8) Tragia urticifo/ia Michx. (1)(2)(5)(6)(8) FABACEAE Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Ell. var laevicaulis (Gray ex Canby) Isely (1)(3)(4)(6) Centrosema virginiana (L.) Benth. (2)(5)(6) Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. fasciculata (1 )(3)(5) Clitoria mariana L. (5) erotalaria sagittalis L. (1)(5)(6) Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) T.&G. (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) Desmodium ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. (1) Erythrina herbacea L. (6) Ga/actia vo/ubi/is (L.) Britt. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8) Lespedeza Spa (5)(6) Lespedeza procumbens Michx. (3) Lespedeza repens (L.) Barton (7) Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt. (3) Mimosa hystricina (Small) B.L. Turner (5)(7) Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt. ex. Torr. & Gray (1)(6) Rhynchosia reniformis DC. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6) Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6) Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B.S.P. (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) Tephrosia onobrychoides Nutt. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) FAGACEAE Quercus alba L. (3)(4)(8) Quercus/alcala Michx. (1)(2)(3)(6)(7)(8) Quercus incana Bartr. (2)(5)(6) Quercus marilandica Muenchh. (1 )(3)(4)(6)(7)(8) Quercus nigra L. (2)(8) Quercus stellata Wang. (3)(4)(7)(8) GENTIANACEAE Sabatia campestris Nutt. (6) HAMAMELIDCEAE Liquidambar styraciflua L. (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) IRIDACEACE Alophia drummondii (Graham) Foster (1)(5)(6)(8) Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. (3)(4)(7)(8) JUGLANDACEAE Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. (6) Carya texana Buckl. (1)(2)(6)(8) LAMIACEAE Monardafistulosa L. (6) Pycnanthemum albescens Torr. & A. Gray (4)(5)(6) Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam (8) Scutellaria sp. (3) Scutellaria cardiophylla Engelm. & A. Gray (6)(8) Scutellaria parvula Michx. (3) LAURACEAE Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarge ,(1)(2)(6)(8) Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees (1)(2)(5)(6)(7) LILIACEAE Allium canadense L. (4) Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville (5) Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britt. (3)(4)(7) LINACEAE Linurn medium (Planch.) Britt. (1)(3)(4)(5) LOGANACEAE Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia grandiflora L. (6) Magnolia virginiana L. (1) MYRICACEAE Morella cerifera (L.) Small (1)(2)(3)(5)(7)(8) OLEACEAE Chionanthus virginicus L. (4)(7)(8) OXALIDACEAE Oxa/is dillenii Jacq. (1)(2)(6)(7) Oxa/is violacea L. (1) PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora lutea L. (2) PINACEAE Pinus echinata P.Mill. (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(8) Pinus palustris P.Mill. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) Pinus taeda L. (1)(2)(5)(6)(7)(8) POACEAE Agrostis sp. (1)(2) Andropogon gerardii Vitman {2)(3)(6)(7) Andropogon ternarius Michx. (1)(2)(6)(7) Andropogon virginicus var.virginicus L. (1)(6)(7) Aristida lanosa Moot. ex Ell. (1)(3)(6) Aristida longespica Poir (1)(2)(3)(6)(7) Chasmanthium laxum (L.) Yates (4)(6) Coelorachis cylindrica (Michx_) Nash (1)(5)(6)(8) Dichanthelium aciculare (Desv. ex Poir) Gould & Clark (3)(4)(5)(6)(7) Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark (1)(2)(4)(5)(8) Dichantheliuam oligosanthes (I.A. Schultes) Gould (1)(6) Dichanthelium scoparium (Lam.) Gould (2)(3) Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Ell.) Gould (1 )(3)(4)( 5)(6)(8) Digitaria cognata (I.A. Schult.) Pilger (8) Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. (2)(4)(7) Gymnopogon ambiguus (Mich.) B.S.P. (1)(2)(5)(6) Panicum sp. (8) Panicum anceps Michx. (4) Paspalumfloridanum Michx. (3)(4)(7) Paspalum setaceum Michx. (2)(5) Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) Sorghastrum elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash (3)(6) Sporobolusjunceus (Beauv.) Kunth (1)(2)(6)(8) Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. (5) POLEMONIACEAE Phlox pi/osa L. (1)(2)(3)(5) POLYGALACEAE Polygala mariana Mill. (3) Polygala nana (Michx.) DC. (2)(3)(5) Polygala polygama Walt. (8) RANUNCULACEAE Delphinium carolinianum subsp. vimineum (D. Don) Warnock (5)(6) RHAMNACEAE Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch (4) Ceanothus americanus L. (2)(3)(5) Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) A. Gray (8) ROSACEAE Crataegus brachyacantha Sarge & Engelm. (3) Crataegus marshallii Egglest. (2)(3)(4)(7)(8) Crataegus spathulata Michx. (4)(7) Rubus argutus Link (2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(8) RUBIACEAE Diodia teres Walt. (3)(6) Galium pilosum Ait. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6) Hedyotis nigricans (Lam.) Fosberg (1)(2)(5)(6) Houstonia micrantha (Shinners) Terrell (4) Mitchella repens L. (4)(8) SAPOTACEAE Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. (2) SCROPHULARIACEAE Agalinis homalantha Pennell (4)(6)(7)(8) Penstemon laxiflorus Pennell (4)(5)(8) SMILACACEAE Smilax bona-nox L. (2)(4)(7) Smilax glauca Walt. (2)(3)(4)(6)(8) Smilax rotundifolia L. (4)(7) Smilax smallii Morong (4)(7)(8) SOLANACEAE Physalis pumilIa Nutt. (1)(6) SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Her. (8) VERBENACEAE Callicarpa americana ~L (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(8) Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. (1)(2) VIOLACEAE Viola pedata L. (3)(4)(7)(8) VITACEAE Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (1)(3) Vitis aestivalis Michx.(I)(2)(3)(5)(6)(8) Vitis rotundifolia Michx.(I)(2)(4)(6) Table 2 gives information on species richness in the 0.1 ha, 0.001 ha, and 0.0001 ha plots. Table 2. Number of species in plots Plot No. 0.1 haplot 1 2 3 96 4 80 93 112 71 75 5 6 7 8 88 83 Nested plots within 0.1 plots 0.001 ha plots 0.0001 ha plots range average average range 32.5 25.5 24.0 22.0 31.5 45.5 23.0 26.0 27-38 25-26 20-28 17-27 28-35 45-46 21-25 21-31 12.5 7.0 9.0 11.5 17.5 24.5 7.0 10.5 8-17 5..9 7-11 9-14 15-20 24-25 5-9 9-12 Canopy cover of the eight 0.1 plots were as follows: plot 7 (20 percent); plot 3 (40 percent); plots 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 (50 percent); plot 8 (70 percent). The average was 48 percent. DISCUSSION The eight 0.1 ha plots had 196 species and averaged 87.25 species (range 71 to 112); while the sixteen 0.001 ha plots averaged 28.75 species (range 17 to 46); and the sixteen 0.0001 ha plots averaged 12.44 species (range 5 to 25). MacRoberts et a1. (2004a) provide the most complete West Gulf Coastal Plain longleaf pine uplands data set for comparison with the Fox Hunter's Hill plots. They established four 0.1 ha plots in longleaf pine uplands (arenic dry uplands) in the Winn and Catahoula ranger districts of the Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana, about 150 Ian northeast of Fox Hunter's Hill, and recorded all species in them. Their plots had between 82 and 113 species (average 100). An Index ot' Similarity (Sorenson's) between the eight 0.1 ha plots at Fox Hunter's Hill and the four 0.1 ha plots Kisatchie National Forest gives a figure of 63, a relative high degree of similarity. This degree of similarity is interesting considering the small amount of area sampled in both studies (0.8 ha at Fox Hunter's Hill, 0.4 ha at Kisatchie), unequal sample size (196 species at Fox Hunter's Hill, 158 species at Kisatchie), the distance between study sites (150 Ian), and the fact that Fox Hunter's Hill included plots with dryer (xeric) and wetter (loamy drymesic uplands) elements than the Kisatchie sample (arenic dry uplands only). This suggests that longleafpine uplands in the West Gulf Coastal Plain may be very similar floristically over their range. Data on species richness in the West Gulf Coastal Plain are scanty. Open habitat such as bogs, prairies, xeric sandylands, and old fields average about 15-25 species in 0.0001 ha plots, 30-40 in 0.001 ha plots, and 75-120 in 0.1 ha plots (MacRoberts and MacRoberts 2001, MacRoberts et ale 2002). In closed (shaded) habitat, the numbers drop dramatically (Brewer 1998, MacRoberts et ale 2004b, MacRoberts unpublished data). The data for Fox Hunter's Hill are therefore encouraging, with averages of 12.44, 28.75, and 87.25 for 0.0001 ha, 0.001 ha, and 0.1 ha plots. Recommendations for the future management of Fox Hunter's Hill would include more frequent fIre mainly in the growing season, lower stocking in many places, the creation of gaps so that natural regeneration will occur, and the creation of an uneven distribution of pines. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported entirely by funding provided by the National Forests and Grasslands in Texas and the Sabine National Forest. The authors wish to thank Eddie Taylor, District Ranger of the Sabine National Forest, for his support of this project. LITERATURE CITED Bezanson, D. 2000. Natural vegetation types of Texas and their represent81ioll in conservation areas. MS Thesis, University of Texas, Austin . Brewer, J.S. 1998. Patterns ofplant species richness in a wet slash-pine savanna. Bull. Torr. Bot. Soc. 125:216-224. Bridges, E.L. and S.L. Orzell. 1989. 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Distribution and composition ofhistorical forests in two east Texas counties, with special reference to longleafpine. Thesis. Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas. Frost, C.C. 1993. Pour centuries of changing epacsdnlr~ patterns ~i longleafpine ecosystem. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 18:17-43. the Frost, C.C. 1998. Presettlement fire frequency regimes of the United States: a first approximation. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 20:70-81. Glitzenstein, J.S., W.J. Platt, and D.R. Streng. 1995. Effects offrre regime and habitat on tree dynamics in north Florida longleafpine savannas. Ecol. Monogr. 65:441-476. Glitzenstein, J.S., D.R. Streng, D.D. Wade, and J. Brubaker. 2001. Starting new populations of longleafpine ground-layer plants in the outer coastal plain ofNorth Carolina, USA. Natural Areas Journal 21 :89-110. Harcombe, P.A, J.S. Glitzenstein, R.G. Knox, S.L. Orzell, and E.L. Bridges. 1993. Vegetation of the longleafpine region of the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 18:83-104. Haywood, J.D., W.D. Boyer, and F.L. Harris. 1998. Plant communities in selected longleafpine landscapes of the Catahoula Ranger· District, Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana. Proc. 9th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. V.S.D.A. Forest Service. Tech. Rept. SRS-20:86-91. Haywood, J.D. and F.L. Harris. 1999. Description ofvegetation in several periodically burned longleafpine forests on the Kisatchie National Forest. Proc. 10th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Tech. Rept. SRS30:217-227. Haywood, J.D., F.L. Harris, H.E. Grelen, and H.A. Pearson. 2001. Vegetative response to 37 years of seasonal burning on a Louisiana longleafpine site. South. J. Appl. For. 25:122-130. Kartesz, J.T. and C.A. Meacham. 1999. Synthesis ofNorth American flora. Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lester, G.D., S.G. Sorenson, P.L. Faulkner, C.S. Reid, and I.E. Maxit. 2005. Louisiana comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Baton Rouge. MacRoberts, B.R. and M.H. MacRoberts. 1998. Floristics of wetland pine savannas in the Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas. Phytologia 85:40-50. MacRoberts, M.R. and B.R. MacRoberts. 2001. Bog communities of the West Gulf Coastal Plain: a profile. Bog Research Papers in Botany & Ecology 1:1-151. MacRoberts, B.R., M.R. MacRoberts, and J.C. Cathey. 2002. Floristics of xeric sandylands in the post oak savanna region of east Texas. Sida 20:373-386. MacRoberts, B.R., M.R. MacRoberts, and L.S. Jackson. 2004a. Floristics of upland longleafpine savanna in central Louisiana. Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci. 65:1-13. MacRoberts, B.R., M.R. MacRoberts, and L.S. Jackson. 2004b. Floristics of baygalls in central Louisiana. Phytologia 86:1-22. Marks, P.L. and P.A. Harcombe. 1981. Forest vegetation of the Big Thicket, southeast Texas. Eeol. Monogr. 51:287-305. Noel, J.M., W.J. Platt, and E. Moser 1998. Structural charateristics of old and second growth stands of longleaf pine (Pinus pal'ustris) in the Gulf Coastal region ofthe U.S.A. Conservation Biology 12:533-548. Noss, R.F. 1988. The longleafpine landscape of the southeast: almost gone and almost forgotten. Endangered Species Update 5:1-8. Olson, M.S. and W.J. Platt. 1995. Effects offrre and growing season frres on resprouting of shrub in longleafpine savannas. Vegetatio 119:101-118. Orzell, S.L. 1990. Texas Natural Heritage Program inventory of National Forests and National Grasslands in Texas. Unpublished report. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas. Outcalt, K.W. 1997. Status of the longleafpine forests ofthe West Gulf Coastal Plain. Texas J. Sci. 49:5-12. Peet, R.K. and D.J. Allard. 1993. Longleafpine vegetation of the southern Atlantic and eastern Gulf Coastal regions; a preliminary classification. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 18: 45-80. Peet, R.K., T.R. Wentworth, and P.S. White. 1998. A flexible, multipurpose method for recording vegetation composition and structure. Castanea 63:262-274. Platt, W.J. 1999. Southeastern pine savannas. Pp. 23-51. In R.C. Anderson, J.S. Fralish, and J.M. Baskin (Eds.). Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities ofNorth America. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York. Platt, W.J., G.W. Evans, and S.L. Rathbun. 1988. The population dynamics of a long-lived conifer (Pinus palustris). American Naturalist 131 :491-525. Schwarz, G.F. 1907. Longleafpine in virgin forest. John Wiley, London. Smith, L.M. 1991. Louisiana longleaf an endangered legacy. Louisiana Conservationist May/June:24-27. Streng, D.R. and P.A. Harcombe. 1982. Why don't east Texas savannas grow up into forests? American MidI. Naturalist 108:278-293. Streng, D.R., J.S. Glitzenstein, and W.J. Platt. 1993. Evaluating the effects of season of bum in longleafpine forests: a critical literature review and some results from an ongoing long-term study. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 18:227-263. Turner, R.L., J.E. Van Kley, L.S. Smith, and R.E. Evans. 1999. Ecological classification system for the national forests and adjacent areas ofthe West Gulf Coastal Plain. The Nature Conservancy, Nacogdoches, Texas. USDA NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge. Van Kley, J.E. 1999a. The vegetation ofthe Kisatchie sandstone hills, Louisiana. Castanea 64:64-80. Van Kley, J.E. 1999b. The vegetation of the high terrace rolling uplands, Louisiana. Castanea 64:318-336. Van Kley, J.E. 2006. The pineywoods. Pp. 76-106. In Diggs, G.M., B.L. Lipscomb, M.D. Reed and R.J. O'Kennon. 2006. Illustrated flora of East Texas. Sida, Bot. Misc. 26:1-1594. Ware, S., C.C. Frost, and P.D. Doerr. 1993. Southern mixed hardwood forest: the fonner longleafpine forest. Pp. 447-493 In W.H. Martin, S.G. Boyce, and A.C. Echtemacht (Eds.). Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: lowland terrestrial communities. John Wiley & Sons, New York. WATCHING HUMMMINGBIRDS IN TEXAS: BETTER THAN REALITY TV CLIFF SHACKELFORD, NONGAME ORNITHOLOGIST, TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT, NACOGDOCHES, TX The state of Texas can boast of many records that start with "Most" or "Largest," and that includes its share of hummingbirds: 18 species of the diminutive but colorful birds are regular residents. And in the case of hummingbirds, "colorful" applies not only to their typically brilliant plumage but also their outsized behavior: Almost in inverse proportion to their size, these tiny birds are feisty, often aggressive and fly incredibly fast (up to 55 mph). This presentation provides a twist on the book Hummingbirds ofTexas (Texas A&M University Press Nature Guide Series, 110 pages), a new book by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department employees (including the presenter). Proceeds ofthe book benefit hummingbird conservation. It is the first work devoted to the 19 species of hummingbirds seen in Texas and surrounding states and it is written for a general audience, with color images for birders and nature enthusiasts at every level to help reveal the big appeal ofthe little hummingbird. All royalties from the sale of this book go back into the department's Hummingbird Roundup Program. The Texas Hummingbird Roundup enlists Texans to help biologists track and study the birds. The program provides participants with a kit that includes a survey form and a booklet with infonnation on Texan species, how to clean and maintain feeders, and suggestions on additional plants for the garden. As plant pollinators, hummingbirds are important because they are a good indication of the health of our wildflower population and the impact of urbanization on our native ecosystems. The book focuses on htllDmingbirds, their habitats and their human appeal in Texas, plus Arizona and New Mexico because the rich diversity ofhummingbirds is almost identical in the three states. The information is presented in two sections. The first is provides information about hummingbird biology; finding hummingbirds; food, water and shelter; feeders; visitors, pests, and predators; overwintering hummingbirds; migratory behavior; and photographing the hummingbirds. The second section of Hummingbirds ofTexas contains a two-page spread on each species that includes identification hints, a range map for Texas as well as adjacent New Mexico and Arizona, and some excellent illustrations. Texas had recorded 18 hummingbird species, more than any other state. (Arizona has since recorded the same number, albeit with a different species list. The book includes a 19th species, the plain-capped starthroat, not yet seen in Texas). This hummingbird diversity is a testimony to Texas' size and diversity of habitat types-from coastal wetlands to central hills and prairies to eastern forests to western deserts and mountains-which in turn host diverse birds and wildlife. Since all but two hummingbirds that occur in the United States are found in Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, the book is useful anywhere in the nation. The book will appeal to anyone interested in hummingbirds, including birders, gardeners, and photographers. Nongame Ornithologist Clifford E. Shackelford and Information Specialist C. Mark Klym, are TPWD employees. The third author, Madge M. Lindsay, is a former agency employee who helped develop the Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail, the World Birding Center and the Great Texas Birding Classic and now is director of Audubon Mississippi. Primary illustrator, Clemente Guzman, is also a TPWD employee. The book includes around 90 color photos taken by Texans Sid and Shirley Rucker and more than 40 illustrations by Clemente Guzman III. Birds featured: Allen's Hummingbird • Anna's Hummingbird • Berylline Hummingbird Black-chinned Hummingbird • Blue-throated Hummingbird Broad-billed Hummingbird • Broad-tailed Hummingbird • Buff-bellied Hummingbird • Calliope Hummingbird • Costa's Hummingbird Green-breasted Mango • Green Violet-ear • Lucifer Hummingbird Magnificent Hummingbird • Plain-capped Starthroat • Ruby-throated Hummingbird • Rufous Hummingbird· Violet-crowned Hummingbird White-eared Hummingbird Land Conservation in a Changing Environment Julie Shackelford, The Conservation Fund For decades, land ownership in East Texas has been relatively stable, with industrial timber companies owning 32% of all East Texas lands. These traditional land owners provided sustainable land management, economic dependability, and healthy buffer lands to the region's relatively small but critically important federal conservation lands, including the Big Thicket National Preserve. Today, because a number offorces have caused the large-scale selloff of these commercial timberlands to investors, the East Texas land ownership map changes almost monthly. Over 3.34 million acres of forestlands have changed hands at least once in East Texas alone since 2000. Most recently, the threat to East Texas forests became more immediate with the March, 2007 announcement that Temple-Inland would sell all of its East Texas holdings by the end of2oo7. Prior to the sale, Temple-Inland was the only industrial forestry company remaining in Texas with substantial land holdings and strong historic ties to the region. Temple-Inland's announcement was a devastating blow to East Texas forestlands, of which millions of acres have been owned for decades by large commercial timber companies. These companies, including International Paper, Champion International, Louisiana Pacific and Georgia Pacific, have responded to the relentless pressures - for increased profits from Wall Street, international trade and tariff issues and a rethinking of a company's need to own its timber supply - with a wholesale divestiture of all of their forestlands. Most of the acreage has been sold to timber investment or real estate investment companies, which are groups that buy, sell and manage timber on behalf of institutional investors (e.g., insurance companies, pension funds, foundations), because timber is generally considered a low risk investment. These groups' harvest practices are often geared toward short-term profit (10-15 year time horizon) as opposed to the long-term sustainable management typically employed by commercial forest products companies. This shorter management horizon may result in more aggressive harvest practices, since the groups have a fiduciary responsibility to maximize profit for their clients. An even more insidious effect, however, is the increased land fragmentation that results each time these lands trade hands. As a new owner examines its portfolio of holdings, frequently consideration is given to whether individual tracts could be sold to yield higher prices than they could generate from timber production. These tracts may be ideal for residential development, secondary home sites or as premier hunting camps. The result is that the formerly large contiguous land holdings are broken up into smaller and smaller pieces. Even in today's downward market, land prices in East Texas continue to rise. As an example of how timberlands can yield a profit for investment companies, in 2006, International Paper sold all of its land holdings nationally, including 535,000 acres in Texas, to a real estate investment trust called TimberStar. Typically, these investment groups have a 10-15 year investment life; however, in April 2008, TimberStar sold this same acreage to Hancock Timber. The sale, involving approximately 900,000 acres of timberland in the South, fetched $1.71 billion, including the assumption of debt, or $1,900/acre. TimberStar purchased the land from International Paper in October 2006 for approximately $1.19 billion, or $1,320/acre. This resale rewards TimberStar with net proceeds of approximately $400 million. The Conservation Challenge With this climate ofchange as a backdrop, Texas has been presented with a once-ina-lifetime conservation challenge that will forever change the forest landscape of East Texas. Never again will there be an opportunity like now to protect entire river corridors, as is the case with the Neches and lower Sabine rivers -land which was previously owned predominantly by commercial timber companies. Although these tracts have now sold to different owners, they have not yet been divided to any great extent. Once they are, reassembling parcels becomes difficult and exponentially more expensive. Since 2003, the Texas Office of The Conservation Fund has aggressively pursued land protection of East Texas' bottomland hardwoods and forests. Over the last four years we have protected over 55,000 acres of bottomland hardwood, cypress swamp, pine savannah and riparian buffer within the Big Thicket National Preserve, the Lower Trinity National Wildlife Refuge and the Middle Neches mitigation bank. Also, we are working toward the addition of more lands to the new Neches River National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Little Sandy NWR, Caddo Lake NWR and the 4 national forests in Texas. Most recently, The Conservation Fund was delighted to announce the June, 2007 acquisition of over 5,600 acres of cypress-tupelo swamp along the Neches River just north of Beaumont. These properties, which filter the river's water and act as a regional carbon sink, have tremendous untapped recreational potential that will be expanded after it is donated to the Big Thicket National Preserve. In April, 2008, Congressman Kevin Brady announced the introduction of his bill to expand the boundary of the Big Thicket National Preserve by 100,000 acres (current boundary is capped at 97,000 acres). This exciting announcement will allow us to utilize federal funds and leverage new dollars as we work to purchase additional lands surrounding the Neches River and Village Creek, which provide the backbone to this unique and imperiled natural resource. Texas Pineywoods Experience As a bold but natural next step to complement our land protection work, in 2006, The Conservation Fund launched The Pineywoods Experience - the Lone Star State's most ambitious land conservation and economic development initiative. The Conservation Fund is therefore working with residents throughout the Pineywoods to redefine a vision for East Texas that brings local and regional stakeholders together to seek economic development solutions that support the long-term preservation and enhancement of the region's economic, cultural and ecological health. By highlighting the Pineywoods' lush forests and meandering rivers, as well Learning the Language of Vegetation: Native Plants as Indicators of the Natural Forest EnvironDlent Introduction I'm sure everyone has noticed how when you walk in the woods you see different plants in different places and that you need to look in specific places to find certain plants. Those who have spent time outdoors would probably laugh if someone told you they were looking for lady's slipper orchids in your neighbor's cow pasture or for Texas trailing phlox on stumps and logs in a swamp! Inde~ ifyou were to go anywhere in the Pineywoods and make a list ofmost ofthe plant species growing there, this list could tell someone who was never there much about the soil and other environmental conditions on the site as well as the human impact and land use history of the site....Ifthat someone was able to read and speak the language-the language ofvegetation. A few years ago I met a colleague at an international meeting who was fond of saying that "species are the language of vegetation". In other words, since vegetation forms the basis for much of everything else that goes on in an ecosystem, knowing what species are growing in a given site will provide an enormous amount of information about the ecological conditions there. Much ofmy research here in the Pineywoods has centered around learning this language--leaming what the words-the species--mean in the context ofthe ecosystems and communities in which they grow. To do this, we turned to sample plots established in natural and semi-natural areas across a wide range ofenvironmental conditions. The main source for untangling how Pineywoods species and sites are related comes from more than 400 plots that we sampled between 1994 and 2004 throughout the four National Forests in Texas and nearby Kisatchie National Forest in Louisiana These plots were largely part of an effort to classify National forest lands into ecological units based on soils, topography, and potential natural vegetation (Van Kley et al. 2007). We selected these plots from the full range ofhabitats from deep water swamps to dry sandylands and recorded the abundance ofall vascular plant species as well as a number ofphysical and chemical soil variables and topographic variables such as el vatio~ topographic posit~ and slope for each sample site. In order to make sense ofthe massive amount of data that was collected we turned to multivariate analysis. Methods used include ordination (such as Detrended Correspondence Analysis, Hill & Gauch 1980" cluster analysis (especially TWINSPAN, Hill 1979), and linear regression. One method that is particularly useful in showing what species tend to be found in what types of sites is TWINSPAN. It produces an "ordered two-way table" where the sample plots are classified in the arrangement ofthe columns ofthe table and the species are classified by the arrangement ofthe rows. Table 1is derived from a two-way table for a portion ofour plots taken from Kisatchie National Forest. It is evident that species like poison ivy (no surprise here!!) occur across a wide range of sites while Arisaema triphyllum Qack-in-the-pulpit) is restricted to mesic (moist but not wet) sites in small stream bottoms and protected lower slopes and post oak grows on drier upland sites. Table 1. A synoptic table derived from TWINSPAN classifying samples and species from the Caney Ranger District of Kisatchie National Forest Values = mean occurrence rank (frequency). Only species with mean occurrence> 1.8 in at least one ecotype are included. DMSU= dry-mesic shortIeafpine oak-hickory uplands, DMLU= dry-mesic loblolly pine uplands, MLSC= mesic lower slopes & stream bottoms, WMFL = wet-mesic floodplains, WMT = wet-mesic terraces, FS= forested seeps, and SWP = baldcypress swamp. * = Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark; # = D. boscii (poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark. Species DMSU Species of Dry..mesic Oak-Hickory co•••nities Carya texana Buckl. 2.5 (64) Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. 1.9 (64) Dichanthelium acuminatum* 2.0 (64) 3.5 (91) Euphorbia coro/lata L. Galactia volubi/is (L.) Britt 2.0 (64) Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz 3.1 (100) 1.5 (45) Lespedeza vio1acea (L.) Pers. Pinus echinata P. Mill. 3.0 (82) 1.8 (45) Pteridium aquilimlm (L.) Kuhn Quercus stellata Wangenh. 1.8 (45) Rhus copa/limon L. 2.7 (91) Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. 3.9 (I (0) Vernonia texana (Gray) Small 1.9 (64) Viburnum rufiduIum Rat: 2.8 (91) Species of dry-mesic & mesic sites 2.4 (73) Aesculus pavia L. 0.4 (18) Celtis laevigata Wtlld. 4.5 (100) Chasmanthium susiliflorum (poir.) Yates 2.6 (82) Chionanthus virginicus L. 2.4 (73) Clitoria mariana L. 2.9 (100) Comus florida L. Desmodium obtwum (Multi ex. Willd) OC. 3.0 (100) 0.4 (18) Dioscorea quatemata J.F. Ornel. 1.1 (45) Fraxinus americana L. 1.0 (45) Frangula caroliniana (Walt) Gray 2.5 (73) Gelsemium sempervirens St-Hil. 0.7 (27) Hamamelis virginiana L. 1.1 (27) Ostrya virginiana (p. Mill.) K. Koch 3.8 (100) Pnmus serotina Ehrb. 4.0 (100) Quercus alba L. 3.1 (82) Quercus fa/cata Michx. 2.4 (64) Sassafras albidum (Nutl) Nees 3.3 (100) Scleria oligantha Michx. 3.5 (91) Smilax bona-nox L. 2.0 (64) Smilax smallii Morong 3.8 (100) Vaccinium virgatum Ail. 3.1 (91) Viburnum dentatum L. 2.5 (91) Vitis aestivalis Michx. Wide-ranging species 3.6 (91) Acer rubrum L. 0.9 (45) Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch 1.8 (64) Bignonia capreolata L. 3.9 (100) Callicarpa americana L. 03(9) Chasmanthium Iaxum (L.) Yates 1.5 (55) Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould 3.2 (82) Dichanthelium boseii # 1.4 (82) Diospyros virginiana L. 1.2 (55) flex opaca Ait 33 (82) Liquidambar styraciflua L. 0.5 (18) Lonicera japonica Thunb. 1.8 (55) Mitchella repens L. 3.1 (91) Nyssa sy1vatica Marsh. DMLU MLSC 1.9 (43) 1.1 (43) 03 (14) 0.7 (29) 0.4 (29) 0.4 (14) 0.7 (11) 0.1 (14) 0.2 (6) 0.7 (28) 0.9 (43) 2.3 (86) 0.1 (6) 0.8 (39) 1.1 (43) 0.9 (44) 0.7 (29) 2.0 (71) 4.6 (100) 1.7 (71) 2.6 (86) 33 (86) 3.0 (100) 0.9 (29) 0.4 (29) 4.0 (100) 1.1 (56) 0.5 (11) 2.1 (78) 1.7 (67) 0.8 (39) 2.4 (89) 1.9 (61) 2.2 (72) 2.2 (83) 1.9 (18) 0.5 (17) 3.8 (100) 3.2 (94) 3.1 (89) 3.6 (94) 1.5 (56) 3.1 (94) 1.9 (56) 1.3 (44) 2.7 (86) 1.0 (29) 1.1 (43) 3.6 (100) 3.4 (100) 3.6 (100) 3.1 (100) 2.6 (51) 1.7 (43) 1.0 (29) 2.9(86) 0.7 (29) 3.4 (100) 4.7 (100) 2.0 (51) 1.7 (57) 3.4 (100) 0.3 (14) 0.1 (14) 2.1 (57) 2.0 (57) 2.9 (100) 2.9 (71) 2.4 (86) 2.4 (86) 3.3 (100) WMFL WMT FS SWP 0.8 (25) 0.1 (6) 0.5 (33) 1.0(39) 2.2 (56) 1.7 (56) 2.7 (94) 3.1 (94) 1.1 (39) 3.2 (100 3.6 (94) 1.8 (44) 0.4 (17) 3.1 (89) 0.8 (33) 3.4 (94) 1.6 (67) 1.6 (SO) 2.2 (67) 2.9 (94) 0.8 (25) 0.1 (13) 2.3 (100) 0.4 (25) 0.4 (13) 1.7 (67) 03 (25) 0.3 (13) 1.0 (33) 0.7 (33) 0.4 (13) 1.3 (33 1.3 (33 0.7 (33) 3.3 (100) 0.7 (33) 0.3 (13) 1.1 (25) 03 (13) 0.3 (33) 1.0 (33) 0.6 (25) 0.3 (13) 0.1 (130 1.0 (33) 2.1 (88) 1.3 (50) 2.6 (88) 4.1 (100) 1.4 (75) 3.1 (88) 2.0 (63) 3.4 (88) 0.5 (25) 2.6 (15) 2.4 (75) 1.3 (38) 4.1 (100) 2.8 (100) 3.5 (100) 33 (100) 1.7 (67) 2.0 (50) 3.3 (100) 3.7 (100) 3.7 (100) 2.7 (67) 1.3 (33) 3.5 (100) 0.5 (50) 3.0 (100) 2.5 (100) 3.5 (100) 2.5 (100) 3.0 (100 3.7 (100) 23 (67) 2.3 (67) 2.7 (67) 2.3 (100) 1.0 (100) Table 1. (Continued) Species DMSU Wide-ranging species 3.8 (91 Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Plancb. 1.2 (36 Pinus taeda L. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott 0.1 (9) 2.9 (73) Quercus nigra L. 0.8 (27) Rubus argutus Link 3.5 (100) Smilax glauca Walt. 1.9 (55) Smilax rotundifolia L. 3.9 (91) Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 0.3 (9) Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) Gray 1.7 (64) Wmus aJaIa Michx. 0.1 (9) Vaccinium eUiottii Chapman Vitis rotundifolia Micbx. 4.5 (100) Species of mesic, wet-mesic, & forested seep sites Acer barbatum Micbx. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Athyriumfilix-femina (L.) Roth Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Carex abscondita Mackenzie Euonymus americana L. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Ligustrum sinense Lour. Quercus laurifolia Micbx. Quercus michauxii Nutt. Species of Ooodplains and wetlands Arondinaria gigantea (Walt) Muhl. Bidens aristosa (Micbx.) Britt. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. Brunnicbia ovata (Walt.) Shinners Carex debilis Michx. Carex flaccosperma Dewey Carex joorii Bailey 0.4 (9) Carex louisianica Bailey Carya glabra (p. Mill.) Sweet Cephalantbus occidentalis L. Commelina virginica L. Itea virginica L. Justicia ovata (Walt) Lindau Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Leersia virginica Wtlld. Lycopus rubeUus Moench Quercus phellos L. Saururus cemuus L. Styrax americanus Lam. Species of forested seeps Magnolia virginiana L. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Viburnum nudwn L. Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore Wetland species Hydrolea uniflora Raf: Lemna valdiviana Phil. Ludwigia glandulosa Walt. Planera aquatica J.F. Gmel. Proserpinaca palustris L. DMLU MLSC WMFL 4.7 (100) 1.9 (57) 0.9(43) 43 (100) 1.4 (43) 3.6 (100) 2.1 (57) 4.9 (100) 0.3 (29) 3.1 (100) 1.7 (57) 4.4 (100) 4.4 (100) 1.7 (61) 2.6 (72) 3.4 (89) 0.7 (22) 3.4 (100) 2.3 (67) 4.0 (100) 03(11) 2.7 (83) 1.0 (33) 4.3 (100 2.0 (63) 0.6 (29) 1.4 (57) 0.3 (14) 1.6 (43) 0.1 (14) 0.3 (14) 1.7 (71) 03 (14) 0.3 (14) 1.1 (29) 1.9 (50) 1.7 (33) 0.6 (17) 22 (61) 1.5 (39) 2.5 (89) 2.2 (67) 0.1 (6) 03 (11) 0.5 (17) 0.9 (25) 0.9(38) 0.8 (38) 3.6 (100) 4.0 (88) 1.1 (38) 0.5 (25) 1.6 (88) 1.8 (63) I.S (SO) 0.3 (II) 0.2(6) 03 (17) 2.0 (63) 1.5 (75) 2.6 (75) 2.4 (75) 1.9 (50) 2.0 (63) 1.5 (50) 2.0 (50) 2.0 (67) 1.5 (SO) 4.3 (100) 1.1 (28) 03 (17) 0.2 (6) 0.2 (6) 1.7 (39) 02(6) 0.2 (6) 0.5 (17) 0.2 (6) 0.6 (22) 0.1 (6) 0.2 (6) 0.1 (6) 0.1 (6) 0.1 (6) 0.5 (13) 2.9 (75) 2.6 (75) 2.6(88) 3.3 (88) 4.4 (100) 2.5 (88) 1.8 (75) 1.0 (38) 3.9 (100) WMT FS 3.5 (100) 2.0 (100) 2.7 (67) 4.0 (100) 1.0 (SO) 2.5 (100) 3.5 (100) 1.5 (SO) 3.0 (100) 2.0 (67) 2.3 (67) 4.0 (tOO) 2.3 (67) I.S (50) 0.7 (33) 3.5 (100) 1.0 (50) 4.0 (100) 1.0 (SO) 3.7 (100) 4.7 (100) 1.7 (67) 4.5 (100) 3.8 (100) SWP 1.0 (33) 2.0(67) 2.3 (100) 1.0 (33) 03 (33) 1.5 (50) 4.5 (100) 2.5 (100) 5.0 (100) 4.0 (100) 2.0 (100) 4.0 (100) 1.0 (100) 2.1 (SO) 1.3 (63) 2.9 (100) 0.4 (25) 1.8 (63) 1.9 (50) 2.0 (63) 1.0 (38) 1.4 (38) 2.1 (88) 0.5 (25) 2.0 (SO) 2.5 (100) 3.5 (100) 1.0 (50) 2.0 (67) 5.0 (100) 3.3 (100) 4.0 (100) 1.7 (67) 2.0 (67) 4.0 (100) 2.0 (67) 2.0 (100) 4.0 (100) 3.7 (100) 2.6 (100) 4.0 (100) 4.7 (100) 2.0 (100) 4.0 (100) 2.0 (100) 3.0 (100) 4.0 (100) Another tool for understanding plant-site relationships is ordination. Ordination results can be plotted as a diagram where samples are represented as a series of points. Samples with similar species composition lie nearby on the ordination diagram while those with dissimilar species are far apart. It is also possible to use regression and correlation to observe relationships between the ordination and environmental measurements-thus providing insight into the environmental variables that affect plant species composition across the landscape. Figure! shows an ordination diagram for a dataset from o Slop e Posi tion: (R2 Ax· 2( constrained) 3 ) :...... /....: loamy Dry- s·c Uplands Dry. Upl. 2 ?ry Uplands A; '~ic y~ alC \ ....•...... : .: : : :.: .: : :> . X/ I ic . IC 10 & erraces .............. : ·-e·ottoms 2 FOfi CCA ax· 1: Con tra· by ( ), Log K( ) Log (Ca )( ted Seep ) and fo 20 ~enlraJZ<1 ecotvD4es d essentially aggregations of closely related ecological types.. Pine-dominated uplands typically occur on mid to upper slopes, ridgetops, and on broad, rolling upland interfluves. Most natural plant communities are dominated either by pines or by a mixture ofpines and deciduous (hardwood) trees. This is the main landscape in most locales. Mesic slopes and stream bottoms occur on mid and lower slopes, on higher, non-flooded terraces adjacent to streams and rivers, or in the valleys and ravines of small streams. They typically enjoy higher soil moisture and nutrient levels than pine-dominated uplands, were historically sheltered from fire, and natural stands usually consist ofdeciduous hardwoods or of mixtures ofhardwoods and scattered pines-typically loblolly pine. Ofall West Gulf Coastal Plain habitat types, these forests show the closest floristic relationship to the temperate deciduous forests of midwestern and northeastern USA. River floodplains, the third major landscape, are associated with the broad floodplains ofthe major rivers that flow through the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Flood-tolerant deciduous hardwoods (many of which are lowland oaks) dominate most natural stands while baldcypress often dominates the deepest swamps. The Natural habitats of the PiDeywoods and the plants that characterize them In terms ofusing species to describe a natural habitat, there basically two types ofspecies. 1) indicator species: species which are often found in one or a few closely related habitat types but are rare or absent from all others. The presence of such a species is an excellent indicator ofecotype. 2) characteristic species: Species that are usually present and often common in a habitat type but are also common in other ecotypes as well. The presence ofsuch species do not alone indicate the ecotype but in combination with other plants they can form a good description of it. In listing the species typical of our local ecotypes, I won't distinguish between these types of species in all cases. 1. Dry Sandy Uplands In the interest oftime I combine both the uplands on deep sands (Grossarenic Dry Uplands, xeric sandylands) and the less extreme arenic dry uplands. Sandy, drought-prone soils (the sand layer more than lOOcm deep in extreme cases), upland or ridge top topographic positions, and an open canopy of small, stunted trees (even in the absence of fire and disturbance) characterize these sites. Trees include bluejack oak, sand post oak, blackjack oak, black hickory, sassafras, longleafpine (chiefly in the southern and eastern part ofthe region currently on sites where regular prescnbed burning is practiced), and shortleaf pine. Woody shrubs are often sparse, especially on frequently burned sites. Typical shrubs include dwarf pawpaw, fragrant sumac, and October flower (polygonella polygama). Schizachyrium scopariJl11l (Little bluestem), Pityopsis graminifolia (narrowleafsilkgmss), and other herbaceous species are important components ofthe often sparse ground cover-especially in areas with regular fire. Plants such as Yucca louisianensis (yucca), Tagia urticifolia (nosebum), Cnidoscolus texanus (Texas bulllnettle), and Opuntia humifusa (devil's tongue prickleypear) are indicators of these sites. Stylisma pickering;; (Pickerings dawnflower), Berlandiera pumi!a (soft greeneyes), and Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) are also common. 2. Loamy Dry-Mesic Uplands These sites have sandy loam or loam surface soils with loam or clay loam subsoils and are usually well-drained, moderately permeable and typically hold more moisture than those of sandy dry uplands. Loamy dry-mesic uplands are usually found on ridgetops broad intert1uves, and gentle middle and upper slopes and are the most extensive ecotype in most ofthe Pineywoods. As with sandy uplands, there are two distinct natural plant communities that may develop on this ecological type depending on whether sites have had a history ofregular fire and whether they are within the geographic range of longleafpine. Loamy Dry-Mesic Longleaf Pine Uplands: These stands are open-canopied, nearly pure stands of longleaf pine. Woody understory plants are widely scattered within a dense, prairie-like community of grasses, composites, and other sun-loving species. Schizachyrium scopar;um (little bluestem) dominates the ground layer and other important species include Pityopsis graminifolia (narrowleaf silkgrass), Solidago odora (anisescented goldenrod), Tephrosia virgin;ca (goats rue), and Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Repeated low-intensity surface fires (historically lightning-caused) prevent seedlings of most woody species from establishing--favoring the fire-resistant longleafpine. In the absence of regular ftre a dense shrub layer rapidly forms and the site subsequently succeeds to a mixed closed-canopy forest. Historical1y, these communities dominated large parts ofthe upland landscape across much ofthe West Gulf Coastal Plain. They are now rare as a result ofhuman fire-suppression activity, persisting mainly on public lands in areas with prescnbed burning programs. Loamy Dry-Mesic Mixed Pine-Hardwood Uplands Loblolly pine is abundant but usually co-occurs with a mixture ofother trees including sweetgum, southern red oak, post oak, winged elm, black hickory, shortleafpine, and mockernut hickory. Flowering dogwood, redbud, eastern hophombeam, and winged elm are common understory trees. The shrob-layer is often dense. Common shrubs include yaupon, American beautyberry, farldeberry, and southern arrowwood. Woody vines, especially greenbriars (Smilax sp.) and summer grape (Vilis aestiva/is) are common. A variety of species with a wide ecological range such as Chasmanthium sessiliflorum (narrow leaved wood oats), Toxicodenron radicans (poison ivy), Parthenocissus quinque/olia (VIrginia creeper), and others dominate the ground layer. This is the most extensive forest community on much ofthe modem landscape. 3. Wet Herbacoos Seeps Herbaceous Seeps typically occur on water-saturated, nutrient-poor, sandy soils on upland hillsides and the upper heads of small drainages where groundwater meets an impermeable layer (clay or rock) and seeps to the surface. The surrounding landscape usually consists ofsandy soils, which have high infiltration and provide an ample water supply for the seeps. Typically embedded in longleafpine communities (or in areas fonnerly dominated by longleaf pine), regular fires entering from the surrounding landscape inhibit establishment of woody plants. Woody shrubs are kept sparse by fire, but can include wax-myrtle, evergreen bayberry, redbay, possumhaw, and poison sumac. Sedges, most from the genus Rhynehospora, dominate the ground layer along with grasses (especially Dichanthelium sp.). In addition, the species-rich assemblage includes carnivorous plants such as Drosera brevi/olia (sundew), Sarracennia alala (pitcher plant), and Pinguicula pumila (small butterwort). Other common species include Eriocaulon decangulare (tenangle pipewort), Sabatia gentianoides (pinewoods rose gentian), Helianthus angustifolius (swamp sunflower), Lycopodiella appressa (southern appressed clubmoss), and Sphagnum sp. mosses, Rare and sensitive species sometimes found in herbaceous seeps include Calopogon tuberosus (grass pink), Pogonia ophioglossoides (snake's mouth orchid), Plantanthera integra (yellow fringeless orchid), and Rudbeclcia scabrifolia (bog coneflower). Herbaceous seeps are rare as a result of both the loss of longleafpine woodlands and their associated fires and the lack of suitable soils and hydrology in many areas. 