Stephen F. Austin State University
SFA ScholarWorks
Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference
SFA Gardens
2008
4th Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference
David Creech
Dept of Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, dcreech@sfasu.edu
Greg Grant
Stephen F. Austin State University
James Kroll
Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, jkroll@sfasu.edu
Dawn Stover
Stephen F. Austin State University
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Repository Citation
Creech, David; Grant, Greg; Kroll, James; and Stover, Dawn, "4th Lone Star Regional Native Plant
Conference" (2008). Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference. 6.
https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/sfa_gardens_lonestar/6
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28-31,2008
PI~nt
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Hosted by
Stephen F. Austin St'lte University
Arthur Temple College of Forestry 'lnd Agriculture
SFA Pineywoods N'ltive pl'lnt Center
N'lcogdoches, Texqs
M'ly 28-31, 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Lectures
Barton, Gail, BiU Fontenot, and Peter Loos Garden Evolution: A Personal Experience
Diggs, George and Barney Lipscomb Invaders ofthe Plant Kind in East Texas
3
14
Godwin, Wllliam Microhabitat Ecology and Conservation in East Texas from a
Geological Perspective
25
LambersoD, Kristin Allowing Beauty and Interconnectedness ofAll Things to Infiltrate
Our Hearts and Yards
26
Midgley, Jan Plant Propagation
28
Morris, George Stream Restoration-The Role ofVegetation
32
Philipps, Tom Welcome to the East Texas National Forests
33
Shackelford, CUff Watching Hummingbirds in Texas: Better Than Reality TV
55
Shackelford, Julie Land Conservation in a Changing Environment
57
Van Kley, Jim Native Plants as Indicators ofthe Natural Forest
60
Vidrine, Malcolm and Caroline Vidrine Meat, Salad, and Microbes: Antimicrobial
Plants ofthe Cajun Prairie
71
Field Trip Plant Lists
Bronstad, Mark Tyler County
82
Creech, David Nacogdoches Area
87
Gaylord, Heinz Ivy Payne Preserve
97
Keith, Eric Jasper and Newton County
104
Liggio, Joe Matlock Hills and Colero Creek
108
~o L
113
Peter San Augustine County and Stewart Ranch
Neal, Jim Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge
115
Olsen, Glenn Birding 101
121
Shelton, Larry Naconiche Creek
124
Workshops
Allen, Charles Edible Plants
127
Boyette, John Carbon Sequestration in East Texas
132
Schmidt, AI Farm Bill 2002 Environmental Quality Incentives Program
134
Steinbach, Mark Texas Land Conservancy
140
Bios ofSpeak.ers and Tour Leaders
143
Lectures
Garden Evolution: A Personal Experience
A Panel Discussion
By Gail Barton, Bill Fontenot and Peter Loos
Each of the three panelists will give a short presentation about his/her personal garden space. An
open discussion will follow. A summary of each garden situation is given below.
Garden of Gail Barton and Richard Lowery
Our garden is located in Meridian, Mississippi which is in East Central Mississippi (Zone
7b) near the Alabama state line. We live in the city limits in a residential neighborhood.
The house on a 90'xI50' lot was purchased in 1984. At that time, the predominant plant
materials were S1. Augustine grass, existing pine and hardwood trees and a few exotic shrubs and
ground covers (nandina, evergreen barberry, Indica azalea, cast iron plant, English ivy and
liriope).
The site was mostly wooded prior to Hurricane Katrina Currently the back garden is
sheltered by large (100'+) white oaks and other hardwoods including mockernut hickory, water
oak, Southern red oak and flowering dogwood. The terrain is basically a graded hilltop with
disturbed urban fill dirt in some areas and native clay loam in others.
The indigenous plants that appeared in the garden and began to thrive after a few years of
gentler management include beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), devil's walking stick (Aralia
spinosa), partridge berry (Mitchella repens), hairy sunflower (Helianthus tomentosus), Joe Pye
weed (Eupatorium purpureum), mistflower (Eupatorium colestinum), hydrangea vine
(Decumaria barbara), wood oats (Chasmanthium sesiliflorum), elephant's foot (Elephantopus
tomentosus), wild petunia (Ruellia caroliniana), and turk's cap mallow (Malvaviscus arboreus).
Other natives from the adjacent 6 acres were incorporated into the landscape including:
American beech (Fagus grandiflora), sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia virginiana), Indian pink:
(Spigelia marilandica), Piedmont azalea (Rhododendron canescens), arrow-wood viburnum
(Viburnum dentatum) and ironwood (Carpinus caroliana).
The main advantage of the site has been the existing trees especially the large oaks.
Since the site is more or less upland, drainage is decent in spite of the heavy clay. Even though
the land is located in the city of Meridian, six adjoining acres have been purchased a little at a
time. This allows a view ofthe woods including a large stand of piedmont azaleas and a view of
a soggy bottom where cypress, sweet bay magnolias, native iris and other wetland species thrive.
The garden benefits greatly from the borrowed scenery which serves as a soothing backdrop.
The site has been challenging because house is located about 50 feet from a busy street.
Quick screening was desperately needed. Since the garden is in town and has been described by
many as "growed up", there have been various unpleasant interactions with the city zoning
department and with neighbors who were fearful of snakes that might be hiding in the plantings.
The original owner bequeathed English ivy which has been a terrible and ongoing maintenance
problem. Our last land purchase included an acre of mostly Chinese privet and a half acre of
Chinese wisteria The most recent dilemma was putting the place back together after Hurricane
Katrina came to town. Most of the large pines in the front yard had to be removed and so the
garden is in transition from a gently shaded spot to one that bakes in sun. Some plants have
made the transition and others have not.
The following understory trees have been incorporated into the garden - ironwood
(Carpinus caroUniana), red buckeye (Aesculus pavia), bigleafmagnolia (Magnolia
macrophylla), American beech (Fagus grandiflora) and flowering dogwood (Cornusflorida).
Screening needs are being fulfilled by evergreen starbush (RUcium jloridanum), Florida
leucothoe (Agarista populifoUa), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), spruce pine (Pinus
glabra) and titi (Cyrilla racemiflora). Native shrubs include native azaleas, Virgiania sweetspire
(Itea virginica), silverbell (Halesia spp.), witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), wahoo
(Euonymus americanus), Alabama croton (Croton alabamensis), possumhaw holly (Rex
decidua) and palmetto (Sabal minor). Favorite herbaceous groundcovers include woodland
pWox (Phlox divaricata), southern shield fern (Thelypteris kunthii), atamasco lily (Zephryanthes
atamasco), black eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), beard tongue (Penstemon digitalis), green and
gold (Chrysogonum virginianum).
The front yard is now totally screened from the street by a planting of starbush, small
anise tree, and southern magnolia. Indigenous groupings of sweetbay magnolia and wild
honeysuckle azalea on the perimeter ofthe site impart enticing floral scents.
A tiny garden pond with spitting frogs provides soothing water sounds and a realistic
habitat for a specimen titi. Small pieces of native rock are used to border beds and larger pieces
serve as sPeCimen rocks. Yard art including gazing balls and Marc Pastorek's ceramic faces
grace the garden. The house is intimately integrated with the garden. Three sliding glass doors
open onto an elevated deck that overlooks the back garden. A broken concrete path defines the
backyard trails. A series of arbors mark the transition between different parts of the garden.
The garden is all about transitions from one season to another and from one garden room
to another.
Garden of Bill and Lydia Fontenot
Lafayette Parish, South-Central Louisiana
We are located just north of Lafayette, in south-central Louisiana. We're in the western
edge of the Atchafalaya Swamp (ca. 14' above mean sea level) about a half-mile east of Bayou
Vermilion, a lazy north-south stream which empties into the Gulf of Mexico a little over an hour
due south of us.
We live at the dead-end ofa gravel road. We moved there in the spring of 1982, and
began gardening in earnest by the following year. Our plant hardiness zone is 8b.
The place was a cow pasture when we first moved in. The gravel road was a cow path. There
were no power poles present either. We waited several months for phone and electricity.
Over the years we've had the privilege of watching the cow pasture succeed into a
bottomland hardwood forest, dominated by sweetgum, American elm, hackberry, water oak, and
green ash, with lesser amounts of coast live oak, sweet pecan, and swamp red maple. Herbaceous
species are numerous. Forested areas are dominated by a groundcover of Cherokee sedge (Carex
cherokeensis). We began on two-thirds of an acre, and over the years have purchased an
additional 49+ acres surrounding us.
In November of 1987 we began operating our little backyard native plant nursery, which
has given us access to hundreds of species of southern U.S. native species. Over the past 25
years, we've trialed somewhere between 500-1,000 plant species and cultivars, including around
200 specieslcultivars ofsouthern native plants.
Soil is the primary limiting factor with our gardens. The native soil is a circumneutral
silty-clay with the consistency of modeling clay when wet, and cinder block or lava rock when
dry. Lacking any sand whatsoever, the shrink-swell ratio of this soil is ferocious.
It took a few years before we came to understand the crucial nature of organic mulch to
our gardens. After all this time, we still mulch heavily, mostly with hardwood leaves topped with
a thin layer of pine straw. It is a combination ofthe breakdown products of this mulch and the
soil flora and fauna which thrive in it that has conditioned our soil and made it possible to plant
and cultivate it. The soil is naturally rich and water retentive, often causing non-site-native trees
(eastern redbud, for example) to grow so fast and so large that they topple under their own
weight.
As with all gardens and gardeners, we were quite ambitious when we were young, and
spent massive amounts of time trialing plants, weeding, mulching, etc. Over time, however,
we've all matured. The gardens are now mostly shady, with only a few locales expressly
maintained for sunlight. In our garden, sunlight definitely equates to weeds - and lots of them dozens and dozens of species.
Over time, we're really come to appreciate the many showy species of site-generated
natives that grace our gardens - by now comprising well over half of our plant total.