4. Prairies, Barrens, and Glades Although forest vegetation develops in the absence of disturbance in most West Gulf Coastal Plain ecosystems, a variety of localized berbaceous-dominated communities where unusual soil properties inhibit woody plants exist in the region. Soils are often clayey or shallow to bedrock, and sometimes, calcareous. Overstory trees are widely scattered or absent and small trees and shrubs are often restricted to scattered thickets or to the margins ofthe site. Herbaceous species not common in most natural Pineywoods habitats such Dalea compacta (compact prarieclover), CaIlirhoe papaver (winecup), Boute/oua rigidistea (Texas grama), Eustoma russellianum (showy prarie gentian), and Euphorbia hieolor (snow on the prairie) are present on some sites. Often, there are rare or sensitive species such as Schoenolirion wrightii (Texas sunnybell) which occurs on "barrens" associated with the Catahoula Formation in the southern Angelina National Forest (Marrietta & Nixon 1984). Rare glades characteristic ofoutcrops ofthe Weches Formation where herb-dominated communities that include the rare white bladderpod (Lesquerella pallidal and Texas golden gladecress (Leavenworthia texana) occur on rocky Trawick soils between Nacogdoches and San Augustine, TX (George & Nixon 1990). S Mesic Slopes, stream bottoms, and Terraces On lower slopes adjacent to rivers and streams, in the valleys and smaR poorly-developed floodplains of minor streams, on steep slopes, and on the higher, inactive terraces ofsome rivers, there is a strong tendency for hardwooddominated forests to develop in absence of logging and other disturbances. Steep slopes and proximity to streams historically protected these sites from fires, which usually would have bad to burn downhill to reach them and Moreover, lower hydrologic position on the landscape results in more available soil moisttKe and nutrients than for uplands. Natural stands develop a mixttKe of loblolly pine and various deciduous hardwoods including southern red oak, white oak, black~ sweetgum, water oak, and American basswood. American beech and southern magnolia often establish on undisturbed sites. American holly, winged e ~ Florida maple, flowering dogw~ eastern hop hornbeam eastern redbud, and red buckeye, are important in the understory, while American beauty berry, Carolina buckthorn, common sweetleat: and maple-leaved viburnum are common shrubs. Chasmanthium sessilijlorum, (Iong-leafwood oats), Parthenocussus quinque/olia (VJrginia creeper), Mitchella repens (partridge berry), Smilax pumila (sarsparilla vine), and Sanicula canadensis (black snakeroot) are typical ground layer species species. Vmes such as Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine grape) commonly festoon the trees. Less frequent are ''vernal herbs" plants more typical ofthe deciduous forests oftile Appalachians or the Midwestern USA: Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple), Erythronium sp (trout lilly), Arisaema triphyllum (Jack in the pulpit), Arisaema dracontium (green dragon), and Sanguinaria candensis (bloodroot), and Polygonatum biflorum (great Solomon's seal). 6. Wet Mesic stream bottoms As one moves downstream, streams become larger, floodplains wider and better developed, and flood frequency and duration longer. Often associated with third-order perennial streams, wet-mesic stream bottoms are transitional between mesic stream bottoms and the downstream seasonally flooded river floodplains. Flooding is irregular and is not severe enough to eliminate many mesic species but flood-tolerant species also occur; the flora is a rich mixture of both mesic and wetland species. The overstory consists of a diverse mixture ofmesic and wet-site hardwood species such as water oak, white o ~ willow o ~ bas w~ American e ~ hom~ are typical understory trees. Many ofthe herbaceous species discussed above along with various wetland sedges laurel oak, swamp chestnut oak, chenybark oak, blackgum, sweetgum, river birch, American sugarberry, and Loblolly pine. American holly, Florida maple, red maple, and American and grasses make up the groundlayer. 7. Wet Forested Seeps Also known as baygalls, these sites support a distinctive plant community where groundwater discharges on lower hillsides, headslo~ and along small streams. Soils are usually deep gray sands that are semipermanently to nearly permanently saturated. Surrounding uplands typically have sandy, soils which have rapid infiltration, low nmo£t: and provide an ample supply of groundwater. Tree species include Sweetbay magnolia, swamp tupelo, and red maple. Shrubs and vines include evergreen bayberry, poison sumac, laurel-leafgreenbriar, possumhaw, and redbay. Wild azaleas provide showy flowers in spring. Woodwardia areolala (netted chain fern) typically dominates the ground layer. Other groundcover species are Osmunda regalis (royal fern), Osmunda cinamomea (cinnamon fem), and Eleocharis microcarpa (smallfruit spikesedge). Patches ofSphagnum Spa mosses may be present. Rare species that one may find in Forested Seeps include Spiranthes Spa (Lady's tresses) Bartonia texana (Texas screwstem), Parnossia asarifolia (kidney-leafgrass ofParnassus) and Burmania biflora (northern bluethread). 8. Irregularly Flooded Mesic Terraces and Bottomland Ridges On the higher and drier portions ofthe broad floodplains ofrivers in places such as crowns of natural levees, meander scrolls, and other slightly elevated areas, a plant community similar to that found on Wet-Mesic Stream bottoms develops. Soils are usually of coarser texture than soils on the rest ofthe floodplain because floodwaters deposit the coarse portion oftheir sediment load on the natural levees first when they overflow the riverbank and loose velocity (Mitsch & Gosselink 2007). Flooding is irregular, less frequent than for the adjacent lower portions ofthe floodplain. The overstory consists ofmesic and moderately flood-tolerant species such as loblolly pine, water oak, sweetgum, white oak, cherrybark willow oak, laurel oak, and southern red oak. Understory trees and shrobs include American hornbeam, oak, blac~ American holly, winged elm, flowering dogw~ yaupon, American beautyberry, farldebeny, flowering dogw~ and rusty blackbaw. "Canebreaks", thickets ofAnmdinaria gigantea (switch cane) are common especially on natural levees adjacent to the immediate riverbank. Ground Layer species composition can be quite variable, depending on microdifferences in elevation, soils, and local hydrologic conditions and include variety species also found both in non-flooded mesic sites and seasonally flooded river floodplains. 9. Seasonally Flooded River Floodplains The most extensive ecological type on most bottomland landscapes are the broad, flat, main portions ofthe floodplains of major rivers. Soils, formed in recent al uvi~ are generally loamy, silty, or clayey, the coarser particles usually having been deposited on the natural levees before floodwaters reach the main part ofthe floodplain. The sites are subject to seasonal flooding and are usually inundated for a significant portion (12.5-25%) ofthe growing season. Natural forests are a rich mixture of flood-tolerant deciduous hardwoods which include willow oak, laurel oak, overcup oak, swamp chestnut oak, ~ e w s American elm, swamp tupelo, green ash, and red maple. The lower, wetter portions (approaching a regularly-flooded hydrologically regime) often become dominated by nearly pure stands ofovercup oak. Common understory trees and shrubs include common persimmon, American hornbeam, deciduous holly, American snowbell, mayhaw, and parsley hawthorn. Ground cover may be sparse, especially in the absence of openings in the normally dense canopy, but important species include Boehmeria cylidrica (false nettle), Corexjoorii (cypress swamp sedge), Rhynchospora comiculata (beak sedge), and Justicia ovata (water willow) while Saururus cemuus (lizard tail), occurs in wetter areas. Brunnichia ovala (American buckwheat vine) is common as small, non-flowering individuals under the canopy, but may form dense tangles along with Mikania scandens (climbing hemp vine) in openings. 10. Swamps Aassociated with backswamps, sloughs, and old stream channels on the lowest portions of the floodplains of rivers, these sites are regularly flooded (inundation lasting for 25-75% of a typical growing season) or semipermanently flooded with only rare periods ofexposure during the driest years. Nearly constant saturation of soils creates anoxic conditions that favor obligate and facultative wetland plants. NatW"al overstory in shallower (regularly flooded) swamps is dominated by dense groves of water elm, Carolina ash, and/or Black willow with bald cypress or water tupelo often forming an emergent canopy. Eastern swamp privet and common buttonbush are the principal sbrnbs. Coverage ofground-rooted plants may be very sparse but Cm-ex sedge species, Brunnichia ovala (American buckwheat vine), and Panicum gymnocarpon (savannah panic grass) are among the most common. The deeper (semi-permanently flooded) swamps are dominated largely by bald cypress (mixed further south and east with water tupelo). shrubs are uncommon, primarily common buttonbush growing on stumps and logs. Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail), Cabomba carolinaina (fanwort), Hydrilla verticilata (hydrilla), Lemna sp. (duckweeds), Spirodella sp. (duck meat), Woffia columbiana (water meal), Nuphar luteum (yellow pond lily) and Helumbo lutea (American lotus) are among the floating and submersed plants that may grow in the shallow waters of semipermanently flooded swamps. Some sites are infested with dense mats ofnon-native Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). Spanish moss (1illandsia usneoides) often festoons the trees. Excellent examples of swamps are at Caddo Lake in northeastern Texas. 11. Marshes Marshes are defined as non-forested wetlands. In the Texas Pineywoods where forest tends to develop on most wetlands, many marshes are temporary communities on the regularly-flooded and semi-permanently-flooded ·swamp ecological types resulting from human activities or from natural processes such as riverbank erosion and deposition, oxbow creatio~ beaver activity, and wind throw. Marsh vegetation is also common along the margins of the numerous artificial reservoirs in the region. Typha sp., (cattail), Zizaniopsis miilacea (marsh millet) rushes (such as Juncus efJusus), Sagittaria platyphylla (delta arrowhead, and many ofthe non-woody species also found in swamps are typical of east Texas marshes. 12. Human-Dominated Ecosystems While non-natural plant communities are outside the scope of this talk, much of east Texas is under varying degrees of human influence and vegetation may only partially or minimally reflect the potential natural plant communities for their ecosystem types as described above--although in the absence ofcontinued disturbance sites may eventually revert to their potential natural communities. The many forms of human land management have produced a wide array of humandominated ecosystems. Roadsides--maintained by mowing-often include a variety of planted wildflowers only occasionally encountered in natural local habitats. Cut-over forests, especially in the absence of silvicultural site-preparation and planting develop a dense growth of perennial herbs such as Solidago Canadensis (Canadian goldenrod), vines, brambles, and residual or regenerating tree species--especially loblolly pine and sweetgum. Exotic grasses may dominate pastures.. Even in natural areas, the virtual elimination of fire as an ecological force from many landscapes has profoundly affected the development of vegetation (see discussions ofupland types in this presentation). Urban areas are characterized by a variety of vegetation, including mixtures ofboth cultivated and native species often occurring on ecological types in which they would ordinarily not be found.. Elsewhere, large areas of former river floodplains have been converted to artificial reservoirs where the exotic weed Hydrilla verticil/ala is abundant. So, It is clear that the plants of the Pineywoods have a story to tell to those who understand their language, and yes, even though the species is quirky and difficult to find anywhere, you are better off searching a rich, mesic forest for yellow Lady's slipper rather than your neighbor's pasture! References: Diggs, G.M..Jr., B.L. Lipscomb, M.D. Reed, and R.J.. O'Kennon. Illustrated Flora of East Texas Volume L Center for Environmental Studies, Austin College, Sherman, Texas and Botanical Research Institute ofTexas (BRI1), Fort Worth, Texas. Sida, Botanical Miscellany 26. George, R. J., and E. S. Nixon. 1990. The herbaceous flora oftbree Weches formation outcrops in eastern Texas. Sida 14(1):117-127. Hill M.O. 1979. TWINSPAN-a FORTRAN program program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification ofthe individuals and attributes. Department ofEcology and Systematics, Cornell Universty, Ithica, NY. Hill, M.O., and H.G. Gauch Jr. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42:47-50. Marietta, K.. L., and E. S. Nixon. 1984. Vegetation ofan open, prairie-like community in eastern Texas. Texas Journal of Science 36(1):25-32. Marks, P. L., and P.. A. Harcombe. 1981. Forest vegetation ofthe Big Thicket, southeast Texas. Ecological Monographs 5(3 ):287-305. Mitsch, W.J. and J.G Gosselink. 2007. Wetlands 4th ed. John Wiley & SODS, Hoboken. Van Kley J.E., R.L.. Turner, L.S. Smith, and R.E. Evans. 2007. Ecological classification system for the national forests and adjacent areas of the West GulfCoastal Plain: 2nd approximation. The Nature Conservancy and Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA. 379pp. Meat, Salad and Microbes: Antimicrobial Plants of the Cajun Prairie Malcolm F. Vidrine, Jameel AI-dujaUi, Kyla D. Joubert and Caroline E. Vidrine Division of Sciences, Louisiana State University at Eunice, P. O. Box 1129, Eunice, LA 70535 Abstract Prairie plants have a history of use in a large variety of ways. One of the most intriguing ways is the use of plants as medicine. Escherichia coli 0157:H7, a common pathogen found in meat products, and Listeria monocytogenes, a common pathogen found in vegetable salads, were used as target species for the study ofantimicrobial activity ofseveral prairie plants (native Cajun Prairie plants) and selected exotic plants (Old World plants). Antimicrobial properties of varied plants (often called herbs) and their components are found mostly in the essential oil fractions. In studies with E. coli, we clearly demonstrated that native prairie plant essential oils were more effective that Old World plant extracts at inhibiting the growth and development of bacterial colonies not only in agar media but also in ground meat. In further experiments, L. monocytogenes colony fonnation in agar media and in salad was also inhibited with essential oil extracts from several prairie plants. The prairie plant essential oils strongly inhibited colony development in two major bacterial pathogens contaminating our food supply. Introduction Herbs (native and Old World plants) have been used since ancient time by many cultures to preserve foods, to enhance the flavor/aroma of foods, and for their medicinal value. Scientific experiments since the late 19th century have documented the antimicrobial properties of some herbs and their components. Most of the food-borne bacterial pathogens are sensitive to extracts from herbs such as mints, garlic, and clove with the extent of sensitivity varying with the bacterial strain and environmental conditions imposed. The antimicrobial compounds in herbs are found mostly in the essential oil :fraction. The importance of food quality is often taken for granted by a majority of consumers as they expect to purchase products that are safe for consumption. An estimated 76 million food-borne illnesses occur annually in the United States. Most of these illnesses are undiagnosed and thus unreported. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 causes 270,000 reported cases of food-borne illnesses per year (Kalemba and Kunicka 2003 and Al Dujaili and Vidrine 2008). It is a gram-negative, almost ubiquitous, organism implicated in some famous cases of contaminated meat. Listeria monocytogenes has become a major concern for the food industry in recent years (Seaberg et ale 2003). This is a gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic, non spore forming, rod shaped bacterium causing the disease listeriosis. This bacterium grows over a wide temperature range of 2.5-44.5°C, thus refrigerated foods are a large concern in regards to outbreaks in the food industry. Listeria monocytogenes grows best in the pH range of 6-8, causing another concern for the food industry since salads fall within this rnnge. This organism has been found in raw and improperly pasteurized milk, soft cheese, fresh and frozen meat, poultry, and seafood products, as well as on fruits and vegetables. The present study monitors the antimicrobial effects of Cajun Prairie plants on the growth and survival of E. coli 0157:H7 and L. monocyotgenes. The antimicrobial activity was initially compared to the activity of Old World plants and then tested in ground meat and salad. Methods Strains of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 employed in this study were isolated in our laboratory from meat and meat products. Listeria monocytogenes (American Type Culture Collection) ATCC 7 cultures were used in this study. The plants (see Table 1) were either purchased and grown (Old World plants) or collected in restored prairie (native) in the Cajun Prairie Gardens of the first author (Vidrine et ale 2003). Names of all the plants used follow the nomenclature (scientific and common names) used in the USDA PLANTS database (NRCS 2007). Table 1- Scientific and Common Names of Old World and Native plants. Old World plants: Anethum graveolens (dill) Foeniculum vulgare (fennel/sweet fennel) Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) Tulbaghia violacea (society garlic/wild garlic) Native prairie plants : Monarda flstulosa (bergamontlwild bergamont) Monarda lindheimeri (Lindheimer's bee balm) Monarda punctata (spotted bee balm/horsemint) Pycnanthemum tenuifolium (narrowleafmountain mint) Pycnanthemum albescens (whiteleaf mountain mint) Pycnanthemum muticum (clustered mountain mint) Solidago odora (sweet goldenrod) Nothoscordum bivalve (crowpoisonlfalse garlic) The herbs were ground and 100-140 grams ofthe fmal mass were mixed 1:1 with distilled water in a spherical flask. A continuous steam distillation extraction head was attached to the flask. The oil was collected after steam distillation for approximately 1 hour over a heating unit and stored at 4°C. These products were then used in two sets ofexperiments. In the first set of experiments, six levels (1.0,2.0,4.0,6.0, 8.0, and 10.0%) of essential oil of each of the 12 herbs were transferred into MSA. All MSA plates were inoculated with 0.1 ml of serial dilutions of E. coli 0157:H7 and incubated at 3t>C for 24 hours. In a second set ofexperiments, ground beef (80% lean, 20% fat) was mixed with (1.0,2.0,4.0,6.0, and 8.0%) essential oils ofwhiteleaf mountain mint, crowpoison; sweet basil, and dill. The mixture was mixed thoroughly for 2 minutes. E. coli 0157:H7 then was added to these mixtures, and the samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. After incubation, the viable cell count (colony forming units (CFU)) of E. coli 0157:H7 in each mixture was determined by spread-plating on MSA plates followed by incubation at 3t>C for 24 hours. MacConkey Sorbitol Agar (MSA) was the solid medium used to test the effects of herbs on the growth of E. coli 0157:H7. The controls were either MSA without herb extracts or ground beef without herb extracts. We used 80% lean and 20% fat ground meat in this study. Direct enumeration ofliving cells was performed by direct plating technique (viable count method). Petri dishes for agar diffusion studies were filled with 10 ml of agar broth and inoculated with L. monocytogenes. Paper discs (6mm in diameter) were immersed in the oil solutions of various concentrations (0 J.1g,2.5 J.1g, 3.0 J.1g, 4.0 J.1g, and 5.0 JIg) and placed onto a cultured petri dish. The petri dishes were incubated for 24-48 hours at 37°C. The zone ofinhibition was then measured. The effectiveness ofthe essential oil is demonstrated by the size ofthe zone of L. monocytogenes growth inhibition around the disc. A loop full of stock culture of L. monocytogenes was inoculated in 10 ml Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) media and incubated in a shaking incubator at 200 rev/min overnight at 37°C. From this overnight culture, 1.0 ml was pipetted into a sterile micro centrifuge tube and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 13,000 rpm. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was re-suspended with Iml of 0.1 % sterile phosphate buffer solution. This procedure was repeated two more times. One hundred microliters (JJ.1) ofdesired initial inoculum was applied to a 109 sample ofsalad. The cells were spread over the surface of the salad sample by using a sterile glass rod. Samples of 50:50 ethyl alcohol and distilled water along with 1.0 ml ofessential oil for each ofthe five herbs were added to the surface ofthe sample salads at levels of0 flg, 400 flg, and 800 J.1g. The samples were incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. Each sample was macerated in 90 ml ofsterile 0.1 % peptone water using a stomacher. Serial dilutions of 10-2 and 10-6 ofeach sample were made using sterile 0.1 % peptone water. Spread plates were made ofeach sample using BHI agar, and all plates were placed in an incubator for 30 hours at 37°C. Plates with CFUs between 25 and 300 were utilized to calculate the CFU/gram for each sample. RESULTS Effects of oils on Escherichia in MSA media The essential oils ofplants demonstrated significant effects (p< .0001) against E. coli 0157:H7 as indicated by changes in the viable counts (Fig. 1). The essential oils of all the native mint plants have the highest antagonistic effects inhibiting the growth of bacteria at 2% and higher. Although the essential oils of sweet goldenrod, society garlic, dill, fennel, and sweet basil showed some inhibitory effects by reducing the initial number of bacteria, they were obviously less effective than the mints and crowpoison (p< .0001). Figure 1. The effects of essential oils at different concentrations on viable cell counts (CFU/ml) of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 on MSA. A. Control. B. Sweet goldenrod, fennel, sweet basil and dill. C. Society garlic and crowpoison. D. All the mints (Monarda spp. and Pycnanthemum spp.). a(l) t-4I.~A am · B 7.00 --- 6.00 ...3 4.00 m5~ .. 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 c J . - - - -..........- ............... D.a= :;= ;:= .t!: =:;~_- . , 1 2 4 8 CDI_JInIltan of 011 (IIIIIiIII) 8 10 Effects of oils on Escherichia in ground beef In ground beef, the results showed that whiteleaf mountain mint and crowpoison had significant inhibitory effect (p< .0001), limiting the growth of bacteria to 6.2 log CFU/g, 7.2 log CFU/g, 4.2 log CFU/g , 6.8 log CFU/g, 2.00 log CFU/g, and 4.2 log CFU/g, at 4%, 6%, and 8% levels of essential oil, respectively (Fig. 2). Meanwhile, sweet basil and dill at 8% level showed significant reduced the growth of bacteria to 7.00 log CFU/g and 7.10 log CFU/g. Figure 2. The effects of essential oils at different concentrations on viable cell counts (CFU/ml) of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in ground beef at 37°C after 24 hours ofincubatioD. A. Dill and sweet basil. B. Crowpoison. C. Clustered mountain mint. 9,(1) aID 7..00 8.00 i "!i 5.00 j 400 ~ 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 &.fII1 1 2 .. 8 8 eon•• tblllion of Oft (..I11III) Effects of oils on Listeria in agar diffusion With the Agar Diffusion Method and a viable plate count, all ofthe essential oils exhibited antimicrobial activity on L. monocytogenes (Table 2). Crowpoison had the highest inhibitory effectiveness on growth of L. monocytogenes as indicated by the size ofthe zone ofgrowth inhibition around the disc. Bergamont and spotted bee balm showed the least inhibitory effects. This method is the most widespread technology ofantimicrobial activity assessment Table 2. Inhibitory effects ofvarious levels ofessential oils on the growth of L monocytogenes, using Diffusion Method Assay. Inhibition is estimated by the relative width ofthe inhibition zones in a range of '0-3' with '0' indicating 'no inhibition' and '3' indicating 'maximum inhibition.' Concentration of Plant's Essential Oil )g~( o 119 2.5 119 3.0 1J9 P. tenuifolium o P. mutacum M. fistulosa M. punctata N. bivalve o o o o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Essential Oil 4.0 1J9 5.0 P9 10.0 pg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 Effects of oils on Listeria in salad samples The bactericidal activity ofthe essential oil fraction in herbs was tested using salad samples. Crowpoison and clustered mountain mint showed strong bactericidal effects at the concentrations of 400 and 800 ppm (Table 3). On the other hand, the other mints showed only moderate inhibition. Table 3. Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in salad samples inoculated with five different essential oil extracts. CFU/G (Initial CFU of L. molJocytogenes applied to salad = 4.80 x 10~ Essential Oil o ppm 400 ppm 800 ppm P. tenuifolium 2.9 x 1010 9.6 x 106 8.2 x 106 P. mutacum 2.9 X 1010 3.8 X 105 2.0 X 105 M. fistulosa 2.9 X 1010 8.7 X 106 4.2 X 106 M. punctata 2.9 X 1010 8.5 X 106 4.9 X 106 N. bivalve 2.9 X 1010 2.9 X 105 1.8 X 105 DISCUSSION The main constituents of essential oils are responsible for the fragrant and biological properties of herbs. The inhibitory effect of essential oil against food-borne bacteria has been reported in microbiological media and in real food (Al-Dujaili and Vidrine 2008). Dry plant powders and essential oils have been used against E. coli 0157:H7 in earlier studies (Al-Dujaili and Vidrine 2008). In the MSA, native mints killed the bacteria completely, and crowpoison killed 95% of bacteria population. However, other herbs, including sweet goldenrod and Old World species, only moderately reduced the bacterial population in SMA. In ground beef, four selected herb essential oil extracts were tested. Whiteleaf mountain mint killed up to 80%, crowpoison killed up to 60%, and dill and sweet basil killed up to 400/0 (Al-Dujaili and Vidrine 2008). The results of the two sets of experiments clearly suggest that native plants from the Cajun Prairie are at the very least equal to if not better than their Old World species at inhibiting growth of the bacterium E. coli 0157:H7. The results ofadditional experiments indicate that the essential oils also inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. In agar diffusion and salad, crowpoison and clustered mountain mint exhibited the greatest inhibition. We achieved very high levels ofinhibition with the oils in specialized media in controlled experiments, but somewhat less inhibition in the more complex mini-ecosystems ofground meat and salad. These results confinn those ofother authors (Al-Dujaili and Vidrine 2008), but do not reduce the potential ofthese oils in food preselVationlprotection. These collective results indicate a potential for these native plantslherbs to be used in the food and medical industry. Further investigation needs to be done to identify the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics ofthese herbs and their oils. The future roles ofthese plants in public health are intriguing. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Miranda Doucette and Charlotte LaVergne assisted in the projects. Undergraduate Summer Research Institute (DRSI) and the LSUE Foundation contributed materials and support for the conduct of this research. We thank S. Renee Robichaux for critically reading the manuscript. This research was initiated as a result ofthe comment by Charles Allen that the smell of whiteleaf mountain mint reminded him of his grandmother's (Mamie Carter Allen) sausage indicating that she used this mint as a preservative in her meat. LITERATURE CITED AI-Dujaili, J. S. and M. F. Vidrine. 2008. Antimicrobial activity of Cajun Prairie herbs on the growth of pathogenic bacteria in foods. Proc. 20th North American Prairie Conference (2002). (in press). Kalemba, D. and A. Kunicka. 2003. Antibacteria and antifungal properties ofessential oils. Current Medicinal Chemistry 10: 813-829. NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service). 2007. PLANTS database. U. S. Department of Agriculture, accessed in August 2007 at: http://plants.usda.gov/. Seaberg, A.C., R. G. Labbe, and K. Shetty. 2003. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by elite clonal extracts oforegano (Origanum vulgare). Food BioTechnol. 17(2): 129-149. Vidrine, M. F., G. J. Quillman-Vidrine, D. J. Vidrine, and C. E. Vidrine. 2003. The Cajun Prairie Gardens: Demonstrations of sustainable landscaping in southwestern Louisiana pp. 95-99. IN: S. Fore, 00. Proc. 18th North American Prairie Conference: Promoting Prairie (2002). Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press. 256pp. • Ie • tl 5 Dogwood Trails Plant List Woody Plants: Acermbrum Acer sacharinum Aesculus pavia Alnus serruJata i\.raiJia spinosa Aronia arbutifolia Asimina trilo ba Betula nigra Callicarpa Americana Carpinus caroliniana Carya cordifonnis Carya tomentosa Cephalanthus occidentalis Cercis Canadensis Chionanthus virginicus Comus florida Crataegus brachycantha Crataegus marshalii Crataegus opaca Cyrilla racemiflora Euonyrnous Americana Fagus grandifolia Fraxinis pensylvatica Halesia diptera Hamamelis virginica Ilex opaca Ilex vomitoria Itea virginiana Juniperus virginiana Liquidambar styraciflua Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia virginiana Morusrubra Myrica cerifera Ostrya virginiana Persea borhonia Pinus echinata Pinus palustrus Red Maple .Sugar Maple Red Buckeye Hazel Alder Devil's Walking Stick Chokecherry DwarfPawpa,,' River Birch American Beautyberry Hornbeam Bitternut Hickory Mockernut Hickory Common Buttonbush Eastern Redbud Fringetree Flowering Dogwood Blueberry Hawthorn Parsley Ha\vthom May Ha\vthom Leatherwood Strawberry Bush American Beech GreenAsb Two-winged Silverbell WitchHazeJ American Holly' Yaupon Virginia Sweetspire Eastern Redcedar Sweetgum Southern Magnolia Sweetbay Magnolia Red Mulberry Wax Myrtle Hophombeam Red Bay Shortleaf Pine LongleafPine Pinus taeda Platanus occidentalis Pnmus mexicana Lobloly Pine Prunus serrotina Black Cherry Sycamore Mexican Plum Quercus alba Quercus michauxii Quercus phellos Rhamnas caroJiniana Rhododendron canescens Rhododendron oblongifolia White Oak Swamp Chestnut Oak Water Oak Willow Oak Carolina Buckthorn Piedmont Azalea White Azalea Rhus copallina Shining Sumac Sabal minor Palmetto Sasafras American SnowbeJ] Horse Sugar Bald Cypress Winged Elm American Elm Arrowood Viburnum Rustyblackhaw Viburnum Quercus nigra Sassafras albidum Styrax Americana Symplocos tinctoria Taxodium distichum Ulmus alata Ulmus Americana Viburnum dentatum Viburnum rufidulum Herbaceous Plants Arisaema dracontium Arisaema quinatum Tradescantia hirsutiflora Lilium michauxii Erythronium rostratum Polygonatum biflorum Hypoxis hirsute Habenaria clavellata CoralJorhiza wisteriana Claytonia virginica Podophyllum peltafum Cardamine bulbosa Oxalis violacea Viola walteri Monotropa unitlora Gelsemium sempervirens Asclepias variegata Salvia lyrata Penstemon laxiflorus Bignonia capreoJata Campsis radicans Epifagus virginiana Ruellia nuditlora Mitchella repens Green Dragon Five Leaved Jack-in-the-pulpit Hairy-flowered Spiderwort Carolina Lily Trout Lily Great Solomon Seal Yellow Star-grass Green Rein Orchid Spring Coral Root Spring Beaut}r May Apple Spring Cress Wood Sorrel Walter's Violet Indian Pipe Carolina jessamine White Flowered Milkweed Lyre-leaf Sage Loose.. .flowered Penstemon Cross-vine Trumpet-creeper Beech-drops Violet Ruellia Partridge Berry Lonicera sempervirens Wahlenbergia marginata Chasmanthium Polystichum acrosticoides Thelyteris kunthii Coral Honeysuckle Wahlenbergia Inland Sea Oats Christmas Fern WoodFem Pitcher Plant Trail Plant List Herbaceaus Plants Aletris aurea Allium canadense Asclepias viridis Ascyrum hypericoides Ascyrum stans Bartonia verna Bigelowia virgata Buchnera Americana Calapogon pulchellus Calopogon barbatus Centel1a asiatica Dichromena latifolia Drosera annua Duchesnea indica Eriocaulon decangulare Eupatorium hyssopifolium Gentiana saponaria Habenaria nivea Habeneria ciliaris Helianthus angustifolia Hypericum fasciculatum Hypericum mutiJum Hyptis alata Liatris pycnostachya Lobelia flaccidifolia Ludwigia hirtella Marshallia tenuifolia Mayaca aubletii Colic Root Wild Onion Antelope Horn St. Andrew's Cross St. Peter's Wort Spring Bartonia Slender Bigelowia American Bluehearts Grass"pink Bearded..Grass.-pink Spadeleaf White Top Sedge Annual Sundew Indian ~)IrebwatS Ten Angle Pipewort Hyssop-leaved Eupatorium Bottle..gentian Snowy Orchid Yellow Fringed Orchid Swamp Sunflower Sand-Weed Small Flowered St. John's Wort Desert-Lavender Kansas Gay Feather Soft-leaved Lobelia Spindle-root Barbara's Buttons Bogrnoss Sabatia gentianoides Sagittaria graminea False garlic Cinnamon Fern Royal Fern Fro gfruit False Dragonhead Rose Pogonia Batchelor's Button Yellow Savannah Milkwort Meadow Beauty Common Meadow ~)tuaeB Rose-pink Pine-woods Rose-gentian Grassy arrowhead Sarracenia alata Pitcher-Plant Nothoscordum bivalve Osmunda cinnamonum Osmunda regalis Phyla incisa Physostegia digitalis Pogonia ophioglossiodes Polygala nana Polygala ramose Rhexia petiolata Rhexia virginica Sabatia angularis Schoenolirion croceum Yellow Swmy Bell Rough Skullcap Scutellaria integrifolia Scuttelaria ovata Egg-leaf Skullcap Sisyrinchium pruinosum Sisyrinchium sagittiferum Spiranthes vernalis Stacbys floridana Tofieldia racemosa Dotted Blue-Eyed Grass BJue-Eyed Grass Spring Ladies' Tresses Hedge-nettle Sticky Tofieldia . Viola lanceolata Viola primulifolia Xyris ambigua Lance-Leaved Violet Primrose.. leafed Viola Yellow-eyed Grass Woody Plants CaUicarpa Americana Cyrilla racemiflora Hamamelis virginiana American Beautyberry Swamp Titi Leatherwood Witch Hazel Staggerbush Lyonia Sweetbay Magnolia Lyonia mariana Magnolia virginiana Myrica cerifera Wax Myrtle Nyssa sylvatica Pinus taeda Rhododendron oblongifolia Vaccinium arkansanum Black Gum Lobloly Pine White Azalea Arkansas Blueberry Nacogdoches Area Tour Dr. Dave Creech Stephen F. Austin State University P.O. Box 13000-SFA Station ~acogd ches, 1]( 75962-3000 Preliminary Checklist of the Vascular Plants of The Pineywoods Native Plant Center, Nacogdoches County, Texas Spring Flora March 27 & 28 1999 Singhurst J.R., M. Norman, and H. Gaylord Singhurst, Nonnan, and Gaylord (1999) base this checklist of the vascular plants Tucker Estate on reports and excursions on the property. Nomenclature follows Correll and Johnston (1970) and Johnston's update (1990). Common names follow Correll and Johnston or Hatch et ale (1990). The list is intended to document the species present immediately prior to PNPC development. Additions to this checklist are anticipated and in the absence of voucher specimens, this list should not be considered authoritative. CONIFERS CUPRESSACEAE CYPRESS FAMILY Juniperus virginiana eastern red cedar PINACEAE PINE FAMILY Pinus taeda Pinus echinata loblolly pine shortleaf pine TAXODIACEAE TAXODIUM FAMILY Taxodium distichum bald cypress FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES ASPLENIACEAE SPLEENWORT FAMILY Asplenium platyneuron ebony spleenwort DENNSTAEDTIACEAE BRACKEN FERN FAMILY tailed bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum Botrychium dissectum Botrychium virginianum ADDER'S TONGUE FERN FAMILY lace frond grape fern rattlesnake fem POLYPODIACEAE POLYPODY FERN FAMILY OpmOGLOSSACEA Anthrinum felix-femina Polypodium plypodioides downy maiden fern resurrection fern scmZAEACEAE CLIMBING FERN FAMILY Lygodium japonicum Japanese climbing fern WOODSIACEAE CLIFF FERN FAMILY Onoclea sensibilis Woodsia obtusa sensitive fern blunt lobed cliff fern FLOWERING PLANTS ACANTHACEAE ACANTHUS FAMILY Ruellia humilis low ruellia ACERACEAE MAPLE FAMILY Acer negundo Acer saccharum Acerrubrum boxelder sugar maple red maple AIZOACEAE CARPETWEED FAMILY Mullugo verticillata Indian chickweed AMARANTHACEAE AMARANTH FAMILY Amaranthus sp. amaranth ANACARDIACEAE SUMAC FAMILY Rhus aromatica Rhus glabra Rhus toxicodendron fragrant sumac smooth sumac poison ivy ANNONACEAE CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY Asimina triloba pawpaw APIACEAE CARROT FAMILY Cicuta maculata Hydrocotyle verticillata Sanicula canadensis water hemlock whorled pennywort Canada sanicle AQUIFOLIACEAE HOLLY FAMILY Ilex opaca Ilex decidua Ilex vomitoria American holly deciduous holly yaupon holly ARACEAE ARUM FAMILY Arisaema dracontium Arisaema triphyllum green dragon jack-in-the-pulpit ARALIACEAE Aralia spinosa Hedrahelix GINSENG FAMILY Devil's walking stick English ivy (introduced) AREACEAE Sabal minor PALM FAMILY dwarf palmetto ARISTILOCHIACEAE Aristolochia seperentaria BIRTHWORT FAMILY Virginia dutchman's pipe ASCLEPIADACEAE Matelea gonocarpa MILKWEED FAMILY milkweed vine ASTERACEAE Achillea millifolium Antennaria parlinii Aster patens Bidens sp. Chaetopappa asteroides Cirsium sp. Conyza canadensis Elephantopus tomentosus Erigeron strigosus Eupatorium capillifolium Eupatorium coelistinum Eupatorium sp. Gamochaeta purpureum Gnaphilium obtusifolium Helenium amarum Helianthus sp. Krigia caespitosa Krigia dandelion Lactuca ludoviciana Lactuca sp. Senecio obovatus Solidago auriculata Solidago sp. Soliva pterosperma Sonchus asper Taraxacum officinale Verbesina virginica Vemoniasp. SUNFLOWER FAMILY common yarrow (intoduced) pussytoes skydrop aster beggarticks common least daisy thistle horse weed conyza hairy elephant foot prairie fleabane dog fennel blue mist flower eupatorium greenleaf cudweed fragrant cudweed bitter sneezeweed sunflower weedy dwarf dandelion tuber dwarf dandelion wild lettuce wild lettuce golden groundsel clasping leaf goldenrod solidago lawn burweed spiny leaved sawthistle common dandelion frostweed ironweed BERBERIDACEAE BARBERRY FAMILY Nandina domestica Podophyllum peltatum nandina mayapple BETULACEAE BIRCH FAMILY Carpinus caroliniana Ostrya virginiana Betula nigra blue beech eastern hophombeam river birch BORAGINACEAE BORAGE FAMILY Myosotis macropsperma spring forget me not BRASSICACEAE MUSTARD FAMILY Capsella bursa-patoris Cardamine bulbosa Lepedium virginicum shepard's purse spring cress poor man's peppergrass CACTACEAE CACTUS FAMILY Opuntia stricta southern spineless cactus CAMPANULACEAE BLUEBELL FAMILY Lobelia cardinalis Triodanis perfoliata cardinal flower clasping Venus lookingglass CAPRIFOLIACEAE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Lonicera japonica Sambucus candensis Viburnum rufidulum Japanese honeysuckle common elderberry blackhaw viburnum CARYOPHYLLACEAE PINK FAMILY Cerastium brachypodum Cerastium glomeratum Sagina decumbens Spergula arvensis Stellaria media shortstalk chickweed clustered flowered chickweed pearlwort comspury common chickweed CISTACEAE ROCKROSEFAMILY Lechea mucronata Lechea tenuifolia hairy pinweed narrowleaf pinweed CLUSSIACEAE ST. JOHN'S WORT FAMILY Hypericum hypericoides Hypericum stans Hypericum walteri St. Andrew's cross St. Peterswort Walter's St. John's wort COMMELINACEAE SPIDERWORT FAMILY Commelina erecta Commelina virginica Tradescantia hirsutiflora erect dayflower Virginia dayflower hairy spiderwort CONVOLVULACEAE MORNING GLORY FAMILY Dichondra carolinensis ponyfoot CORNACEAE DOGWOOD FAMILY Comus florida Nyssa sylvatica black gum flowering dogwood CYPERACEAE SEDGE FAMILY Carex amphiloba Carex caroliniana Carex crus-corvi Carex sp. Carex sp. Cyperus esculentus Cyperus retrotlexus Eleocharis sp. Fimbristylis sp. Scirpus koilolepis Scirpus sp. amphibious sedge Carolina sedge crowfoot sedge sedge sedge yellow nutsedge oneflower flatsedge spikerush bullrush EBENACEAE Diospyrus virginiana common persimmon funbry small bullrush PERSIMMON FAMILY ERICACEAE HEATH FAMILY Vaccinium arboreum farkleberry EUPHORBACAE SPURGE FAMILY slender three seeded mercury three seeded mercury bull nettle Acalypha gracilens Acalypha ostrayefolia Cnidosculus texanus Croton capitatus Sapium sebiferum Tragia sp. wooly croton Chinese tallow tree nosebum FABACEAE LEGUME FAMILY Albizia julibrissin Cercis canadensis Chamaecrista fasiculata Desmodium sp. Desmodium sp. Galactia glabella mimosa tree red bud partridge pea beggar's ticks beggar's ticks downy milkpea Lespedeza sp. Trifolium campestre Trifolium incarnatum Trifolium repens Viccia caroliniana Viccia ludoviciana bush clover low hop clover crimson clover white clover Carolina vetch deer vetch FAGACEAE BEECH FAMILY whiteoak southern red oak overcupoak blackjack oak swamp chestnut oak water oak Nuttall oak willow oak shumard oak bottomland post oak post oak black oak Quercus alba Quercus falcata Quercus lyrata Quercus marilandica Quercus michauxii Qurcus nigra Quercus nuttallii Quercus phellos Quercus shumardii Quercus similis Quercus stellata Quercus velutina GERANIACEAE Geranium carolinianum GERANIUM FAMILY Carolina geranium HAMAMELIDACEAE Liquidambar styraciflua WITCH HAZEL FAMILY sweetgum IUPPOCASTANACEAE Aesculus pavia BUCKEYE FAMILY red buckeye IRIDACEAE Sisyrinchium exile IRIS FAMILY blue-eyed grass JUGLANDACEAE Carya cordifonnis Caryaovata Caryatexana Carya tomentosa Juglans nigra WALNUT FAMILY bitternut hickory shagbark hickory black hickory mockernut hickory black walnut LAMIACEAE Lamium amplexicaule Prunella vulgaris Scutellaria cardiophylla MINT FAMILY henbit common selfheal heartleaf skullcap LAURACEAE Sassafras albidum LAUREL FAMILY sassafras LILIACEAE Allium canadense Allium drummondii Camassia scilloides Erythronium albidum Hypoxis hirsuta Lilium michauxii Nothoscordum bivalve Polygonatum biflorum Smilax bona-nox Smilax glauca Smilax hispida Smilax laurifolia Smilax rotundifolia Yucca louisianensis LILY FAMILY Canada garlic Drummond's onion wild hyacinth white trout lily common goldenstar Carolina lily false garlic Solomon's seal saw greenbriar cat greenbriar bristly greenbriar laurel greenbrar common greenbriar Louisiana yucca LOGANIACEAE Gelsemium sempervirens Polypremum procumbens LOGONIAFAMILY Carolina jessamine juniper leaf MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia grandiflora MAGNOLIA FAMILY southern magnolia MALVACEAE Modiola caroliniana Sida rhombifolia MALLOW FAMILY modiola diamondleaf mallow MENISPERMACEAE Cocculus carolinus MOONSEED FAMILY Carolina snailseed MORACEAE Morusrubra Maclura pomifera MULBERRY FAMILY red mulberry Bois d'arc MYRICACEAE Myrica heterophylla WAXMYRTLE FAMILY waxmyrtle OLEACEAE Fraxinus americana Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ligustrum sinense OLIVE FAMILY white ash green ash Chinese privet ONAGRACEAE EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY Ludwegia sp. Oenothera laciniata Oenothera speciosa seedbox cutleaf evening primrose showy evening primrose OXALIDACEAE WOOD SORREL FAMILY Oxalis dillenii Oxalis violacea yellow wood sorrel violet wood sorrel PAPAVERACEAE POppy FAMILY Corydalis micrantha Sanguinaria canadensis scrambled eggs bloodroot PASIFLORACEAE PASSION FLOWER FAMILY Passitlora lutea yellow passion flower PHRYMACEAE LOPSEED FAMILY Phryma leptostachya lopseed PHYTOLACACCEAE POKEWEED FAMILY Phytolacca americana pokeweed PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago lanceolata PLANTAIN FAMILY English plantain POACEAE GRASS FAMILY Andropogon glomeratus Andropogon virginicus Arundinaria gigantea Brizaminor Chasmanthium latifolium Chasmanthium sessiliflorum Cynodon dactylon Digitaria ciliaris Elymus virginicus Melica mutica Oplismenus hirtellus Panicum sp. Panicum sp. Paspalum urvillei Poaannua Stenotaphrum secundatum Stipa leucotricha Tridens flavus bushy bluestem broomsedge bluestem switch cane little quaking grass broadleaf chasmanthium sessile flowered chasmanthium Bermuda grass southern crabgrass Virginia wildrye twoflower melic basketgrass panicum panicum vaseygrass annual bluegrass St. Augustine grass Texas wintergrass purple top PLANTANACEAE Plantanus occidentalis PLANE TREE FAMILY sycamore POLEMONIACEAE Phlox pilosa PHLOX FAMILY downy phlox POLYGONACEAE Polygonum sp. Rumex hastatulus KNOTWEED FAMILY Smartweed heartwing dock PORTULACACEAE Claytonia virginica PURSLANE FAMILY spring beauty RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus sp. BUITERCUPFAMILY buttercup BUCKTHORN FAMILY RHAMNACEAE Berchemia scandens Rhamnus caroliniana Albama supplejack Carolina buckthorn ROSEACEAE Agrimonia microcarpa Crataegus marshallii Crataegus spathulata Duchesni indica Geum canadense Prunus caroliniana Prunus mexicana Prunus serotina Rosa multiflora Rubus trivalis ROSE FAMILY slender agrimony parsley hawthorn pasture haw Indian strawberry white avens Carolina cherry laurel Mexican plum black cherry Japanese rose southern dewberry RUBIACEAE Diodia teres Diodia virginiana Galium aparine Hedyotis crassifolia Mitchella repens MADDER FAMILY rough buttonweed Virginia buttonweed catcweed bedstraw small bluets partridge pea CITRUS FAMILY RUTACEAE Zanthoxylum clava-herculis prickly ash SALICACEAE Salix nigra Populus deltoides WILLOW FAMILY black willow eastern cottonwood SAPOTACEAE Bumelia lanuginosa SAPODILLA FAMILY woolybucket bumelia SAXIFRAGACEAE Lepuropetalon spathulatum SAXIFRAGE FAMILY lepuropetalon SCROPHORULACEAE Castilleja indivisa Veronica peregrina FIGWORT FAMILY Texas Indian paintbrush purslane spedwell SOLANACEAE Physalis sp. Solanum carolinense NIGHTSHADE FAMILY ground cherry Carolina horse nettle TILIACEAE Tilia americana LINDEN FAMILY American basswood ULMACEAE Celtis Iaevigata Ulmus americana Ulmus crassifolia Ulmusrubm ELM FAMILY Texas sugarberry American elm cedar elm slippery elm URTICACEAE Boehmeria cylindrica Urtica chamaedryoides NETTLE FAMILY false nettle heartleaf nettle V ALERIANACEAE Valerianella radiata VALERIAN FAMILY beaked cornsalad VERBENACEAE Callicarpa americana Phyla lanceolata Verbena officinale VERVAIN FAMILY American beautyberry northern frog fruit Texas verbena VIOLACEAE Viola rafinesquii Viola walteri Viola sp. VIOLET FAMILY field pansy Walter's violet violet VITACEAE Ampelopsis arborea Parthenocissus quinquefolia Vitis aestivalis Vitis mustangensis Vitis rotundifolia GRAPE FAMILY peppervine Virginia creeper summer grape mustang grape muscadine grape Partial Plant List for Ivy Payne Wildlife Refuge Elkhart, Texas Major contributors - Sonnia Hill, Kay Fleming, Heinz Gaylord - Additional contributions Jason Singhurst, Walter Holmes, Ron and Ruth Loper, and David Bezanson FORBS: Botanical Name Acalypha gracilens Achillea millefolium Allium canadense Ambrosia artemisifolia Ambrosia trifidia Antennaria fallax Argemone albiflora Arisaema dracontium Arisaema triphyllum Arnoglossum ovatum Asclepias tubersoa Asclepias variegata Asclepias verticillata Asclepias viridiflora Asperula arvensis Aster ericoides Aster patens Aster pilosus Aster subulatus Aster texanus Astragalus distortus Baptisia nuttalliana small Bidens aristosa Boehmeria cylindrica Cacalia ovata Callirhoe papaver (Cav.) Gray Cardamine bulbosa Castilleja indivisa Chamaecrista fasciculate Chamaecrista nictitanus Chamaesyce maculata (L) Cirsium carolinianum (walt.) Cirsium horridulum michx. Cnidoscolus texanus Commelina erecta L. Corallorrhiza wisteriana Conrad Common Name Copper Leaf Common Yarrow Wild Onion Common Ragweed Giant Ragweed Pussytoes Prickly-poppy Green Dragon Jack-in-the