Similarly, time has allowed us to winnow out an elite list of non-site-generated plants from other
habitats, states, and nations which thrive on our site with little or no care - surviving the
numerous floods, dry spells, cold snaps, heat waves, etc. which it seems are occurring with
greater frequency and intensity at our place.
Featured Showy Site-generated Natives
Green Hawthorn (Crataegus viridis)
Deciduous Holly (Rex decidua)
Red Buckeye (Aesculus pavia)
Dwarf Palmetto (Sabal minor)
Copper Iris (Iris fulva)
Short-stemmed Iris (Iris brevicaulis)
Woolly Rose-mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos)
Spider-wort (probably Tradescantia ohioensis)
Dayflower (probably Commelina virginica)
Mistflower (Eupatorium coelestinum)
American Germanderf'Wood Sage" (Teucrium canadense)
Featured Non-site-generated "Natives"
Durand Oak (Quercus sinuate)
Swamp Cyrilla (Cyrilla racemiflora)
Little-IeafVibumum (Viburnum obovatum)
Eastern Coralbean (Erythrina herbacea)
Alabama Snow-wreath (Nevusia alabamensis)
Strawberry Bush (Euonymus americana)
Swamp Rose (Rosa palustris)
Turk's Cap (Malvaviscus drummondii)
Doll's Eyes (Boltonia diffusa)
Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)
Salt-marsh Mallow (Kosteletzkya virginica)
Morning-glory (Ipomea spp.)
Tropical Sage (Salvia coccinea)
Meadow Rue (Thalictrum spp.)
Indian Pink (Spigelia marilandica)
La. Iris 'Cherry Bounce'
La. Iris 'Dixie Deb'
La. Iris 'Black Widow'
La. Iris (Dwarf "Black" Iris brevicaulis)
La. Iris "Fancy Fulva"
La. Iris "Evergreen"
Garden of Peter and Cassandra Loos
We are located on the south end of Chireno which is east ofNacogdoches along the EI
Camino Real in Deep East Texas. We are 2 miles west of the Attoyac River which feeds into
Lake Sam Rayburn 8 miles to our south. We are blessed to have Polysot Creek, which feeds into
the Attoyac, run through our property which includes the only bluff on Polysot.
The property has been in Cassandra's family for numerous generations and includes a
total of37} acres. The garden in the traditional sense, what one would call the yard, is
approximately 3 acres.
When we moved to the property in September of 2003, there were numerous scattered
mature shade trees (l Red Maple, 4 Live Oak, } Water Oak, 2 Siberian Elms, } Southern Sugar
Maple, 8 Eastern Red Cedar and several Hackberry). There were only a few ornamental shrubs
(2 Crepe Myrtle, 3 Flowering Quince, } Nandina, I Burford Holly and 5 Rose of Sharon
Hibiscus). There were also a few naturally occurring wildflowers (several dozen Spiderwort
plants, a couple of Black-eyed Susan and large sweeping patches of Spring Beauty).
The Mowing of the lawn over the past 5 years has been adjusted to benefit existing
herbaceous wildflowers and this has increased total numbers of all species. The method and
results have been such that there is no early season mowing so, in Jan-Feb the yard is white with
Spring Beauty and therefore looks like it's covered in a blanket of snow. In March after the
Spring Beauty is past peak (and fading) the Spiderwort begins and mowing starts. We mow
around the larger Spiderwort groupings. This allows the Black-eyed Susans to become
established and larger patches of them are also left unmown. We maintain mown paths only
directly in front of the house at this time of year. In May-June the Spiderworts finish blooming
and the Black-eyed Susans begin. With the mowing of Spiderwort the paths become less
obvious and so the Black-eyed Susan patches look more like islands. Spring blooming Quaking
Grass (Brizia minor) has responded well to the mowing schedule utilized and has added to the
lawn 'show'. We have begun adding daffodil varieties, narcissus varieties and other early spring
bulbs into the lawn in a few locations. To the side (south) ofthe front yard we have also created
a prairie garden. It is a 100' x 20' rectangle that is home to Big Bluestem, Switch Grass and
Eastern Gamma Grass collections with over a dozen different varieties of each. There are
several Monarda species as well as several Silphium species. Also to be found include Winecup,
American Germander, several yellow flowering composites (including Bidem spp., Helianthus
mollis, Rudbeckia maxima and Helianthus hirsuta), Verbena, False Indigo, Bush Pea, Death
Cammas, Gayfeather and 2 species of wild onion.
We have added numerous small flowering trees to the landscape. Most were
incorporated as spot plantings - that is they were not part of a 'bed'. A number of genera have
more than one species utilized. There are 2 species of Buckeye (Aesculus arguta and A. pavia).
We have added a Chalk Maple to go with the existing Southern Sugar Maple and Red Maple.
Also we have planted several fruit trees to include Mexican Plum, Southern Crabapple,
Louisiana Crabapple and Blanco Crabapple to complement an existing Pear tree. Each was spot
planted but in a straight line to create a screen to divide that part of the yard and to give the feel
of an orchard. Parallel to the fruit trees is a row of 5 posts each of which supports a different
variety of native Wisteria. Currently there are 3 species of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) with
plans to add a few more, each in a different area of the yard. To date we have only utilized a few
Antique Roses but each is a different variety.
We have added five border type beds in the yard and all are mixed shrub/perennial
plantings. Each has a theme based on the dominant plant groups. Along part of the driveway we
have the flowering Quince/Mint garden. It is home to several Monarda spp. (Beebalm) as well
as numerous Pycnanthemum spp. (Mountain Mints). As of now there are 3 Quinces, 2 existing
when we moved here are the traditional fire engine red and the third that we added is a peach
colored form. There are plans to add a white flowered form and a dark red form. The bed also
has several Salvia spp., mainly to stretch out flowering times in the bed while sticking to the
mint theme. There are a couple of composites such as Silphium and Asters to add color.
Another bed is home to more hydric plants and includes variety collections of Lyonia lucida
(Fetterbush), native Azaleas and Palmettos including the naturally occurring hybrid ofS. minor x
S. mexicana from Brazoria, IX. The perennials include 2 species of Iris, native Canna and
Hibiscus 'Moy Grande'. A third bed, located under the very large existing Water Oak: is home to
a Viburnum collection. Each of the 5 Arrowwood Viburnums is from a different source (l from
Alabama, 1 from Louisiana and 3, each from a different counties in Texas). There is also a
collection of Turkscap varieties (white, red, pink and a hybrid). The herbaceous plants in this
bed are trial plants (mostly species from the southeast US that may need some shade to survive
in East Texas). The next border is located on a benn at the end of the driveway near the street
(FM 95 or Main S1.) and is home to Central and West Texas. Plants include Yucca spp., a
Mexican Redbud, Texas Sage, 3 species of Salvia and Agrita. The last border bed, which frames
a parking area near the house, started as a small slope and was a previous fence line. To soften
the slope, a dry stack rock wall (made of smaller pieces of petrified wood) was added to the low
side. The high end was lined with larger pieces of petrified wood to frame the whole bed. This
bed is home to our Sweetspire collection. 5 plants all from different sources, 3 are named
varieties. There is also a Phlox collection and an Elliot Blueberry collection. Other shrubs in
this bed include a dwarf Agrista, a Florida Anise, Red Cedar variety and Chinese Buttonbush.
There are also several mixed perennials for additional color.
There are other parts of the property that are not part of a traditional garden but are
worthy of mention and a tremendous source ofpride. The southwest comer ofthe property (76.3
acres) is an older growth mixed hardwood forest with some Loblolly Pine. Here one can fmd
numerous 10' - 15' Piedmont Azaleas, 2 species ofTrillium, acre sized sweeps (patches) of
Mayapple, several small patches of Solomon Seal, numerous Violet species, several species of
Fern (Cinnamon, Royal, Lady, Sensitive, Virginia Chain, Netted Chain, Wood, Bracken and
Ebony Spleenwort), Fringe Tree, Southern Sugar Maple, Red Maple, Witch Hazel, Possum Haw
Viburnum, Maple-Leaf Viburnum, Rusty Black Haw Viburnum, Arrowwood Viburnum, HopHom Beam, Hornbeam, Sweetbay Magnolia, Southern Magnolia, Sweetleaf, several species of
Blueberry and Beech. There are also several patches ofFeatherbells, 3 patches of Wood Betony
and on the bluffoverlooking Polysot Creek there is dwarf Paw Paw and a dozen specimens of
Tall Catchfly (Silene subcilliata). There are also several species of Hickory as well as Black
Walnut and Paw Paw, although the largest specimens are located elsewhere along the creek on
the property. The Oaks to be found include White Oak, Overcup Oak, Water Oak, Southern Red
Oak, Willow Oak, Swamp Chestnut Oak and Laurel Oak.
Another part of the property worthy of mention is the north creek bottom pasture which is
home to an over 50 acre stand of Cabbage Leaf Giant Coneflower (Rudbeckia maxima) and is
also home to hundreds of Ironweed and Spring Lady Tresses (Spiranthes vernalis). Nothing in
these 2 areas was added by us though there are plans to try and introduce Lady Slipper Orchids
to the 'back woods' at the bluff. We continue to try to time pasture mowing to best benefit the
Coneflowers and Ironweed.
The overall theme of the traditional garden is actually a reflection of Peter's strong belief
not only in diversity but also in bio-diversity and therefore there are not only genera collections
but also species collections. An added bonus to this is that the garden serves as a holding area
for seed and cuttings for nursery stock. There are plans not only to continue to add plant
material where space allows and increase genera and species diversity, but also to continue to
trial new plant material.