Pulpit Lance-leaf Indian Plantain Butterfly Weed White-flowered milkweed Whorled Milkweed Green Antelope-hom Milkweed Woodruff Heath Aster Purple daisy White-heath aster Annual aster Texas Aster Bent-pod milk-vetch Cream False Indigo Beggarticks Bog Hemp Indian Plantain Winecups Springcress Indian Paintbrush Partridge Pea Sensitive Partridge Pea Spotted Euphorbia Purple Thistle Yellow ThistlelBull Thistle Texas bull-nettle Erect Dayflower Spring Coral Root Orchid Coreopsis lanceolata Lance Leaf Coreopsis Coreopsis tinctoria Corydalis micrantha Croptilon divaricatum Croton capitatus Plains Coreopsis Southern CorydalislButter and Eggs Slender Golden Weed Goatweed Croton texensis Delphinium carolinianum Desmodium nudiflorum Desmodium paniculatum Diodia virginiana Echinacea sanguinea Nutt Elephantopus carolinianus Erigeron philadelphicus L. Erythronium albidum Eupatorium capillifolium Eupatorium coelestinum Eupatorium album L. * Eupatorium fistulosum Euphorbia dentata Froelichia floridana Galium pilosum Ait. Gaura longiflora Geum canadense Glandularia canadense (L.) Hedyotis nigricans Hedyotis crassifolia Hedyotis australis Helenium flexuosum Helianthus hirsutus Heterotheca submaxillaris Hymenocallis liriosme Hymenopappus artemisi Hypericum drummondi Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Indigofera miniata Ipomopsis rubra Krigia dandelion Kummerowia striata Lespedeza repens Lespedeza virginica Liatris aspera Linaria canadensis Listera australis Lithospermum incisum Lithospermum caroliniense Lobelia cardinalis Lobelia inflata Malvaviscis arboreus Mitchella repens Monotropa uniflora Nemastylis geminiflora Nemastylis purpurea Northoscrodum bivalve Texas Croton Blue Larkspur Bare Stem Ticktrefoid Panicled Desmodium Button Weed Purple coneflower Elephant's Foot Philadelphia Fleabane White Trout Lily Dog Fennel Blue Mist Flower White Boneset Joe-Pye Weed Wild Poinsettia Cotton Weed Bedstraw Tall Gaura Prairie Smoke Rose Vervain Prairie Bluets Small Bluets Southern Bluets Purple Head Sneeze Weed Sunflower Golden Aster Spider Lily Wooly white St. John's Wort St. Andrew's Cross Yellow Star Gras Scarlet Pea Standing Cypress Potatoe Dandelion Japanese Lespedeza Creeping Bush Clover Slender Bush Clover Rough Gay Feather Old-Field Toad Flax Southern Tway-Blade Orchid Fringed Puccoon Golden Puccoon Cardinal Flower Indian Tobacco Texas Mallow/Turk's Cap Partridge Berry Indian Pipe Celestial or Ghost Iris Purple Pleat-Leaf Iris False Garlic Oneothera speciosa Opuntia humifosa Oxalis pricea Oxalis rubra Oxalis violacea Palafoxia rosea Penstemon cobea Penstemon laxiflorus PWox drummondi Phlox pilosa Podophyllum peltatum L Polygala polygama Polypremum procumbems Prunella vulgaris Pycnanthemum albescens Ranunculus carolinianus Ratibidia columnifera Rhus aromatica Rhynchosia latiflolia Rhynchosia minima Rudbeckia hirta Rudbeckia grandiflora Ruellia humilis Ruellia pedunculata Sabatia angularis Sabatia campestris Salvia lyrata Sanicula canadensis Saururuscemuus L. Scutellaria cardiophylla Scutellaria integrifolia Scutellaria ovata Senecio glabellus Senecio sp Sida spinosa Solanum carolinense Solanum dimidatum Solanum elaegnifolium Solidago canadensis Spiranthes cemua Spiranthes vernalis Stylosanthes biflora Taenidia integerrima * Tephrosia virginiana Thalictrum dasycarpum Tipularia discolor Tradescantia hirsutiflora Tralescantia ohioensis Tridodanis perfoliatia Showy Primrose Prickly Pear Cactus Yellow Wood Sorrel Woodsorrel Violet Wood Sorrel Rose Palafoxia Foxglove Piney Woods penstemon Drummond Phlox Prairie Phlox May Apple Bitter Milkwort Juniper Leaf "Heal All" or "Self Heal" Mountain Mint Carolina Buttercup Mexican Hat or Coneflower Aromatic Sumac Broad-Leaf Snout-bean Least-Snout Bean Brown-eyed Susan Rough Coneflower Wild Petunia Wild Petunia Rose Pink Sabatia Meadow Pink Lyre-Leaf Sage Black Snake Root Lizards Tail Heart-Leaf Skull Cap Rough Skullcap Egg-Leaf Skullcap Butterweed Groundsel Prickly sida White Nightshade Purple Nightshade Silver Nightshade Common Goldenrod Nodding Ladies Tress Orchid Spring Ladies Tress Orchid Pencil Flower Yellow Pimpernel Goat's Rue Meadow Rue Fall Crane Fly Orchid Hairy Spiderwort Ohio Spiderwort Venus' Looking Glass Triosteum perfoliatum * Verbascum thapsus Verbena brasiliensis Verbena halei Verbena rigida Verbensina virginica Vicia Caroliniana Viola palmata Viola pedata Viola rafmesquii Viola sororia Viola walteri Zigadenus nutallii Zizia aurea False Horse Gentian Common Mullein Brazilian vervain Texas Vervain Tuber Vervain Frost Weed Wood Vetch Trilobe violet Bird's Foot Violet Field Pansy Wooly Blue Violet Walter's violet Death Camas Golden Alexander Ferns Asplenium platyneuron Botrychium dissecta Botrychium virginianum Onoclea sensibilis Osmunda cinnamomea Polypodium polypodioides Polystichum acrostichoides Pteridium aquilinum Woodsia obtusa Woodwardia areolata Woodwardia virgincia Ebony Spleenwort Dissected Grape Fern Rattlesnake Fern Sensitive Fern Cinnamon Fern Resurrection Fern Christmas Fern BrackenFem Blunt-Lobed Woodsia Netted Chain Fern Virginia Chain Fern Grasses Androspogon gerardii Andropogon glomeratus Andropogon virginicus Bothriochloa laguroides Carex sp Chasmanthium laxum Chasmanthium latifolicem Lolium perenne L. Melilotus officinalis Oplismenus hirtellus Panicum dichantheliem Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum notatum Sorghum halepense Trifolium campestre Tridens flavus Trifolium pretense L. Tripsacum dactyloides Big Bluestem Bushy Bluestem Broomsedge Bluestem Silver Bluestem Carex Wood Oats Broadleaf Woodoats Rye Grass Yellow Sweet Clover Basket grass Panic Grass Paspalum/Dallas Grass Bahia Grass (non-native) Johnson Grass (non-native) Low Hop Clover Purple Top Red Clover Eastern Gammagrass Shrubs Arundinaria gigantea Baccharis halimifolia Callicarpa Americana Cephalanthhus occidentalis Euonymus americanus Ligustrum sinense Myrica cerifera Nandina domestica Sambucus canadensis Symphoricarpus orbiculata Trees Acer barbatum Acer negundo Acerrubrum Acer saccharium L. Albizia julibrissin Aralia spinosa Catalpa speciosa Carpinus caroliniana Carya alba (L.) Carya cordiformis Carya illinoiensis Carya rnyristiciformis Carya ovata Carya texana Celtis laevigata Cercis canadensis Chionanthus virginicus Comus florida Comus drummondi Crataegus marshallii Diospyros virginiana Frangula caroliniana Fraxinus americana Fraxinus Gleditsia triacanthos Ilex deciduas Ilex opaca Ilex vomitora Juglans nigra Juniperus virginiana Liquidamber styraciflua Liriodendron tulipifera Maclura pomifera Melia azedarach Morusrubra Nyssa aquatica Bamboo (Switch Cane) Sea Myrle American Beauty Berry or French Mulberry Buttonbush Strawberry Bush Chinese Privet/non-native Wax Mytrle Nandina(escaped non-native) Elderberry Snow Berry Florida Maple Box Elder Red Maple Sugar Maple Mimosa(non-native) "Devils Walking Stick" . Northern Catalpa American Hornbeam Mockernut Hickory Pig-Nut Hickory Pecan Nutmeg Hickory Shagbank Hickory Black Hickory Sugar Hackberry Eastern Redbud Fringe Tree Flowering Dogwood Rough-Leaf Dogwood Parsley Hawthorn Eastern Persimmon Carolina Buckthorn White Ash Green Ash Honeylocust Deciduous Holly American Holly Yaupon Black Walnut Eastern Red Cedar Sweetgum Yellow poplar Osage-Orange Chinaberry Red Mulberry Black Gum Nyssa Sylvatica Ostrya virginiana Pinus echinata Pinus taeda Platanus occidentalis Prunus angustifolia Prunus mexicana Prunus caroliniana Prunus serotina Quercus alba Quercus falcata Quercus lyrata Quercus marilandica Quercus nigra Quercus phellos Quercus shumardii Quercus stellata Rhus copallinum Rhus glabra Robinia pseudoacacia Salix nigra Sassafras albidum Sideroxylon lanuginosum Sophora affinis Ulmus americana Ulmus rubra Ulmus elata Ulmus crassifolia Vaccinium arborea Viburnum rufidulum Xanthoxylum clava Xanthoxylum hirsutum Black Tupelo Eastern Hophombean Short-Leaf Pine Loblolly Pine Sycamore Chickasaw Plum Mexican Plum Carolina Laurel Cherry Wild Black Cherry White Oak Southern Red Oak Overcup Ok Backjack Oak Water Oak Willow Oak Shumard Oak Post Oak Winged Sumac Smooth Sumac Black Locust Black Willow Sassafras Gum bumelia Eve' s Necklace American Elm Slippery Elm Winged Elm Cedar Elm Farkleberry Rusty Blackhaw Prickly Ash Toothache Tree Vines Ampelopsis arborea (L.) koehne Aristolochia reticulate Jacq. Aristolochia tomentosa Berchemia scandens Bignonia capreolata Campsis radicans Centrosema virginianum Clematis dioscoreifolia Clitoria mariana L. Cuscuta compacta Gelsemium sempervirens Ipomoea cordatotriloba Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Lonicera japonica Lonicera semperviren Pepper Vine Dutchman's Pipe Yellow Dutchman's Pipe Rattan Vine Crossvine Trumpet Creeper Butterfly Pea White Clematis Pigeon Wings Dodder Carolina Jessamine Heasrtshaped Morning Glory/Wild Potato Vine Japanese Honeysukle Coral Honeysuckle Matelea decipiens Matelea gonocarpos Parthenocissu quiquefolia Passiflora incarnata Passiflora lutea Rhus Toxicodenron Rubus argutus Rubus trivialis Smilax bona-nox Smilax glauca Smilax rotundiflora Smilax sarsapapilla Strophostyles helvula Vitis aestivalis Vitis mustangensis Vitis rotondifolia Wisteria frutescens * Rare or uncommon Climbing Milkvine Climbing Milkvine Virginia Creeper Passion Flower Yellow Passion Flower Poison Ivy Blackberry Southern Dewberry Saw Green Briar Cat Green Briar Common Greenbriar Sarsapanulla Vine Amberique Bean Summer Grape Mustang Grape Muscadine Kentucky Wisteria Yucca cernua Plant List by Eric Keith '.IQ~i - Acer rubrum ACERACEAE Rhus Rhus Sanicula IIex Sabal Asclepias copallina toxicodendron canadensis vomitoria minor tuberosa ANACARDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE APIACEAE AQUIFOLIACEAE ARECACEA ASCLEPIADACEAE red maple w.Rlng<"Qt:~6 i 1.g· yijcCa wing rib sumac poison ivy Canada sanicle yaupon holly Dwarf palmetto butterfly milkweed A$tm~ ' lIQ)". Pm ~',fi: gw Baccharis Coreopsis Echinacea Erigeron Iva Silphium Vernonia Campsis Heliotropium Lobelia Lonicera Viburnum Hypericum Cornus Nyssa Juniperus Diospyros Vaccinium Cercis Erythrina Gleditsia Quercus Quercus Quercus Aesculus Carya Sassafras Smilax Smilax Yucca Gelsemium Magnolia halimifolia lanceolata pallida stigosus angustifolia radula texana radicans tenellum appendiculata japonica dentatum hypercoides florida sylvatica virginiana virginiana arboreum canadensis herbacea tricanthos falcata nigra stellata glabra tomentosa albidum bona-nox smallii louisianensis sempervirens ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE BIGNONIACEAE BORAGINACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE CLUSIACEAE CORNACEAE CORNACEAE CUPRESSACEAE EBENACEAE ERICACEAE FABACEAE FABACEAE FABACEAE FAGACEAE FAGACEAE FAGACEAE HIPPOCASTANACEAE JUGLANDACEAE LAURACEAE LILIACEAE LILIACEAE LILIACEAE LOGANIACEAE eastern baccharis lance leaf coreopsis purple cone flower prairie fleabane narrowleaf sumpweed Pinus Pinus Pinus taeda echinata palustris PINACEAE PINACEAE PINACEAE Chasmanthium sessiliflorum POACEAE loblolly pine short-leaf pine long-leaf pine sessile flowered chasmanthium ·~ I{, :MIIML Texas ironweed trumpet creeper pasture heliotrope earleaf mayapple Japanese honeysuckle arrow wood viburnum St. Andrews cross flowering dogwood black gum eastern red cedar common persimmon farkleberry red bud coral bean honey locust southern red oak water ioak post oak Ohio buckeye mockernut hickory sassafras saw greenbriar Smalls greenbriar Louisiana yucca Carolina jessamine southern n'\~,.i"l Parl~'1m· fI,~le Schizacharium Crataegus Rubus Bumelia Penstemon Vitis Vitis scoparium marshallii louisianus lanuginosa laxiflorus aestivalis rotundifolia PQACEAE POACEAE ROSACEAE ROSACEAE SAPOTACEAE SCROPHULARIACEAE VITACEAE VITACEAE witY(\Nifg,gm$S little bluestem parsley hawthorn Louisiana blackberry woollybucket bumelia pink penstemon summer grape muscadine grape Scrappin' Valley Plant List by Eric Keith Acer Mollugo Froelichia Rhus Rhus Rhus Asimina Sanicula lIex Sabal Asclepias Asclepias Asplenium Ambrosia Baccharis Echinacea Erigeron Marshallia Rudbeckia rubrum verticillata floridana copallina toxicodendron vernix parviflora canadensis vomitoria minor amplexicaulis tuberosa platyneuron psilostachya halimifolia pallida stigosus tenuifolia R~.· '~tl s Silphium Vernonia Carpinus Ostrya Campsis Woodwardia Lobelia Viburnum Viburnum Hypericum Tradescantia Tradescantia Cornus Nyssa Juniperus Pteridium Diospyros Rhododendron Vaccinium Vaccinium Vaccinium Vaccinium Vaccinium Croton Cercis Erythrina Fagus ~ C3 i ? c:l radula texana caroliniana virginiana radicans' areolata appendiculata dentatum nudum hypercoides hirsutiflora reverchonii florida sylvatica virginiana aquilinum virginiana canescens amoenum arboreum elliottii stamineum virgatum argyranthemus canadensis herbacea grandifolia ACERACEAE AIZOACEAE AMARANTHACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANNONACEAE APIACEAE AQUIFOLIACEAE ARECACEA ASCLEPIADACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE ASPLENIACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE red maple Indian chickweed Florida snakecotton wing rib sumac poison ivy poison sumac dwarf pawpaw Canada sanicle yaupon holly Dwarf palmetto blunt leaf milkweed butterfly milkweed ebony spleenwort western ragweed eastern baccharis purple cone flower prairie fleabane marshallia rough coneflower ~ lgBI D: ~,:M n ~ ', ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE BETULACEAE BETULACEAE BIGNONIACEAE BLECHENACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMMELINACEAE COMMELINACEAE CORNACEAE CORNACEAE CUPRESSACEAE DENNSTAEDTIACEAE EBENACEAE ERICACEAE ERICACEAE ERICACEAE ERICACEAE ERICACEAE ERICACEAE EUPHORBIAACEAE FABACEAE FABACEAE FAGACEAE Texas ironweed blue beech eastern hophornbeam trumpet creeper netted chain fern earleaf mayapple arrow wood viburnum possumhaw viburnum St. Andrews cross hairy spiderwort Reverchon's spiderwort's flowering dogwood black gum eastern red cedar tailed bracken fern common persimmon hoary azalea largecluster blueberry farkleberry Elliot blueberry dewberry rabbiteye bleberry silver croton red bud coral bean American beech Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Hamamelis Liquidambar Aesculus Carya Physostegia Pycnantheum Sassafras Smilax Smilax Smilax Yucca Gelsemium Lycopodium Lycopodium Rhexia Mirabilis Osmunda Osmunda Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Andropogon falcata incana margaretta marilandica nigra stellata virginiana styraciflua glabra tomentosa digitalis albescens albidum bona-nox laurifolia smallii louisianensis sempervirens carolinianum prostratum mariana albida cinnamonea regalis taeda echinata elliottii palustris gerardii FAGACEAE FAGACEAE FAGACEAE FAGACEAE FAGACEAE FAGACEAE HAMAMELIDACEAE HAMAMELIDACEAE HIPPOCASTANACEAE JUGLANDACEAE LAMIACEAE LAMIACEAE LAURACEAE LILIACEAE LILIACEAE LILIACEAE LILIACEAE LOGANIACEAE LYCOPODIACEAE LYCOPODIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE OSMUNDACEAE OSMUNDACEAE PINACEAE PINACEAE PINACEAE PINACEAE POACEAE Chasmanthium Schizacharium Sorghastrum Crataegus Rubus Bumelia sessiliflorum scoparium elliottii marshallii louisianus lanuginC?sa POACEAE POACEAE POACEAE ROSACEAE ROSACEAE SAPOTACEAE sar ~i f~t lC Penstemon Selaginella Thelypteris Vitis Vitis Athyrium Xyris Xyris laxiflorus arenicola kunthii aestivalis rotundifolia filix-femina ambigua baldwiniana difformis ~ . eNJA¢~ SCROPHULARIACEAE SELAGINELLACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE VITACEAE VITACEAE WOODSIACEAE XYRIDACEAE XYRIDACEAE XYRIDACEAE southern red oak bluejack oak sand post oak blackjack oak water ioak post oak common witch hazel sweetgum Ohio buckeye mockernut hickory false draggonhead white bracted mountain mint sassafras saw greenbriar laurel greenbriar Smalls greenbriar Louisiana yucca Carolina jessamine Carolina clubmoss creeping clubmoss Maryland meadow beauty four 0' clock cinnamon fern royal fern loblolly pine short-'eaf pine slash pine long-leaf pine big bluestem sessile flowered chasmanthium little bluestem slender Indiangrass parsley hawthorn Louisiana blackberry woollybucket bumelia Y~J lt\R fiI~ : pink penstemon Sand selaginella widespread maiden fern summer grape muscadine grape southern lady fern yelloweyed grass Badwin's yellow eyed grass southe.~ . dey w~; ,J Matlock Hills & Colerow Creek Field Trips Joe Liggio COMMON NAME FAMILY red maple southern sugar chalk maple sugar maple red buckeye beaked agrimony hazel alder sicklepod devil's walkingstick green dragon jack-in-the-puIpit Virginia snakeroot Texas dutchman's pipe groovestem Indian plaintain giant cane redring milkweed pawpaw smallflower pawpaw ebony spleenwort common ladyfern Alabama supplejack cross vine smallspike false nettle sparselobe grapefern rattlesnake fern bearded shorthusk American beautyberry bulbous bittercress toothwort Willdenow's sedge fringed sedge white edge sedge slender woodland sedge black edge sedge sharpscale sedge flat-spiked sedge reflexed sedge lined sedge American hornbeam mockernut hickory bitternut hickory chinkapin sugarberry eastern redbud Indian woodoats Aceraceae Aceraceae Aceraceae Aceraceae Hippocastanaceae Roseaceae Betulaceae Brassicaceae Araliaceae Araliaceae Araceae Aristolochiaceae Aristolochiaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Asclepiadaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Aspleniaceae Dryopteridaceae Rhamnaceae Bignoniaceae Urticaceae Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossaceae Poaceae Verbenaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Betulaceae Juglandaceae Juglandaceae Fagaceae Ulmaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Matlock Hills (USFS-8ABA) Colorow Creek (SNF-SABA) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x(s) x x x x x x x(s) x x x x x x x x x(s) x x x x(s) x x x x x x x x(s) x x x x x x x x x x x longleaf woodoats fringe tree Virginia springbeauty swamp leather flower spring coraIroot flowering dogwood parsley hawthorne Iittlehip hawthorn wild comfrey Kentucky lady's slipper swamp titi nakedflower ticktrefoil sessileleaf ticktrefoil Bose's panicgrass deertongue Ravenel's rosette grass fourleaf yam wild yam spikerush elephant foot devil's grandmother beech drops redcardinal white trout lily yellow trout lily strawberry bush American beech white ash erect milkpea licorice bedstraw hairy bedstraw evening trumpetflower white avens spring avens American witchhazel Ozark witchhazel Carolina silverball queendevil American alumroot spiked crested coralroot spring spiderlily St. Andrew's cross American holly deciduous holly yaupon holly Georgia holly jewelweed purple fiveleaf orchid Virginia sweetspire veiny pea Carolina lily northern spicebush sweetgum Poaceae Oleaceae Portulacaceae Ranunculaceae Orchidaceae Cornaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Boraginaceae Orchidaceae Cyrillaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Cyperaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Orobanchaceae Fabaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Celastraceae Fagaceae Oleaceae Fabaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Loganiaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Hamamelidaceae Hamamelidaceae Styracaceae Asteraceae Saxifragaceae Orchidaceae Liliaceae Clusiaceae Aquifoliaceae Aquifoliaceae Aquifoliaceae Aquifoliaceae Balsaminaceae Orchidaceae Grossulariaceae Fabaceae Liliaceae Lauraceae Hamamelidaceae x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x(s) x x x x x x x x x x x x x(s) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x(s) x twayblade orchid tuberous stoneseed Japanese honeysuckle bulbous woodrush southern magnolia sweetbay green adder's-mouth orchid angularfruit milkvine twoflower melicgrass Florida Keys hempvine sharpwing monkeyflower partridgeberry Indianpipe red mulberry largeseed forget-rne-not wax myrtle crowposion blackgum Virginia pennywort basketgrass cinnamon fern royal fern eastern hop hornbeam tufted yellow woodsorrel roundleaf ragwort Virginia creeper green passion flower Canadian lousewort thicket bean broad beechfern downy phlox American lopseed shortleaf pine loblolly pine autumn bluegrass mayapple great solomon's seal jumpseed hairy leafcup Orchidaceae Boraginaceae Caprifoliaceae Juncaceae Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae resurrection fern Christmas fern tall rattlesnakeroot barbed rattlesnakeroot black cherry white oak southern red oak laurel oak chestnut oak chinquapin oak water oak willow oak Polypodiaceae Dryopteridaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Roseaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Orchidaceae Asclepiadaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Scrophulariaceae Rubiaceae Monotropaceae Moraceae Boraginaceae Myricaceae Liliaceae Nyssaceae Gentianaceae Poaceae Osmundaceae Osmundaceae Betulaceae Oxalidaceae Asteraceae Vitaceae Passifloraceae Scrophorulaceae Fabaceae Thelypteridaceae Polemoniaceae Verbenaceae Pinaceae Pinaceae Poaceae Berberidaceae Liliaceae Polygonaceae Asteraceae x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x(s) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x shummard oak Carolina buckthorn peidmont azalea Carolina wild petunia sabal palmetto Iyreleaf sage elderberry seaside brookweed bloodroot black snakeroot sassafras whip nutrush heartleaf skullcap widowsfrill fire pink white blue-eyed grass sawtooth greenbrier cat greenbrier roundleaf greenbriar lanceleaf greenbrier sasparilla vine carionflower bristly greenbrier blue-stem goldenrod clasping leaf goldenrod woodland pinkroot eastern featherbells American snowbell Grand snowbell Drummond's aster calico aster common sweetleaf yellow pimpernel purple meadow-rue parsnip American basswood craneflyorchid poison ivy hairyflower spiderwort heartleaf noseburn Sabine River wakerobin greater marsh St. Johnswort yellowfruit horse-gentian threebirds orchid American elm slippery elm perfoliate belwort sessileleaf belwort farkleberry Elliott's blueberry smallflower blueberry gravelweed Fagaceae Rhamnaceae Ericaceae Acanthaceae Arecaceae Lamiaceae Caprifoliaceae Primulaceae Papaveraceae Apiaceae Lauraceae Cyperaceae Lamiaceae Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae Iridaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Smilacaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Loganiaceae Liliaceae Styracaceae _ Styracaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Symplocaceae Apiaceae Ranunculaceae Apiaceae Tiliaceae Orchidaceae Anacardiaceae Commelinaceae Euphorbiaceae Liliaceae Clusiaceae Caprifoliaceae Orchidaceae Ulmaceae Ulmaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Ericaceae Ericaceae Ericaceae Asteraceae x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x(s) x x(s) x mapleleaf viburnum southern arrowwood possumhaw rusty blackhaw Carolina vetch sand violet southern coastal violet common blue violet prostrate blue violet muscadine grape bluntlobe cliff fern netted chainfern Caprifoliaceae Caprifoliaceae Caprifoliaceae Caprifoliaceae Fabaceae Violaceae Violaceae Violaceae Violaceae Vitaceae Dryopteridaceae Blechnaceae yellow bractspike golden zizia Acanthaceae Apiaceae x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Plant List for Weches Outcrop! Stewart Ranch PeterLoos P.o. Box 520 Chireno, TX 75937 Weches Outcrop 1. Water Oak, Quercus nigra 2. Chinkapin Oak, Quercus muhlenbergia 3. Lanceleaf Buckthorn, Rhamnus lanceolata 4. Wild Privet, Foresteria ligustrina 5. Rusty Blackhaw, Viburnum rufidulum 6. Eve's Necklace, Sophora affinis 7. Roughleaf Dogwood, Cornus drummondii 8. Red Buckeye, Aesculus pavia 9. Eastern Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana 10. Possumhaw Holly, Rex decidua 11. Youpon, Rex vomitoria 12. Hercules Club, Zanthoxylum clavaherculis 13. Green Haw, Crataegus virdis 14. Sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua 15. Locust, gledistia triacanthos 16. Wild Onion, Allium canadense 17. Windflower, Anemone Spa 18. Whorled Milkweed, Asclepias verticillata 19. Sundrops, Calylophus drummondianus 20. White Bladderpod, Lesquerella pallida 21. Gayfeather, Liatris mucronata 22. Beebalm, monarda citridora 23. Crow Posion, Nothoscordum bivalve 24. Showy Evening Primrose, Denothera speciosa 25. Palafoxia, Palafoxia rosea 26. Lyreleaf Sage, Salvia lyrata 27. Prairie Clover, Petelostemon pulcherrimum 28. Meadow Pink, Sabatia campestris 29. Sedum, Sedum pulchellum 30. False Aloe, Agave virginica 31. Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium spp. 32. Butterfly Weed, Asclepias tuberosa 33. Prairie Phlox, Phlox piloSIl 34. Larkspur, Delphinium Spa 35. Wild Petunia, Ruellia humilis 36. Wild Petunia, Ruellia pedunculata 37. Aster, Aster texanus 38. Aster, Aster subulatus 39. Lady's Tress, Spiranthes cernua 40. Heal All, Prunella vulgaris 41. Violet, Viola rojinesquii 42. Violet, Viola pratincola 43. Dock, Rumex pulcher 44. Senna, Cassia obtusifolia 45. Hedeoma, Hedeoma hispidum 46. Arkansas Savory, Satureja arkansana 47. Side Oats Grama, Boute/oua curtipendula 48. Quaking Grass, Briza minor 49. Beaked Panicum, Panicum anceps 50. Panicum, Panicum hallii 51. Sedge, Carex muhIenbergii 52. Dropseed, Sporobulus asper 53. Purpletop Grass, Tridensflavus 54. Peppergrass, Lepidium virginicum 55. Leavenworthia, Leavenworthia texana 56. Poa Grass, poa annua 57. Love Grass, Eragrostis hirsuta 58. 3 Awn Grass, Aristida spp. Stewart Ranch 1. Loblolly Pine, Pinus Taeda 2. Georgia Holly, Rex longipes 3. Rusty Blackhaw, Viburnum rufidulum 4. Possunhaw Viburnum, Viburnum nudum 5. Arrowwood Viburnum, Viburnum dentatum 6. Willow Oak, Quercus phellos 7. White Oak, Quercus alba 8. Overcup Oak, Quercus lyrata 9. Water Oak, Quercus nigra 10. Blueberry, Vaccinium anomeum 11. Deerberry, Vaccinium staninium 12. Farkleberry, Vaccinium arboreum 13. MapleleafViburnum, Viburnum acerifolia 14. Witch Hazel, Hamamelis virginiana 15. Sassafras, Sassafras albidium 16. Black Hickory, Carya texana 17. Mockernut Hickory, Carya tomentosa 18. Red Maple, Acer rubrum 19. Florida Sugar Maple, Acer barbatum 20. Paw Paw, Asimina triloba 21. Muscadine Grape, Vitis rotundifolia 22. American Holly, /lex opaca 23. Hop Tree/ Wafer Ash, Ptelea trifoliata 24. Green Ash, Fraxinus pennsylvatica 25. Youpon, Rex vomitoria 26. Hoary Azalea, Rhododendron canescens 27. Hazel Alder, Alnus serrulata 28. Southern Magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora 29. Sweetbay Magnolia, Magnolia virginiana 30. Beech, Fagus grandiflora 31. Blac~ Nyssa sylvatica 32. Strawberry Bush, Euonymous americana 33. Virginia Sweetspire, Itea virginica 34. Mayhaw, Crataegus opaca 35. Hawthorn, Crataegus sp. 36. Parsley Hawthorn, Crataegus marshallii 37. Sweetleaf: Symplocos tinctoria 38. Devil's walking Stick, Aralia spinosa 39. Palmetto, Sabal minor 40. Cat Briar, Smilax bona-nox 41. Cat Briar, Smilax laurelifolia 42. Cat Briar, Smilax pumila 43. Dogwood, Comusflorida 44. Swamp Privet, Foresteria acuminata 45. Royal Fern, Osmunda regalis 46. Cinnamon Fern, Osmunda cinnamonea 47. Elderberry, Sambucus canadensis 48. Crossvine, Bignonia capreolata 49. Red Buckeye, Aesculus pavia 50. Silverbell, Halesia diptera 51. Fringe Tree, Chionanthus virginiana 52. Ironwood, Carpinus caroliniana 53. Hop Hornbeam, Ostyra l'irginiana 54. Sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua 55. Sumac, Rhus copallina 56. Aromatic Sumac, Rhus aromatica 57. Indian Cherry, Rhamnus caroliniana 58. New Jersey Tea, Ceanothus americanus 59. Red Bay, Persea borbonia 60. Netted Chain Fern, Woodwardia areolata 61. Violet, Viola sp. 62. Walter's Violet, Viola walterii 63. Partridge Berry, Mitchella repens 64. Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis 65. Dewberry, Rubus sp. 66. Lady Fern, Athyriumfelix-ftmina 67. Bracken Fern, Pteridium aquilinum 68. Jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum 69. Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum biflorum 70. Wake Robin, Trillium gracile 71. Mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum 72. Southern Twayblade, Listera australis 73. Spring Coralroot, Corallorhiza wisteriana 74. Indian Pipe, Monotropa uniflora 75. Carolina Jessamine, Gelsemium sempervirens 76. White-flowered Milkweed, Asclepias l'ariegata 77. Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum albescens 78. Beech Drops, Epifagus virginiana 79. Catchfly, Silene subcillata 80. CabbageleafConeflower, Rudeckia maxima 81. Pink Scale Gayfeather, Liatris elegans 82. Asters (numerous), Aster spp. 83. Goldenrods (several) Solidago spp. 84. Camphor Weed, Pluchea camphorata 85. Eastern Gamma Grass,Tripsacum dactyloides 86. Switch Grass, Panicum l'irgatum 87. Panicum Grass (several), Dichantheliu Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge is a 3,802 acre conservation easement held by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and owned by the Little Sandy Hunting and Fishing Club. The site is about 6 miles west of Hawkins, Texas and is bounded on the west by Little Sandy Creek and on the South by the Sabine River. The area contains about 600 acres of lakes (modified oxbows); we will only briefly look at the vegetation on the lakes. A small portion ofthe property has mesic hardwood forests with some seeps. Old growth, bottomland hardwood forests occupy the vast majority ofthe property. Several state champion trees and trees approaching national champion status are present on the site. The bottomlands have wet, shrub swamps and flats and higher ridge sites supporting some cane breaks. The majority ofthe trip will be in the bottomland forest habitat. Vegetation List * Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge Wood County, Texas Acer rubrum Aesculus pavia Ampelopsis arborea Apios americana Apocynum sibiricum Arundinaria gigantea ! Arundo donax Baccharis sp. Bacopa caroliniana Bacopa caroliniana Bechemia scandens Betula nigra Bidens laevis Bignonia capreolata Boehmeria cylindrica Boehmeria cylindrica var. cylindrica Briza minor Bromus japonicus Brunnichia ovata Cabomba caroliniana Callicarpa americana Campsis radicans Carexalata Carex amphibole Carex crus-corvi Carex decomposita Carex jlaccosperma Carex fran/di Carex hyalinolepis Carex intumescens Carex louisianica Carex lousianica Carex lupulJna Carex lurida Carex muhlenbergii Carex reniformis Carex triangularis Carex tribuloides Carex typhina Carex vulpinoidea Carpinus caroliniana Carya aquatica Carya illinoiensis Celtis laevigata Cephalanthus occidentalis Ceratophyllum demersum Cercis canadensis Chasmanthium latifolium Cocculus carolinus Commelina virginica Cornus florida Cornus foemina Crataegus marshallii Crataegus opaca Cynosciadium digitatum Cyperus echinatus Cyperus pseudovegetus Cyperus spp. Cyperus virens Decodon verticillatus Dicliptera brachiata Diospyros virginiana Echinodorus cordifolius Eclipta alba Eleocharis baldwinii Eleocharis macrostachya Eleocharis montana Eleocharis montevidensis Eleocharis obtusata Eragrostis hypnoides Erianthus strictus Fimbristylis autumnalis Fimbristylis vahlii Forestieria acaminata Fraxinus pennsylvanica Galium tinctorium Gallium obtusum Geum canadense Gledetsia sempervirens Gledetsia triacanthos Gleditsia aquatica Hibiscus leucophyllus Hibiscus miliaris Hydrocotyle umbellate Hydrolea uniflora Hypericum mutilum llexdecidua llexopaca /lex vomitoria Jugulans nigra Juncus diffusissimus Juncus effusus Juncus tenuis Juniperus virginiana Justicia lanceolata Lemna minor !Ligustrum spp. Limnobium spongia Liquidambar styraciflua Lolium perenne ! Lonicera japonica Lonicera sempervirens Ludwigia decurrens Ludwigia leptocarpa Ludwigia peploides Lycopus rubellus Magnolia grandiflora Matelea gonacarpa Mitchella repens Morus rubra Myrica cerifera Najas guadalupensis Nelumbo lutea Nuphar luteum Nymphaea odorata Nyssa sylvatica Onoclea sensibilis Ophioglossrum vulgatum Ostrya virginiana Parthenocissus quinque/olia Paspalum daetyloides Paspalum fluitans Passiflora incarnate Peltandra virginica Persicaria eoccinea Persicaria densiflora Persicaria hudropiperoides Persicaria pennsylvanica Pinus echinata Pinus taeda Planera aquatica Polygonum spp. Pontederia cordata Potamogeton diversifolius var diversifolius Potemogeton diversifolius var trichophyllus Prunus caroliniana Prunus mexicana Prunus serotina Quercus falcata Quercus lyrata Quercus nigra Quercus phellos Quercus pagoda Quercus similis Rhynchospora corniculata Rosa setigera Rotala ramosoir Rudbeckia hirta Sabal minor Sacciolepis striata Sagittaria graminea Sagittaria lancifolia Sagittaria lati/olia Sagittaria platyphylla Salix nigra Sambucus canadensis Sapindus saponaria Sassafras albidum Saururus cernuus Scirpus validus Scleria oligantha Sesbania macrocarpa Smilax bona-nox Smilax glauca Smilax rotundifolia Smilax smallii Smilax tamnoides Smilax walteri Solanum carolinense Symplocos tinctoria @ Taxodium distichum Teucrium canadense Thelypteris kunthii Toxicodendron radicans Trachelospermum difforme Trifolium sp. Trifolium vesciculosum Triodanis biflora Tripsacum dactyloides Typha angustifolia Ulmus americana Ulmus crassifolia Utricularia purpurea Utricularia radiata Vaccinium arboretum Vernonia ba/dwinii Viburnum rufidu/um Viburnum nudum Vitis aestivalis Vitis cinerea Vitis pa/mata Vitis rotundifolia Vu/pia myuros var. myuros Vu/pia oc/oflora Wolffia spp. Woodwardia areolala Zizaniopsis miliacea @ Introduced ! Invasive exotic * Note! This list is from various sources, some of which are unverified. Contributors to the list include Stanley and Gretchen Jones, Texas A&M University, Bob Keeland and John McCoy, USGS National Wetlands Research Center, and Elray Nixon, Retired, Stephen F. Austin State University. This list was compiled by Jim Neal, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and any errors are the responsibility of the compiler and not the individual contributors. Birding 101 Glenn Olson 14730 Forest Trail Houston, TX 77095 281-345-4151 h.glenn.olsen@gmail.com Bird Listfor SFA Pineywoods Native Plant Center Compiled by David E. Wolf May 2002 Great Blue Heron _ _ Snowy Egret _ _ Cattle Egret Green Heron _ _ Yellow-crowned Night Heron Black Vulture _ _ Turkey Vulture Wood Duck _ _ Mississippi Kite _ _ Sharp-shinned Hawk _ _ Cooper's Hawk Red-shouldered Hawk _ _ Broad-winged Hawk Red-tailed Hawk American Kestrel American Woodcock _ _ Mourning Dove Inca Dove Yellow-billed Cuckoo Barred Owl _ _ Common Nighthawk _ _Chimney Swift _ _ Ruby Throated Hummingbird _ _ Belted Kingfisher _ _ Red-headed Woodpecker _ _ Red-bellied Woodpecker _ _ Yellow-bellied Sapsucker _ _ Downy Woodpecker _ _ Hairy Woodpecker Northern Flicker _ _ Pileated Woodpecker Eastern Wood-Pewee _ _ Acadian Flycatcher Eastern Phoebe _ _ Great Crested Flycatcher _ _ Eastern Kingbird _ _ Scissor-tailed Flycatcher _ _ White-eyed Vireo Yellow-throated Vireo Blue-headed Vireo _ _ Warbling Vireo _ _ Red-eyed Vireo _ _ Blue Jay American Crow _ _ Purple Martin Barn Swallow Carolina Chickadee Tufted Titmouse Red-breasted Nuthatch White-breasted Nuthatch Brown-breasted Nuthatch _ _ Brown Creeper Carolina Wren House Wren Winter Wren _ _ Golden-crowned Kinglet _ _ Ruby-crowned Kinglet _ _ Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Eastern Bluebird _ _ Grey-cheeked Thrush Swainson's Thrush Hermit Thrush Wood Thrush American Robin _ _ Gray Catbird _ _ Northern Mockingbird Brown Thrasher _ _ European Starling _ _ Cedar Waxwing _ _ Blue-winged Warbler _ _ Golden-winged Warbler Tennessee Warbler _ _ Orange-crowned Warbler Nashville Warbler Northern Parula Yellow Warbler Chestnut-sided Warbler _ _ Magnolia Warbler _ _ Yellow-romped Warbler Black-throated Green Warbler Blackburnian Warbler Yellow-throated Warbler Pine Warbler _ _ Bay-breasted Warbler Black-and-white Warbler American Redstart _ _ Prothonotary Warbler Ovenbird Northern Waterthrush _ _ Kentucky Warbler _ _ Mourning Warbler Common Yellowthroat Hooded Warbler Wilson' s Warbler Canada Warbler _ _ Summer Tanager _ _ Scarlet Tanager Eastern Towhee _ _ Chipping Sparrow _ _ Field Sparrow _ _ Song Sparrow _ _ Lincoln's Sparrow _ _ White-throated Sparrow _ _ Dark-eyed Junco Northern Cardinal Rose-breasted Grosbeak _ _ Indigo Bunting _ _ Painted Bunting _ _ Red-wing Blackbird Common Grackle Brown-headed Cowbird Orchard Oriole Baltimore Oriole Naconiche Creek Larry Shelton 15449 FM 1878 Nacogdoches, TX 75961 WOODY PLANTS Scientific Name Acerrubrum Alnus serrulata Betula nigra Bartonia spp. Cornus florida Euonymous americanus Fagus grandifolia Itea virginica flex glabra Ilexopaca Liquidambar styracijlua Lycopodium spp. Lyonia ligustrina Lyonia mariana Magnolia virginiana Myricaspp. Nyssa sylvatica Pinus taeda Quercus alba Quercus nigra Quercus phellos Rhus toxicodendron Rhus vernix Sambucus canadensis Rubusspp. Smilaxspp. Vacciniun corymbosum Viburnum nitidum Viburnum nudum Vitis _~-ps Common Name red maple witch alder river birch screw stems flowering dogwood spindletree American beech Virginia sweetspire gallberry holly American holly sweetgum clubmoss huckleberry stagerbush sweetbay magnolia wax myrtle black gum loblolly pine white oak water oak willow oak poison ivy poison sumac elderberry dewberry greenbriar elliott's blueberry shiny viburnum possumhaw viburnum ~ HERBACEOUS PLANTS Scientific Name Apteria aphylla Ariseama triphyllum Bartonia texana Common Name nodding nixie jack-in-the-pulpit Texas screwstem Boehmeria cylindrica Burmannia biflora Burmannia capitata Carexspp. Commelina spp. Eupatorium flstulosum Hydrocotyle spp. Hypericum walteri Hypericum spp. Listera australis Mayaca aublettii Melanthium virginicum Osmunda cinnomomea Osmunda regalis Onoclea sensibilis Plantanthera ciliaris Plantanthera clavellata Habenaria repens Pogonia ophioglossoides Saururus cernuus Solidago spp. Viola spp. Woodwardia areo/ata small-spike false nettle two flower burmannia cap burmannia sedge day flower joepyeweed penny wort Walter's St. John's wort St. John's worts tway blade orchid bog moss bunch flower cinnamon fern royal fem sensitive fern yellow fringe orchid small wood orchid Nuttall habenaria rose pogonia common lizard tail goldenrod violets chainfem at 5 a 5 .,~6tI ...... / f o r Dr. CEMML, Fort Polk, LA 71459 www.nativeventues.ne ________________ ; phone 337-531-7535 or 337-328-2252 arne SCl1r'e J ~i a stori virginia . tybu irg a spp. ican t;ho Common name aple Onions Alligatorweed Amaranth Ragweed Service Berry Hog Peanut Ground ut Green Dragon Jack in the Pulpit Cane/Bamboo Milkweed Pawpaw ater Shield French ulberry ine Cup Shepherd's Purse ative ater-Cress Hickory ut Chinquapin Hac be ry Centella Mouse-Eared Chick eed Red Bud Lamb's Quarte s Fringe T ee Chicory Thistle Spring Beauty Day Flower hazelnut Ha thorn i d chervi dus Chufa/ u Grass Prairie Clover Persimmon wild strawberry Eclipta Elaeagnus Stork's Bill Beech Swamp Privet Ash Beds raw h c leberry Honey Locust Silver Bell Sunflower Day L'ly Touchmeno orningglory part used inne bark, seeds, & leaves bulbs & eaves leaves seeds, shoots, & eaves seeds fruits underground fruits tubers corms corms shoots & seeds flowe buds, leaves, & fruits fruits leaves, mucilage, roots fruits roots & leaves stem tips, leaves, seeds, roots leaves fru'ts seeds fruits leaves leaves young pods & flowers seeds & whole plant fruits roots, leaves, owers roots, leaves, & pith leaves & corms shoots seed fru'ts leaves, seed tubers roots fruits fruits ips fruit, seed leaves, stems, roots bark, leaves, & fruits fru'ts fruits tips rui f u'ts fruits seeds, tubers flower buds seeds leaves, stem tips, roots , 2 0 Edible Plani:s (Coni:) . Scientific Name Iva annua Juglans nigra Krigia d a n d e ~ i o n Lactuca spp. Lamium spp Laportea canadensis Lepidium virginicum Lesped.eza spp. Liatris spp. Liquidambar s t y r a c i f ~ u a Lonicera japonica Lycopus spp. Common name Sumpweed Black Walnut False Dandelion Wild Lettuce Henbit Wood Nettle Peppergrass Lespedeza Blazing Stars Sweetgum Japanese Honeysuckle Bugleweeds Ma~us(Pyrus)angustifo~ia Crab Apple Med o~a virginiana Indian Cucumber Mitche~ a repens Partridgeberry Mbl~ugo vertic ~ at Carpet Weed Morus spp. Mulberry Myriophyllum spicatum Water Milfoil Water Chinquapin Ne~umbo luteum Nuphar spp. Splatterdock Nymphaea spp. Water Lily Nyssa spp. Black Gum Evening Primrose Denothera biennis Cactus Opuntia spp. Wood Sorrel Oxa~is spp. May Pop Pas i£~ora incarnata Arrow Arum Peltandra virginica Perilla Perilla frutescens Red Chokecherry Photinia pyrifolia Phragmi tes COIIIIIJ1,n i s Reed Yellow Bamboo Phyl~osta aurea Groundcherry Physalis spp. Pokeweed Phytolacaa ameriaana Pinus spp. Pines Plantago spp. Plantain Sycamore P~at nus ocaiden1;a~is Mayapple Pod phy~lum pe~'ta um Solomon's Seal Polygona tum b i f ~ o r u m Knotweed/Smartweed Polygonum spp. Trifoliate Orange Poncirus tri£oliata Pickerel Weed Pon tederia cordata Cottonwood Popu~ s de~toides Purslane Portu~ac oleraces Unicorn Plant Proboscodea ~ o u i s a n i c a Prunus a n g u s t i f o ~ i a Chickasaw Plum Prunus americana ~ umbellata Wild Plum (Sloe) Blackcherry Prunus serotina Psoralea spp. Sampson's SnakeRoot Bracken Fern Pteridium a q u i ~ n u m Kudzu Pueraria ~oba ta Firethorn Pyracantha coaainea Oak Quercus spp. Meadow Beauty Rhexis virginiaa Rhus spp. Sumac Rosa spp. Rose Blackberry Rubus spp. part used seeds fruits tubers leaves tips stem tips, leaves shoots leaves corms resin flowers, leaves, buds tubers fruits rhizome fruits plant fruits roots, leaves young leaves, seeds & rhizomes rhizomes & seeds leaves & rhizomes fruits leaves & roots fruit, stem, seeds roots & leaves fruits seed, flowering stem, rhizome leaves, flower clusters, seeds fruit rhizome tips & seeds stem tips fruits leaves seeds leaves sap fruit rhizomes & stem tips shoots & seeds fruit shoots & seeds inner bark, seeds, sap, leaves leaves & seeds fruit, seeeds fruit fruit fruit root fiddleheads & rhizomes root, young stem & leaves fruit acorns tubers & leaves fruit petals, hips, & seeds fruits & stem tips Edible Plants (Cont) . Scientific Name Rumex spp. Sagittaria spp. Sambucus canadensis Sassafras a2bidUm Scir:pus spp. Bmiliciana racemosa Bmi~ax spp. Sonchus spp. St&ahys f~oridan Stellaria media Symplocos tinctoria Taraxacum o f i c n a ~ e 'l'ilia spp. '.tradescantia spp. 'l ri:fo~ium spp. Trillium spp. Tripsacum dactyloides !lYPha ~atifolia Ulmus rubra Urtica spp. Uvularia spp. Vaccinium spp. Valeriane~ a radiata Viburnum spp. Viola spp. Vitis spp. Yucca spp. Zizania aquatica Zizaniopsis mdliacea Common name part used Dock leaves Wapato/Arrowhead tubers Elderberry fruit, flowers,& stem tips Sassafras leaves Bulrush rhizome, stem, seed, pollen False Solomon's Seal fruit, leaves, stem tips, roots Saw Brier tubers & shoots Sow Thistle leaves Woundwort tubers Chickweed leaves Horsesugar leaves Dandelion rootstock & leaves Basswood inner bark & young buds Spiderwort shoots Clover young leaves, flower buds Trillium young leaves Eastern Gamma Grass fruits-seeds Cattail stem tips, rhizomes, inflorescence & pollen Slippery Elm inner bark leaves Stinging Nettle Bellwort leaves, stem tips, rhizomes Blueberry, Huckleberry fruits Corn Salad leaves Possum haw fruits Violet leaves & flowers Grapes tendrils, leaves, & fruits Beargrass/Yucca root, fruit, flowers Wild Rice seeds Rice Cut Grass rhizome tips SPICE PLANTS Scientific Name Allium spp. Capsella bursa-pastoris Cardamine bulbosa Celtis spp. Cente~ a erecta Chenopodium ambrosioides Crypto'taenia canadensis Geum canadense Juniperus virginianum Lepidium virginicum Lindera benzoin Magnolia spp. Monarda spp. Myrica cerifera Perilla fru1:escens Persea palustris Polygonum spp. Poncirus trifoliata Prunus serotina Pyc:manthemum spp. Sassafras a ~ i d u m 'l rifo~ium spp. Yucca spp. Xantho.xyl~WIl clava-herculis Common name Onion Shepherd's Purse Spring Cress Hackberry Centella Mexican Tea Wild Chervil White Avens Juniper, Cedar Peppergrass Spice Bush White Bay, Magnolia Bee Balm Wax Myrtle Perilla Red Bay Knotweed/Smartweed Trifoliate Orange Black Cherry Mountain Mint/Sage Sassafras Clover Beargrass/Yucca Toothache Tree part used leaves, bulbs roots, seeds rootstock pits leaves whole plant leaves roots fruits seeds leaves & fruits leaves, flowers whole plant leaves leaves, flower clusters, seeds leaves leaves fruit peels fruit whole plant roots & leaves flowers flowers fruits TEA/DRINK PLANTS Scientific Name Ceanothus americanus Chenopodium a.Ibum Cyperus spp. Dalea candida, purpurea Diospyros virginians Elaeagnus spp. Galium spp. Gleditsia triacanthos Hamamelis virginiana Ilex apaca Ilex vomitoria Ilex spp. Juniperus virginiana Laportea canadensis Le~ deza capitata Lindera benzoin Lonicera japonica Magnolia virginiana Monarda. spp. Monarda. fistul.osa Horus spp. My'rica cerifera Oxalis spp. Pinus spp. Plantago spp. PolygoDum spp. Poncirus trifoliata Prunus serotina Pueraria loba ta Pycnanthemum spp. Rhexia virginica Rhus copal.lina Rubus spp. Rumex spp. Sambucus canadensis Sassafras aLbidum Solidago odora Stellaria media Taraxacum officinale 'I'ilia spp. Trifolium. spp. Ulmus spp (rubra) Urtica spp. Viola spp. Vitis spp. Common name New Jersey Tea Lamb's Quarters Chufa/Nut Grass Prairie Clover Persimmon Elaeagnus Bedstraw Honey Locust Witch Hazel American Holly Yaupon Holly Juniper, Cedar Wood Nettle Lespedeza Spicebush Japanese Honeysuckle White Bay Oswego Tea Wild Bergamot Mulberry Wax Myrtle Wood Sorrel Pines Plantain Smartweed/Knotweed Trifoliate Orange Black Cherry Kudzu Mountain Mint Meadow Beauty Sumac Blackberry Dock Elderberry Sassafras Sweet Goldenrod Chickweed Dandelion Basswood Clover Elm Stinging Nettle Violet Grapes, Muscadines part used leaves whole plant tubers leaves leaves fruit whole plant seed pulp leaves leaves leaves leaves twigs leaves leaves leaves & twigs flowers, leaves, buds leaves leaves leaves young stem tips leaves leaves needles leaves leaves fruit fruit flowers whole plant leaves & stems fruits & flowers young stem tips leaves flowers roots leaves & flowers leaves leaves flowers & leaves flowers inner bark leaves leaves, flowers fruits, sap COFFEE PLANTS Scientific Name Cichorium intybus Cyperus escu.lentus Diospyros virginiana Fagus g r a n d i f o ~ i a Ga~ium aparine G~editsia trieantbos He~iantbus spp. Quercus spp. Rumex spp. Taraxacum o f i e n a ~ e Ulmus spp. (rubra) Common name Chicory Chufa/Nut Grass Persimmon Beech Bedstraw Honey Locust Sunflower Oak Dock Dandelion Elm part used root tubers seeds fruits seeds seeds seed-shells acorns seeds rootstock inner bark MISCELLANEOUS USE PLANTS Scientific Name Arundinaria gigantea Arundinaria gigantea Asimina t r i ~ o b a Ceanothus americanus Erodium eicutarium Ham e~is