With all the plant diversity incorporated into the garden to date has come an increased
diversity of wildlife which only adds to our enjoyment. We eagerly look forward to the spring
and fall migrations of song birds and butterflies. With the spring arrival of hummingbirds
passing through, we know it's only a matter oftime before the Blue Birds arrive, nest and bring
their young into the world only to be followed by our mating pair ofwoodpeckers and the start of
the arrival of numerous species of butterflies that visit each year.
Invaders of the plant kind in East Texas
George M. Diggs, Jr.
Department of Biology
Austin College
Sherman, TX 75090, U.S.A.
and Botanical Research Institute of Texas, gdiggs@austincollege.edu
Barney L. Lipscomb
Botanical Research Institute of Texas
509 Pecan Street, Fort Worth, TX 76102, U.S.A., bamey@brit.org
We all agree that kudzu, Chinese tallow, and Johnson grass are invasive plant species that
cause serious problems, both ecologically and economically. But exactly what is an invasive
plant? Does it have to be introduced? -
and if so, introduced from where? And, what do we
mean by the terms naturalized, weed, or invasive? Further, why should we care about introduced
plants in our ecosystems? Some clarification is in order.
Some dermitions
We define introduced species as those non-natives introduced from outside the U.S. These
non-native taxa are also variously referred to as alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or foreign. This
definition is somewhat of a compromise-if a species native to the eastern U.S. is introduced
into Texas and subsequently becomes a problem (e.g., black locust-Robinia pseudoacacia), by
our definition it is not considered an introduced species. Bluebonnets (Lupinus sp.) were not
originally (in presettlement times) found in many Texas counties, but nonetheless we consider
them native (All six Texas species of Lupinus are considered the state flower---see Andrews
1986 or Diggs et al. 1999 for a discussion). Some plants are not indigenous to Texas, but are
native just across the border in adjacent states (e.g., oak-leaf hydrangea-Hydrangea quercifolia
native in western Louisiana). Many of us, however, plant them in our landscapes and value them
as native plants. A purist (and we are certainly not purists) might only want plants native to
their particular county-but even in this case, a county has arbitrary boundaries. At the practical
level (e.g., preventing importation of problematic exotic species, legal implications, etc.), using
an "origin outside the U.S." definition for introduced species seems to make the most sense.
They are thus species native somewhere outside the U.S. that have gotten here most likely with
human help-either intentional or unintentional.
A naturalized species is simply a non-native that is reproducing in the area without human
assistance (see Nesom 2000 for a more detailed definition). This term is thus less inclusive than
the concept of an introduced species. We need to distinguish naturalized species from those that
are simply capable ofgrowing here, in gardens, landscapes, etc. To be naturalized, they must
actually be reproducing on their own. Many important introduced cultivated plants are therefore
not considered naturalized. We should note that some problematic naturalized plants do not
necessarily reproduce by seeds-Arundo donax, giant reed, which is an aggressive invader in
some areas, apparently does not set fertile seed in Texas, but still effectively spreads vegetatively
(for example, by pieces of rhizome scattered by road equipment, water, etc.).
The word weed can have a variety of different meanings (Baker 1974; Randall 1997). From
the sociological or human perception standpoint, a weed is a plant growing where it is not
wanted, a "plant-out-of-place" (Stuckey & Barkley 1993), or simply a plant that someone
doesn't want or like where it is. It should be obvious here that one person's weed is another
person's treasure. In fact, in one of our (OD) "yards" there are many highly valued native
wildflowers that neighbors definitely consider weeds. When defined in this way, many but not
all weeds are naturalized introduced species. From an agricultural perspective, weeds are plants
that reduce agricultural yields-again many introduced species do so (Holm et ale 1977), but so
do some natives. Biologically, weeds (sometimes termed colonizing plants or colonizers) are
species that "have the genetic endowment to inhabit and thrive in places of continual
disturbance, most eSPecially in areas that are rePeatedly affrcted by the activities ofhumankind'
(Stuckey & Barkley 1993). Many introduced plants fall within any of the above definitions of
weedy species (as would some native species). However, it should be noted that the above
sociological, agricultural, and biological definitions of weeds partially overlap with, but are not
synonymous with our definitions of either introduced or naturalized species.
Invasive species
Introduced species include some of our most beautiful ornamentals (e.g., daffodils, tulips,
and many rhododendrons and roses), provide most of our important food crops (e.g., corn,
soybean, and wheat), are the source of most of our herbs (e.g., rosemary, oregano, basil), and are
among the most widely used landscape plants in East Texas today. On the other hand, some are
also extremely aggressive organisms that become serious problems. An invasive species is
sometimes defmed as "one that becomes so well adapted to its new environment that it interferes
with native species" (Tellman 2002). More specifically, invasive species can be defined as those
that are 1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and 2) whose introduction
causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health
(Invasivespecies.gov 2004). More simply an invasive is a non-native species that adapts to and
invades its new environment to the point that it interferes with native species. We need to point
out that while several of these definitions limit invasives to non-native species, from the practical
standpoint we also consider some native species to be invasive. For example, in Texas the
exclusion of fire has radically changed the ecology of many originally fire-adapted ecosystems
(e.g., Blackland Prairie, Cross Timbers, long-leaf pine forests). As a result, under conditions of
fire suppression native species such as mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and juniper (Juniperus
ashei, J. virginiana) have become extremely invasive and have taken over large areas of native
ecosystems. In fact, from the agricultural standpoint, some Texas landowners would consider
mesquite or juniper to be their most serious plant invaders. Ecologically, the same can
sometimes be said to be true. For example, on Blackland Prairie remnants in North Central
Texas invasion by junipers (eastern red cedar) is one ofthe most serious long-term threats. In
fact, without mowing or controlled bums junipers will in several decades completely eliminate
native Blackland Prairie. It is important to note that these native species have become invasive
only due to the human-caused changes in the naturally occurring ecosystems-under
presettlement conditions they would not have been problematic.
Why should we care about introduced species in our ecosystems?
One answer is ecological. Globally, nationally, and in Texas, invasive species are
considered the second most important threat to species of concern (following only habitat
destruction) (Simberloff20oo; Pimentel 2002). In other words, the most basic answer is that
many of us want to preserve at least some remnants of our native flora and native ecosystems.
By the most recent estimates, approximately 10% of East Texas' plant species are of
conservation concern (Diggs et al. 2006). While many if not most of these owe their precarious
position to habitat destruction, invasive species are now a serious threat. Since many species of
conservation concern currently exist only in scattered remnant habitats or in precariously small
populations, they are particularly susceptible to adverse effects caused by introduced invasives.
To understand the severity ofthe problem, one only has to think about the impact of Chinese
tallow (Triadica sebiftra) on Texas Coastal Prairie remnants.
A second answer is economic. Invasives include serious agricultural weeds, damaging
parasitic plants, and extremely problematic aquatics-the economic cost to deal with these
invasive species is often large. What will the economic costs be if the root parasite Orobanche
ramosa, branched broom-rape, (now known from at least 23 Texas) becomes an agricultural pest
here as it has in some parts of the world? This federal noxious weed, which is apparently being
spread by highway mowing equipment, is capable of causing total crop failure. Unfortunately, in
Texas the "horse is out of the barn" and it remains to be seen if it adapts to the local situation and
becomes economically problematic (Texas Cooperative Extension 2003; TAMU 2008; J.
Quayle, pers. comm.).
Why are invasive exotics (invasive introduced species) so problemtic?
Invasive exotics are an example ofthe phenomenon of ecological release--an introduced
species is releasedfrom the ecological constraints ofits native area (e.g., diseases, parasites,
pests, predators, nutrient deficiencies, competition, etc.) and is consequently able to undergo
explosive population growth in its new home. Elton (1958), one of the founders ofthe field of
invasion ecology, used the term "ecological explosion" for this phenomenon, because the
invasions display a "bursting out from control of forces that were previously held in restraint by
other forces." Unfortunately, ecological release is well known in East Texas. For example,
Pueraria montana var. lobata, kudzu, is an aggressive vine which can completely cover native
forests and is already well-established in a number of East Texas counties (e.g., Colorado,
Grayson, and Lamar). Festuca arundinacea, tall fescue, is capable of invading intact native tall
grass prairies and is considered by some (e.g., Fred Smeins, pers. comm.) to be the most serious
invasive threat to some tall grass Blackland Prairie remnants such as the Nature Conservancy's
Clymer Meadow in Hunt County. The eastern Asian Triadica sebiftrum, usually known as
Chinese tallow tree or as popcorn tree, is now widely recognized as one of the most serious
invasive exotics in East Texas and in the adjacent Gulf Prairies and Marshes (e.g., Barrilleaux &
Grace 2000; Keay et al. 2000; Loos 2002). It is particularly problematic in invading and
destroying native Coastal Prairie habitats, and is showing a rapid increase in sapling populations
in some floodplain forests of the Big Thicket National Preserve (Harcombe et al. 1998; Keay et
al.2000). In the Big Thicket we have seen a "battle ofthe invasives"-Lygodiumjaponicum
(Japanese climbing fem) swarming wildly over Chinese tallow-crowding out native species in
the process. Aquatic examples include Hydril/a verticil/ata (hydrilla) and Salvinia molesta
(giant salvinia, kariba weed}-these plants can displace native aquatics and can reduce oxygen
content, degrade water quality, and can cause physical problems including hindering boats,
clogging irrigation and drainage canals, and blocking water intakes. Virtually every Texas
biologist can give personal examples of invasive exotics that demonstrate ecological release--in
Grayson county, for example, the native understory of some remnant native forests has been
almost completely replaced by the combination of Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) and
Lonicerajaponica (Japanese honeysuckle). Unfortunately, there are numerous other examples in
East Texas of ecological release. Some of the most serious include Bothriochloa ischaemum var.
songarica (King Ranch bluestem), LesPedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza or Chinese bushclover), and Sorghum halapense (Johnson grass).
Numbers of introduced/exotic species in the Dora
Of the 3,402 total species known for East Texas, 619 species or 18% of East Texas' flora,
have been introduced since the time of Columbus and become naturalized (Diggs et al. 2006).