virginiana Impatiens capensis Liquidambar s t y r a c i f ~ u a Myrica eerifera Nyssa spp. Phyto~ac a americana Sambucus canadensis Sassafras aJ.bidum Si~phium Symp~oc s ~aein a't 1m tine tori a Ulmus rubra Urtica spp. Yucca spp. Common name Cane/Bamboo Cane/Bamboo Pawpaw New Jersey Tea Stork's Bill Witch Hazel Touchmenot Sweet Gum Wax Myrtle Black Gum Pokeweed Elderberry Sassafras Compass Plant Horsesugar Slippery Elm Stinging Nettle Beargrass/Yucca part used Use stem fishing poles, flutes, stem whistles, pipe stems, baskets bark rope, cloth roots dye roots chewing gum twigs divining rods whole plant poison ivy cure resin chewing gum berries candles, soaps twigs toothbrush berries dye stems popgun barrel twigs toothpicks resin chewing gum leaves, twigs dye inner bark string roots dye leaves string Carbon Sequestration in East Texas By John Boyette Texas Forest Service Whether or not you believe in global warming, or more specifically human caused global warming, the fact is that there is growing momentum worldwide to take steps to reduce the amount ofcarbon dioxide emissions that we produce. While the exact mechanisms and long-term effects are still not well understo~ the fact that atmospheric levels ofcarbon dioxide are increasing is not in dispute. There are many sources of carbon dioxide. We produce it every time we take a breath. Volcanoes produce massive amounts of it. It is a natural part of our environment. However, man has been producing significant amounts of CO2 ever since the beginning of the industrial revolution. The burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas, is the main source of man-made CO2 emissions. There are two ways to reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere, or more realistically, slow the rate of growth. One is to reduce emissions from our cars, factories, etc., and the other is to actually remove CO2 from the atmosphere. This is referred to as "carbon sequestration". Probably the most efficient method for doing this is by growing trees. Trees capture CO2 during photosynthesis and transform it into a variety of carbohydrates, most of which are turned into wood. Wood is about half carbon, all of which comes from atmospheric C02. This is not news to anyone, in fact, we have been hearing for a long time about how some day there would be financial incentives for landowners to practice forest management on their land for just this reason. The Europeans have been doing this for some time now and have a well developed system for buying and trading carbon credits. The concept is simple. Companies that produce large amounts of CO2 can buy these credits from someone that grows trees since those trees are actually taking those emissions back out ofthe atmosphere. In practice, the process is complex. Calculating the amount of C02 that a forest removes over time can be tricky, and the value of the credits is based on free market economics which can be unpredictable. What is new, is the fact that there is now a market for carbon credits right here in East Texas. A little over a year ago, the Iowa Farm Bureau came to Nacogdoches to talk about carbon credits. Those of us that went to the meeting were expecting the usual "some day" discussion, but these guys actually had contracts in their hands and were looking for landowners to sign up for the program. The "some day" had come. The Iowa Farm Bureau had been working with landowners in Iowa for some time, all of whom are farmers. Farmers can earn credits by changing their tilling procedures which can sequester carbon in the soil. They had pretty much exhausted that market and were looking to branch out into other areas and made a trip to East Texas. This was a real learning experience for many of us. There is an organization called the Chicago Climate Exchange or CCX. The CCX has a system of rules that form the basis for calculating how much carbon an agricultural or forestry practice sequesters, or removes from the atmosphere. The price per ton is set daily in the Exchange by traders in a free market similar to the stock exchange. At the beginning, the price was about $1.00 per ton. It rose to about $4.00 by the time of the meeting in Nacogdoches, then fell back to less than $2.00. But as ofnow, the price is up to about $6.50 per ton which shows just how volatile and unpredictable this market is. The money comes from a large number ofcorporations such as Ford, ffiM, and Amtrac, just to name a few. These corporations have voluntarily set goals for themselves to reduce carbon emissions by 6% by the end of 2010. If one ofthese companies falls short of their goal, they can buy carbon credits from the CCX to offset the shortfall. It is worth noting that this program is voluntary and no one was required to participate. The original pilot program for forest landowners in Texas and elsewhere was limited in scope and duration. It expires in 2010. They were only interested in signing up landowners that had converted open pasture land to trees since 1990. This made the calculations relatively simple. A well stocked loblolly pine plantation can be expected to sequester 1.51 tons of CO2 in its first five years, 1.86 from age 5 to 10, 6.99 from age 10 to 15, and 6.17 from age 15 to 20. As an example, a landowner with a 12 year old plantation that was planted on open land could expect to receive $45.43 per acre per year at the current price level. When the news of this program hit East Texas, some of the consulting foresters got busy and started forming co-operative groups to fmd potential landowners and sign them up. These groups are referred to as "aggregators". They sign up individual landowners and present a package of these to the CCX. The first package of submissions is almost completed and will be sent to the CCX very soon. Independent verification is a necessary component of this program. The Texas Forest Service (TFS) has been certified by the CCX to be the official "verifier" in Texas. The pilot program is well under-way, and has evidently succeeded, so far, in the eyes ofthe CCX. They have already initiated a more advanced and long-term program. It is now possible to sign up land that has had timber on it, and is currently being managed for timber. Even hardwood forests are eligible under the new program. The rules and procedures are more complicated, but this opens up huge opportunities for landowners that have timberlands and are actively managing them. Time will tell where this will lead, but the potential is undeniable. ~NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service Farm Bill 2002 United States Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet Env"o men /QuaH~ October 2004 Incentives Program Overview How EQIP Works The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) is a voluntary program that provides assistance to fanners and ranchers who face threats to soil, water, air, and related natural resources on their land. Through EQIP, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) provides assistance to agricultural producers in a manner that will promote agricultural production and environmental quality as compatible goals, optimize environmental benefits, and help fanners and ranchers meet Federal, State, Tribal, and local environmental requirements. The objective ofEQIP, optimize environmental benefits, is achieved through a process that begins with the definition of National priorities. The National priorities are: • Reduction of non-point source pollution, such as nutrients, sediment, pesticides, or excess salinity in impaired watersheds, consistent with Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) where available, as well as reduction ofgroundwater contamination and conservation of ground and surface water resources; • Reduction of emissions, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds, and ozone precursors and depIeters that contribute to air quality impairment violations ofNational Ambient Air Quality Standards; • Reduction in soil erosion and sedimentation from unacceptable levels on agricultural land; and • Promotion of at-risk species habitat conservation. EQIP is reauthorized in the Fann Security and Rural Investment Act of2002 (Fann Bill). Funding for EQIP comes from the Commodity Credit Corporation. Benefits Since EQIP began in 1997, USDA has entered into 117,625 contracts, enrolled more than 51.5 million acres into the program, and obligated nearly $1.08 billion to help producers advance stewardship on working agricultural land. These efforts have concentrated on improving water quality, conserving both ground and surface water, reducing soil erosion from cropland and forestland, and improving rangeland. EQIP also was used to improve riparian and aquatic areas, improve air quality, and address wildlife issues. The increased funding for EQIP in the 2002 Fann Bill greatly expands program availability for optimizing environmental benefits. These priorities are used by the Chief of NRCS to allocate available EQIP funds to State Conservationists. The State Conservationist, with advice from the State Technical Committee, then identifies the priority natural resource concerns in the State that will be used to help guide which applicants are awarded EQIP assistance. After identifying the priority natural resource concerns, the State Conservationist, with advice from the State Technical Committee, decides how funds will be allocated, what practices will be offered, what the cost-share rates will be, the ranking process used to prioritize contracts, and which ofthese The Natural Resources Conservation Service provides leadership in a partnership effort to help people conserve. maintain. and improve our natural resources and environment. An Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer authorities will be delegated to local level. The local designated conservationist, with the advice of local work groups, adapts the State program to the local conditions. As a result, EQIP can be different between states and even between counties. The selection ofeligible conservation practices and the development ofa ranking process to evaluate applications are the fmal steps in the optimization process. Applications will be ranked based on a number of factors, including the environmental benefits and cost effectiveness ofthe proposal. other farm or ranch lands. Persons interested in entering into a cost-share agreement with the u.s. Department ofAgriculture (USDA) for EQIP assistance may file an application at any time. To be eligible to participate, applicants must: • Be an agricultural producer; Be in compliance with the highly erodible land and wetland conservation provisions ofthe 1985 Fann Bill; Provide the Social Security number of all individuals who will benefit from the assistance; and Develop an EQIP plan ofoperations, including: • • • More information regarding State and local EQIP implementation can be found at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programsleqip/EQIP _signup/2004_EQIP/2004_EQIP.html New Provisions The 2002 Farm Bill added EQIP funding for Ground and Surface Water Conservation (GSWC) which provides cost-share and incentive payments to producers where the assistance will result in a net savings in ground or surface water resources in the agricultural operation ofthe producer. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2002, eight states, considered high plains aquifer states, received funding (Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming). In FY 2003, in addition to the high plains aquifer states, eight western drought states (Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, and Washington) also received GSWC funding. GSWC provided $45 million for FY 2003. An additional $50 million was appropriated for fiscal years 2002-2007 to support use and installation of ground and surface water conservation practices in the Klamath River Basin, located on the Oregon and California state boundary. Eligibility Persons engaged in livestock or agricultural production are eligible for the program. Eligible land includes cropland, rangeland, pasture, private non-industrial forestland, and EQIP Fact Sheet • The participant's specific conservation and environmental objectives to be achieved; • One or more conservation practices in the conservation management system to be implemented to achieve the conservation and environmental objectives; and • The schedule for implementing the conservation practices. If an EQIP plan ofoperations includes an animal waste storage or treatment facility, the participant must provide for the development and implementation ofa comprehensive nutrient management plan. NRCS works with the participant to develop the EQIP plan ofoperations. This plan becomes the basis of the cost-share agreement between NRCS and the participant. NRCS provides cost-share payments to landowners under these agreements that can be up to 10 years in duration. The 2002 Farm Bill limits the total amount of cost-share and incentive payments paid to an individual or entity to an aggregate of $450,000, directly or indirectly, for all contracts entered into during fiscal years 2002 through 2007. October 2004 The Adjusted Gross Income provision ofthe 2002 Farm Bill impacts eligibility for EQIP and several other 2002 Farm Bill programs. Individuals or entities that have an average adjusted gross income exceeding $2.5 million for the three tax years immediately preceding the year the contract is approved are not eligible to receive program benefits or payments. However, an exemption is provided in cases where 75 percent ofthe adjusted gross income is derived from farming, ranching, or forestry operations. How to Applyfor EQIP Applications may be obtained and filed at any time with your local USDA Service Center or conservation district office. Applications also may be obtained through USDA's e-gov Web site at: http://www.sc.egov.usda.gov. Enter ''Natural Resources Conservation Service" in the Agency field, "Environmental Quality Incentives Program" in the Program Name field, and "CCC-1200" in the Form Number field. Applications also may be accepted by cooperating conservation partners approved or designated by NRCS. Practice Payments Cost-sharing may pay up to 75 percent ofthe costs of certain conservation practices, such as grassed waterways, filter strips, manure management facilities, capping abandoned wells, and other practices important to improving and maintaining the health of natural resources in the area. The EQIP costshare rates for limited resource producers and beginning farmers and ranchers may be up to 90 percent. USDA has established a selfdetermination tool for applicants to determine eligibility as a limited resource producer. The tool can be found at: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programslsrnlfarmer Itool.asp. Incentive payments may be made to encourage a producer to perform land management practices, such as nutrient management, manure management, integrated pest management, irrigation water management, and wildlife habitat management. These payments may be provided for up to three years to encourage producers to carry out management practices that they otherwise might not implement. eQIP Fad Sheet Applications are accepted through a continuous sign-up process. The local decision makers periodically will announce a ranking date when applications received will be ranked. For More Informtltion If you need more information about EQIP, please contact your local USDA Service Center, listed in the telephone book under U.S. Department ofAgriculture, or your local conservation district. Information also is available on the World Wide Web at: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/farmbilll 20021 Visit USDA on the Web at: htto:/Iwww.usda.QOVlfarmbili Note: This is not intended to be a definitive interpretation of farm legislation. Rather, it is preliminary and may change as USDA develops implementing policies and procedures. Please dleck back for updates. October 2004 Farm Bill 2002 ~NRCS Nitural Resources Conservation Service United States Department of AgriCUlture Program Description October 2004 Environmental Quality Incentives Program Overview The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) is a voluntary program that provides assistance to farmers and ranchers who face threats to soil, water, air, and related natural resources on their land. Through EQIP, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) provides assistance to agricultural producers in a manner that will promote agricultural production and environmental quality as compatible goals, optimize environmental benefits, and help farmers and ranchers meet Federal, State, Tribal, and local environmental requirements. Authority Section 1241 ofthe 1985 Food Security Act (16 U.S.C. 3841), as amended by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (2002 Farm Bill), provides the funds, facilities, and authorities of the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) to NRCS for carrying out EQIP and working with landowners to implement conservation practices on their property. operation ofthe producer. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2002, eight states, considered high plains aquifer states, received funding (Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming). In FY 2003, in addition to the high plains aquifer states, eight western drought states (Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, and Washington) also received GSWC funding. GSWC provided $45 million for FY 2003. An additional $50 million was appropriated for fiscal years 2002-2007 to support use and installation ofground and surface water conservation practices in the Klamath River Basin, located on the Oregon and California state boundary. Eligibility Producers: Agricultural producersindividuals or entities engaged in livestock or agricultural production-may participate in EQIP. There are, however, circumstances that may limit an individual's or entity's participation; these include: • Federal and State governments and their political subdivisions are not eligible. • The applicant must be in compliance with highly erodible land and wetland conservation provisions. • The adjusted gross income provision of the 2002 Farm Bill impacts eligibility for EQIP and several other 2002 Farm Bill programs. Individuals or entities that have an average adjusted gross income exceeding $2.5 million for the three tax years immediately preceding the year the contract is approved are not eligible to Scope EQIP is available in all 50 States, the Caribbean Area (Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands), and the Pacific Basin Area (Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands). New Provisions The 2002 Farm Bill added EQIP funding for Ground and Surface Water Conservation (GSWC) which provides cost-share and incentive payments to producers where the assistance will result in a net savings in ground or surface water resources in the agricultural The Natural Resources Conservation Service provides leadership in a partnership effort to help people conseNe, maintain. and improve our natural f8SOlWCe8 and envirorwnent An Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer receive program benefits or payments. However, an exemption is provided in cases where 75 percent ofthe adjusted gross income is derived from farming, ranching, or forestry operations. • The 2002 Farm Bill limits the total amount of cost-share and incentive payments paid to an individual or entity to an aggregate of $450,000, directly or indirectly, for all contracts entered into during fiscal years 2002 through 2007. All individual producers, entities, or other applications with multiple beneficiaries must provide Social Security numbers at the time of application for purposes of monitoring payment limitations. Land: Eligible land means land on which agricultural commodities or livestock are produced. This includes: • Cropland; • Rangeland; • Grassland; • Pasture land; • Private, non-industrial forestland; and • Other land determined to pose a serious threat to soil, air, water, or related resources. How EQIP is Implemented in Your State EQIP uses the locally led process to adapt National priorities to address local resource concerns and achieve its objective of optimizing environmental benefits. To accomplish this, EQIP uses a four-part process: • Allocation of funds from the National level to State NRCS offices based on National priorities; • Identification of State and local priority resource concerns and allocation from the State level to the local level using the National priorities as guidance; • Selection of conservation practices and practice cost lists to address the priority resource concerns; and eQIP Program Description • Development of a ranking process that prioritizes those applications that addresses the priority resource concerns in the most cost effective manner. The State Conservationist and designated conservationist implement the locally led process for EQIP by considering the advice of the State Technical Committee and local work groups when making decisions about State and local priorities, practice cost lists, and ranking. More information regarding State and local EQIP implementation can be found at: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/eqipIEQIP _signup/2004_EQIP/2004_EQIP.html Eligible Practices and Cost-Share Rates The State and local decision makers determine which conservation practices are eligible for EQIP assistance. Selected practices are those that address the identified resource concerns in a most cost effective manner. Cost-sharing may pay up to 75 percent of the costs of certain conservation practices, such as grassed waterways, filter strips, manure management facilities, capping abandoned wells, and other practices important to improving and maintaining the health of natural resources in the area. The EQIP costshare rates for limited resource producers and beginning farmers and ranchers may be up to 90 percent. USDA has established a selfdetermination tool for applicants to determine eligibility as a limited resource producer. The tool can be found at: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/smlfarmer /tool.asp. Incentive payments may be made to encourage a producer to perform land management practices, such as nutrient management, manure management, integrated pest management, irrigation water management, and wildlife habitat management. These payments may be provided for up to three years to encourage producers to carry out OCtober 2004 management practices that they otherwise might not implement. Criteria Used to Evaluate Applications Each State or locality develops a ranking system to prioritize the applications that will ensure EQIP will address priority natural resource concerns. The ranking process assists the State and local decision makers in determining which applications merit EQIP enrollment The ranking systems developed are size neutral, meaning that the rank is not influenced by the size (whether large or small) of an operation. Application Process The EQIP application process consists of the following five steps: 1. A landowner submits an application to a local USDA Service Center, NRCS office, conservation district office, or office of a designated cooperating entity. 