This number seems reasonable based on data from other parts of the U.S. For example, Stuckey
and Barkley (1993) indicated that in states in the northeastern U.S. the percentage of foreign
species ranges from 20% to over 30%, while the numbers vary in western states with some being
a bit lower (e.g., California 17.5%, Colorado 16%, Iowa 22.3%, Kansas 17.4%, and North
Dakota 15%) (Stuckey & Barkley 1993; Rejmanek & Randall 1994). The higher percentages are
in states that have been occupied the longest by non-native humans and in those with most
extensive agriculture/disturbance.
Another way to think about introduced species
As noted above, as of the publication of the Rlustrated Flora of East Texas, 619 of 3,402
native and naturalized species known for East Texas had been introduced. Further, a table in
Diggs et al. (2006) lists 41 species recently (since 1997) introduced into East Texas. This is a
very conservative estimate because these 41 are species that are both recently introduced into
East Texas and new to the state. Between the "cut-ofI" date for that book (part way through
2004) and the end of 2006, an additional seven species were documented for the area (2 native, 5
introduced-see Table 1) that were not included in the counts for the East Texas flora. Those
bring the East Texas totals, as of the end of 2006, to 3209 species with 624 introduced. Thus,
within the 1997 to 2006 decade a total of 46 additional introduced species were documented (It
should be noted that several species included in the book, due to the gracious sharing of
information by various colleagues, have since been officially published in various journals-e.g,
Ctenium aromaticum and A/stroemeria pu/che//a-Singhurst et al. 2005; we should also note
that we have included species to the best of our knowledge based on when they were discovered
and/or reported or published).
How does this number of 46 species introduced in the past
decade compare with previous decades? One might hypothesize that there were probably more
introductions early on, for example in the 1800s or early 1900s, since fewer non-natives had
already been introduced. Certainly we know that introduced species were making their way into
Texas quite early. For example, by 1879 Reverchon had documented for Dallas County "66
introduced species that have taken such a foothold that they may be considered indigenous"
(Reverchon 1879). He later (Reverchon 1880) listed more in "Notes on Some Introduced Plants
in Dallas County, Texas" including Adonis autumnalis (pheasant's-eye), Capse//a bursa-pastoris
(shepherd's-purse), Marrubium vulgare (horehound), and Nasturtium officinale (water cress).
Alternatively, one might argue that 20th century agriculture, with the extensive movement of
seeds and materials, might have resulted in more introductions in the middle to late 1900s. Or
one might argue that the most introductions have occurred quite recently, because of greatly
improved modem transportation and shipping systems and the associated ease of importation of
plant material from all over the world. In order to calculate the relative rate of introductions one
must make some assumptions. First, when to start-in other words how long have introduced
plants (defined as those from outside the U.S.) been able to make their way into East Texas. The
answer is almost certainly dependent on where in East Texas one is talking about For this
discussion we are choosing 1779 (the permanent settlement of Nacogdoches, the oldest town in
Texas). This is a conservative choice-if the date of the establishment of the fIrst mission in
Nacogdoches (1716) was chosen, the argument we are going to present would be even stronger.
Thus using our 1779 starting point, there have been approximately 23 decades for introduced
species to become naturalized in East Texas. Based on our total of 624 introduced species, that
means an average of 27 per decade.
Therefore, our fIgure of 46 species introduced in the past
decade (7.4% of the total) is well above the long term per decade average of 27 (4.3% of the
total). The number of introduced species documented since 2006 further strengthens the point7 additional introduced species (for a total of 631) have been added to the East Texas flora
between the end of2006 and the end of 2007 making the number added in the last 11 years 53 or
8.4% of the total (see Table 1).
Additionally, unpublished data complied by Lipscomb show
that in the 1990 to 1999 decade 83 species were added to the flora of Texas as a whole, including
56 introduced naturalized species-again, a surprisingly high number.
Clearly, significant
numbers of introduced species are continuing to naturalize in Texas.
What are some possible explanations for the above average rate of introduction in recent
years? Some possibilities include the following:
1) More collecting and research recently (i.e., more botanists discovering things that are
introduced).
2) More introduced plants being imported recently (and thus more that can potentially
naturalize).
3) More habitat disturbance recently (thus allowing more mvaslOn into the disturbed
ecosystems).
4) Technological and behavioral changes (e.g., modem highway mowing techniques).
We speculate that all of these explanations probably contribute. 1) There has been an increased
interest in Texas floristics in recent years. However, botanists in the state have long been aware
of and interested in the effects of introduced species (e.g., Reverchon 1879, 1880; Cory 1940Six thistles recently introdued into Texas"; Cory 1950; the publication of the Manual of the
Vascular Plants of Texas-Correll & Johnston 1970; see Geiser 1948). Further, unpublished
data gathered by one of us (BL) indicates that plant collecting has actually dramatically declined
(Fig. 1). 2) Many plants are being brought into the state at present, but this is not new-huge
numbers of ornamental plants have intentionally been brought into the area over many decades
and likewise for many years large numbers of alien species have arrived as weeds (through
agriculture and other means). Further, at present there is increased awareness about the problems
of invasive exotics and at least some care is being taken to prevent the most problematic exotics
from being introduced.
importation.