2. The NRCS State Conservationist or designee works with the applicant to develop an EQIP plan of operations. Standard Program Contracts Once an applicant is selected, the participant works with the appropriate NRCS office to finalize and sign EQIP contracts, incorporating all EQIP requirements. An EQIP contract is the legal contract with which the NRCS establishes its relationship with the participant. The EQIP contract details the practices the producer will implement, when they will be implemented, and what level of assistance USDA will provide to the participant. The length ofan EQIP contract is, at minimum, one year after the last scheduled practice is installed and may not exceed ten years. For More Inlomudion If you need more information about EQIP, please contact your local USDA Service Center, listed in the telephone book under U.S. Department of Agriculture, or your local conservation district Information also is available on the World Wide Web at: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/farmbi IV2002/. 3. The State Conservationist or designated conservationist ranks each application using the locally developed ranking process. Visit USDA on the Web at: htto:/IYNIW.usda.QOy/farmbill 4. When funds are allocated, the State Conservationist or designated conservationist commits allocated funds to high ranking landowner offers and enters into contracts with selected participants. Note: This is not intended to be a definitive interpretation of farm legislation. Rather. it is preliminary and may change as USDA develops implementing policies and procedures. Please check back for updates. 5. Following contract signature by NRCS and the selected entity, funds are obligated to the project and the participant may begin to implement the EQIP plan ofoperations. EQIP Program Description OCtober 2004 What is TLC? • Land Trust - nonprofit conservation organization aimed to: - Assist landowners in conserving land - Participate in local ~!- r _ _- - - -_ _ _ conservation education - Offer land planning assistance Where We Work -:~ 'j • Secure permanent protection of natural and unique landscapes • Provide the public with outdoor opportunities • 59 Easements • 32 TLC Owned • 54 Counties • 51,114 Acres • Educate the public on environmental issues • Prevent land fragmentation • Provide ecological services • Habitat Conservation • Estate Planning • Conserve open space • Protect wildlife habitat • Tax Benefits ,~ Conservation Easement History • Legal agreement between a property owner and a "qualified entity" to limit type and amount of deveropment on a property • History • Allows landowner to maintain ownership while Protecting land in perpetuIty • California (198), Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and New York Tax Code to Qualify • Preservation of land areas for the general public • Protection of a relatively natural wildlife habitat • Open space preserved for the scenic enjoyment ofthe general public • Preservation ofa historically important land Do's and Don'ts? • Landowner can sell or pass to heirs • Typically cannot subdivide • Most allow for agriculture, hunting, outdoor recreation, and limited building • Public does not have access - 1880's - First easements used (Boston) 1891 - First regional land trust (New England) 1930's - Used by the Federal Government 1980's - Land trusts began forming and rise of CE Conservation Easement Process • Initial Discussion! Site Visit • Drafting an Easement • Property Appraisal • Baseline Documentation • MonitoringlEndowments • Executing the Easement Landowner Responsibilities • Manage the land, consistent with the easement terms • Pay property taxes • Allow the land trust to monitor the easement • Notify the land trust before transferring the land Land Trust Responsibilities • Monitoring yearly • Easement administration and record keeping • Enforcing the easement when necessary ~t ; , TEXAS LAND CONSERVANCY 1.4 Million 1.4 Million acres currently protected by land trusts in tbe state 1.4 Million acres currently protected by land trusts in the state eq ets qn out eq ets Mark Bronstad received a BS in Horticulture from SFA in 1989 and has been with Doremus Nursery, Warren, Texas, ever since. The nursery specializes in native plants of the Southeast, bamboo, as well as general nursery stock. Paul Cox received both his BS and MS from Stephen F. Austin State University. He has worked at San Antonio Botanical Garden in various capacities for 30+ years. He is the senior author of Texas Trees-A Friendly Guide and Macmillan's Wildflower Gardening. He is also the father oftive children ages 27 to 4. Dr. Dave Creech, Regents Professor ofAgriculture and Professor Emeritus, has been at Stephen F. Austin State University since September 1978. He is currently directs the activities ofthe SFA Mast Arboretum and is co-director ofthe Pineywoods Native Plant Center. George M. Diggs, Jr. has been a faculty member in the Biology Department of Austin College since 1981 and is active in the College's Center for Environmental Studies. He was made a Research Associate at the Botanical Research Institute of Texas in 1994. His and taxonomic research specialties include the plants of Texas and tropical Latin Ameri~ studies on the Ericaceae (blueberry family). He has done fieldwork in Afri~ Australia, Mexico, Canada, and the United States. He co-authored the Central and South Ameri~ RZustrated Flora ofNorth Central Texas (1999) and the Rlustrated Flora ofEast Texas, Vol. 1(2006). Bill Fontenot has dedicated his career in biology to restoring the ecological integrity in lands from the smallest urban gardens to the largest wildlife management areas since 1986 Fontenot's desire to alternate school semesters with jobs led him in and out of an intriguing array of establishments, from bars and cafes to research labs, supply ships, and oilrigs. In 1980, he received his M.S. in freshwater fish ecology from the University of Louisiana at Monroe. In 1986 he began his career with Lafayette Parish Municipal Government, working frrst as curator of natural sciences at the Lafayette Natural History Museum, then as manager of the Acadiana Park Nature Center, where he where he retired in 2008. Since 1987, he and wife Lydia have also operated Prairie Basse, a wildlifelnativelheirloom plant nursery, design, and ecological consulting business. As a professional naturalist, he has led thousands of guided tours, and has lectured at dozens of universities, botanic gardens, arboretums, and other research institutions from Austin to Atlanta and north to New York. He serves as a member of the Louisiana Nature Conservancy's Technical Advisory Board and as Past President ofthe Louisiana Native Plant Society and the Louisiana Ornithological Society, past member ofthe Louisiana Bird Records Committee, past Director ofthe GulfCoast Native Plant Conference, and past Program Director for the Cullowhee, NC Landscaping With Native Plants Conference. He has published over 1000 natural history-related articles in various newspapers, magazines, and scientific journals. To date, he has also authored/coauthored several award-winning publications, along with four books: Native Gardening in the South (1992), A Cajun Prairie Restoration Chronicle (1995), Gulf Coast Birds (2001), and Louisiana Birdwatching (2003). In 2001, Fontenot was honored in receiving the Louisiana Wildlife Federation's Professional Conservationist ofthe Year award. Heinz Gaylord is a retired Professor of Psychology at Stephen F. Austin State University. He has memberships and strong interests in a variety of environmental and nature-oriented organizations such as the North American and Gulf State Mycological Societies, Native Plant Society of Texas, Audubon Societies at the national, state, and local levels, Texas Conservation Alliance and Texas Land Conservancy. He is a land steward for several TLC preserves including Ivy Payne Wildlife Refuge in Elkhart, Texas. William Godwin's family has lived in Wood County and Van Zandt County for six generations. He grew-up in Mineol~ Texas and graduated from SFA in 1992. He received the PhD in entomology from Texas A&M in 2002 after studying coevolution between dung beetles and their pocket gopher hosts. Since 2003, he has worked at SFA teaching ecology, mammalogy and managing the William W. Gibson Entomarium, which is the only large public collection of invertebrates in East Texas. In 2003, he discovered the endangered American burying beetle in East Texas and has spent summers conducting surveys for this rare species. He also volunteers as adjunct curator ofentomology at the Houston Museum of Natural Science. Greg Grant is Research Associate at the SFA Pineywoods Native Plant Center in Nacogdoches, Texas. He has degrees in floriculture and horticulture, both from Texas A&M University and has attended post-graduate classes at Louisiana State University, North Carolina State University (under the late J.C. Raulston), and Stephen F. Austin State University. He has experience as a horticulturist at Mercer Arboretum and San Antonio Botanical Gardens, an instructor at Stephen F. Austin and Louisiana State Universities, an award-winning horticulturist with the Texas Agricultural Extension Service, director of research and development at Lone Star Growers, and with the Antique Rose Emporium. Greg has introduced a number of successful new plants to the Texas nmsery industry including: Blue Princess and Pinwheel Princess verbenas, Texas Maroon bluebonnet, Gold Star esperanza, Laura Bush and VIP petunias, John Fannick phlox, Stars and Stripes pentas, Pam's Pink honeysuckle, LeCompte and Salinas pink vitex, Henry and Augusta Deulberg sages, Helen Fredel crossvine, Pam Puryear and Big Momma Turk's cap, and the Marie Daly and Nacogdoches roses. He has traveled extensively to hundreds of botanical gardens throughout the United States and Europe and is a popular and entertaining speaker. He is a graduate ofthe Benz School of Floral Design, a member ofthe Garden Writers Association of America, and a lifetime member of The Native Plant Society of Texas, The Big Thicket Association and The Southern Garden History Society. His garden and farm have been featured in a number of books and periodicals including Texas Gardener, Woman's Day, and The Dallas Morning News. Greg, who is the seventh generation in his family to live in nearby Shelby County, resides in his great-grandparent's recently restored dogtrot house. He tends to his terriers (Rosie and Molly), chickens, a forest full of Trillium recurvatum, and over 100 bluebird boxes. Jackie Emanis Grant was born in Arcadia, Texas and is a descendant of early Spanish settlers in East Texas and western Louisiana. She has long been a fan of the outdoors and is active in the Center Garden Club, particularly in children's environmental education. She also serves as a volunteer at the Pineywoods Native Plant Center where she helps with the Go Wild program. She is Greg Grant's mother and is an accomplished cook and seamstress. She received her BS from Stephen F. Austin State University where she was in the band and has attended the Benz School of Floral Design at Texas A&M University. She has a particular interest in home grown and native cut materials. She gardens and resides on a ranch in the Arcadia Community in Shelby County. Erie Keith received his Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental Science from Stephen F. Austin State University in 1995. He has 13 years experience in natural resource management, consultation, and planning, including the areas ofendangered species, ecological classification and assessments, plant identification and taxonomy, wetland regulations, and environmental compliance. After graduation, Eric worked three years at the environmental as a wildlife biologist and botanist intern. Since then he has worked at as a Project Manager at the environmental consulting company, Raven Environmental Services, Inc, in Huntsville, Texas. Dr. James KroU has a BS and MS in Biology from Baylor University. He went on to receive his doctorate from A & M University. Dr. Kroll has been with the College of Forestry at Stephen F. Austin State University since 1973. In 1975, he founded the Institute for White-tailed Deer Management and Research. He co-founded the Pineywoods Native Plant Center with Dr. David Creech; and in 1997, Kroll founded the Forest Resources Institute. He is currently Director, Columbia Regional Geospatial Service Center, Director, Forest Resources Institute, Professor of Forest Wildlife, Director, Institute f or White-tailed Deer Management and Research, and Co-Director, Pineywoods Native Plant Center. Dr. Kroll has authored more than 200 technical and popular articles, has authored 10 books, and has produced videos for NBC, TNN, and the HSE networks, as well as a video management series. He currently contributes to more than 38 different magazines including North American Whitetail, Deer and Deer Hunting, Journal of the Texas Trophy Hunter, Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine, American Hunter, and Texas Sportsman. Annually, he speaks to several thousand hunters and landowners on aspects of producing and harvesting whitetails. Dr. Kroll has served on the Board of Directors for the Texas Wildlife Association, Sportsman's Conservationists of Texas, Texas Forestry Association, and the Texas System of Natural Areas. He currently serves on the board and as president of the Texas Deer Association. Kristin Lamberson is the Interpretive Gardens Specialist at Strawberry Plains Audubon Center in Holly Springs, Mississippi. She has worked on staff at Strawberry Plains for over 5 years, prior to that she served there as a volunteer while employed by Morgreen Nursery in Collierville, Tennessee. She steals her landscape design ideas from natme, which is also her source of solace, learning and joy! "By allowing the wild into our life through the venue of the home landscape, we give ourselves the opportunity to experience magnificence in the small and grandeur in the common, enabling our souls to sing." Joe Liggio is the author of The Wild Orchids ofTexas by the University of Texas Press. Joe received a BS in 1972 from Sam Houston State University in Biology and a MS from the University ofHouston in Environmental Science. He is now working as a natural resource specialist with the Texas Department of Transportation. Zoe Kirkpatrick. I call Lubbock, TX. my hometown. I am a graduate of Texas Tech University and a former Miss Lubbock. I met my husband, Jack, when we were freshmen at Tech. He was quarterback on the football team and a calf roper on the Rodeo team at Tech. I was on the women's fencing team. Fifty years later (in 2003), we petitioned Texas Tech and were finally officially recognized as the first female athletes to represent Texas Tech in intercollegiate competition. At that time we were awarded (at a women's basketball game) our Double T letters like football and basketball players, track athletes, etc. have always received. Jack and I married following our Sophomore year at Tech. After graduation, we moved to his family ranch near Post, TX. where we reared our five SODS. We now have four lovely daughters-in-law and nine grandchildren. I began photographing wildflowers in the early 1960's. A personal wildflower library slowly evolved as my collection of slides grew. By the 1970's, I was presenting slide programs to various clubs and groups as well as conducting "wildflower walks" for schoolchildren. Through the years, I was encouraged to put the collection of wildflowers in a book but it took until 1985 to gather the courage to try and write it down. After seven years, my book, Wildflowers ofthe Western Plains, finally became a reality in 1992. It is rewarding to me that after all these years~ I am still asked to share my programs with schoolchildren and adults alike. The book is presently in a third printing and doing well. I consider myself a naturalist; therefore, my interests and hobbies are many and varied. Among them are archeology and paleontology. Because ofmy interest in paleontology and working with Dr. Sankar Chatterjee at Texas Tech, he chose to name a 200 million year old carnivorous reptile after me (Postosuchus kirkpatricki). What an honor! Of course, but also photography is another interest that has included "shooting" not only wildf owe~ animals, wildlife, sports events, professional and amateur models. Dancing and choreography have been life-long interests as have swimming and diving, which I taught for many summers as an American Red Cross volunteer. Being a student ofNative American a buffalo skin rug and large arrowhead collection. lore, I prize my unique tip~ Dr. Ernest Ledger received his B.S. degree from SFA in 1970 in chemistry. He earned his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in geology from Texas A&M University and returned to SFA in 1981. Dr. Ledger teaches Introductory Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Ground Water and Hydrogeology, and X-Ray Diffractometry (including clay minerals). His research interests include quantitative rock analysis, natural radioactivity, geochmistry~ and ground a a Cliff is the first author of the book Hummingbirds o/Texas that was published in September 2005 by Texas A&M University Press. It has been a big seller for the Press. He was also first author of the Red-bellied Woodpecker Species Account published in 2000 for the Birds of North America Project. Due to his interest and contributions to our knowledge of woodpecker ecology, he was appointed to the National Recovery Team on the Ivory-billed Woodpecker by the u.s. Fish & Wildlife Service in 2005. He has authored over 50 publications on birds and birding. Over a dozen of these are peer-revieWed papers mainly on woodpeckers, raptors, and migratory land birds in journals like The Wilson Bulletin, The Journal ofRaptor Research, The Southwestern Naturalist, the Bulletin ofthe Texas Ornithological Society, and more. His travels have taken him throughout the Western Hemisphere where collectively he has spent 6 months birding in seven different Latin American countries. He and his wife, Julie, and their two children, Alex & Robin, live in Nacogdoches. They also have a busy "garage hobby" of building screech owl boxes known as Owl Shacks. Over the last several years, they have built and distributed hundreds ofthese Owl Shacks to folks across Texas and nearly two dozen other states. Julie Shackelford has been with The Conservation Fund since 2004, working on land protection projects up and down the Neches River. She moved from Austin to Nacogdoches in August 2007 to open The Conservation Fund's East Texas office. Previously, Julie was the Regional Director of American Farmland Trust's Texas office from 1999 to 2003. She was the State Wetlands Planner at Texas Parks and Wildlife Department in Austin from 1994 to 1999. Julie is a 1998 National Wetlands Award recipient. She received and undergraduate degree in biology from Carleton College, Northfield, MN and a Masters Degree from Duke University's School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Julie and her husband Cliffhave two young children. Larry Shelton has owned and operated Osage Woodworks, a custom woodworking business since 1984. Shelton is a naturalist who has been guiding interpretive nature walks since 1985. He has also been closely involved with citizen conservation groups such as the Texas Conservation Alliance and the Sierra Club, working on forest management and other resource conservation issues for over 20 years. Shelton has been the head ofthe stewardship committee for Naconiche Creek/Grass Lake preserves in Nacogdoches County since 1990. Mark Steinbach is the executive director of the Texas Land Conservancy. Dawn Stover is a Research Associate with the SFA Mast Arboretum in Nacogdoches, Texas. She earned a BS in biology from West Texas A&M in 1996, and an MS in Agriculture from Stephen F. Austin State University in 1999. Her initial horticulture experience began at Treesearch Fanns in Houston. From there she entered graduate school at SFA and continued her horticultural experience in the Forestry Department with Dr. Shiyou Li's Camptotheca acuminata research project and later with the Agriculture Department at the SFA Mast Arboretum. Mrs. Stover currently maintains the living plant collection within the SFA Mast Arboretum. Current research includes work with Gaillardia aestivalis var. winkleri., Tricyrtis species, Farfugium japonicum, as well as hardiness trials for many tropicals and gingers. She is responsible for maintenance of the Arboretum and the horticulture greenhouse facilities. She is responsible for two annual plant sales to raise money for the Arboretum., as well as coordinating student workers and volunteers. Very often, she can be found teaching labs for horticulture students, working with volunteers., or lecturing to a wide variety of gardening enthusiasts. She works closely with the horticulture industry as well as the public. James Van Kley came to SFA in the fall of 1993 from West Lafayette Indiana, where he completed a Ph.D. in Forest ecology at Purdue University. He is originally from Grand Rapids, Michigan. He received his B.S. degree from Calvin College (Grand Rapids MI), and his M.S. degree from Central Michigan University (Mt Pleasant, MI). Current research includes the development ofan ecological classification system for the National Forests in Texas and Louisiana, analysis of portions of the Dutch National vegetation Database in collaboration with colleagues at the Alterra Institute for Green World Research in the Netherlands, and analysis and monitoring ofthe wetland plant communities of Caddo Lake in northeastern Texas. For more information of Dr. Van Kley's research, visit his research website. Dr. Van Kley is also curator of the ASTC Herbarium at SFA, which includes more than 77,000 specimens Caroline E. Vidrine completed high school in May 2008. She is coauthor oftwo papers, one on the Cajun Prairie Gardens and the other on the mussels ofrivers ofthe Cajun Prairie. Caroline is a student at Louisiana State University at Eunice, where she is majoring in Forestry. She can literally say that she has been working with prairie restoration since the day she was born. Malcolm F. Vidrine, PhD has been Professor of Biology at Louisiana State University at Eunice for 24 years. He is an aquatic ecologist with major research interests in freshwater mollusks and their parasites, especially water-mites belonging to the genus Unionicola. Dr. Vidrine is creator and co-owner of the Cajun Prairie Gardens-a horticultural initiative at landscaping mra.l residential lots. Central emphasis ofthe gardens is the development of an insect garden-a garden for the conservation of insects. He is also co-developer ofthe Cajun Prairie Restoration Project in Eunice and the Prairie Restoration Project at LSUE. The central emphasis ofthe projects is the restoration ofnative prairie with local flora.

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