It is thus extremely hard to judge the relative impact of recent
3) Without doubt there is continuing extensive habitat disturbance-and it is
known that invasives have an easier time gaining a foothold in stressed ecosystems. The role of
this factor is unclear-tremendous areas of native East Texas ecosystems were disturbed or
destroyed in the late 1800s and early 1900s by conversion to agriculture and by logging.
However, today, while almost no pristine habitat remains to be disturbed, vast areas devoted to
agriculture and other human-dominated habitats as well as large amounts of secondary
vegetation receive almost constant disturbance.
Further, agricultural methods are becoming
increasingly intensive. Sorting out the relative effects of these disturbance factors on invasion
biology is not easy. 4) Finally, technological and behavioral changes clearly affect some (but not
all) invasions.
For example, in the cases of Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape) and
Scabiosa atropurpurea (pincushions) highway mowing equipment seems likely as the proximal
cause for the rapid spread of these species in some areas. Branched broomrape, for example,
rapidly spread over a 23 county area in the early 2ooos. In Collin County, within a few year
span, pincushions came to be the dominant roadside vegetation. In Grayson County, one of us
(OD) has observed the rapid spread along local roadsides of a number of invasives over the past
two decades including Scabiosa atropurpurea, Carduus nutans (musk thistle), and Daucus
carota (Queen Anne's-lace).
Unfortunately, there is little hard data to allow insight into which of the four factors
mentioned above or some other undiscussed factors are contributing most to the recent high rate
of introduction of exotic species into East Texas--as noted above, probably all have some effect.
What does the future hold? Data from Missouri may be instructive-when comparing tallies
from 1963 and 1999 (a 35 year interval), the proportion of non-natives in the Missouri flora
increased from 22.8 to 27.7% (Yatskievych & Raveill 2001). A similar increase will probably
occur in East Texas. As noted by Turner et ale (2003), "newly introduced aliens are likely to
increase in diversity and geographic range as urban areas are expanded and new crop and grazing
plants introduced, along with their baggage of weeds."
Implications/Conclusions
There is no question that introduced invasive species have tremendous costs. The economic
costs of introduced invasive plants have been estimated nationally at $34 billion (Pimentel 2002)
(much of this in the agricultural sector). In addition, the potential economic costs of invasive
plants recently introduced into Texas (e.g., Cuscuta japonica---Japanese love-vine, Orobanche
ramosa--broomrape, Salvinia molesta---kariba weed, Solanum viarum--tropical soda-apple),
can only be speculated on, but are potentially huge. Likewise, the ecological costs are very
significant. Huge areas of East and coastal Texas have already been negatively impacted by
Triadica sebijera-Chinese tallow, and dozens of other examples of ecologically devastating
invasive exotics could be given.
Texas was until recently (2003) one of only 16 states without a noxious plant programleaving it unable to act in an effective manner against potentially serious invasive species. As a
result, the state was left vulnerable to costly effects caused by invasive exotics. Fortunately,
initial legislation was passed in 2003 establishing a "Noxious and Invasive Plant List" (Texas
Administrative Code 2007) and the "Pulling Together Initiative," a cooperative venture focusing
on invasive plants, is in place. Further, there is now a Texas Invasive Species Coordinating
Committee (TISCC), which exists by memorandum of agreement between eight state agencies
(Waite 2007) and extensive information is available on-line (TexasInvasives.org 2007). Still, the
state has no single authority in charge of dealing with invasive species-a fact that may prove
costly in the future.
It is unfortunate that ecological problems like the one posed by invasive species often do not
gain political traction or get significant attention or resources-yet, they can have profound
costs. Without major emphasis on prevention, there will almost certainly be additional
problematic introduced species added to the Texas flora in the years to come-with their
associated economic and ecological costs.
REFERENCES
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BAKER, H..G. 1974. The evolution of weeds. Ann. Review Ecol. Syst. 5:1-24.
BARRILLEAux, T.e. and J.B. GRACE. 2000. Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae)
within the coastal prairie region: The effects of soil and moisture regime. Amer. J. Bot. 87:1099-1106.
BROWN, L.E., E.L. KEITII, D.J. ROSEN, and J. LIGGIO. 2007. Notes ofthe flora of Texas with additions and other
significant records. III. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1:1255-1264.
CLEMANTS, S.E. 2004. Alternanthera. In: Flora ofNorth America Editorial Committee, eds. Fl. North Amer.
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CORRELL, D.S. and M.e. JOHNSTON. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation,
Renner.
CORY, V.L. 1940. Six thistles recently introduced into Texas. Madrofio 5:200-202.
CORY, V.L. 1950. Additional records ofplants introduced into Texas. Field & Lab. 18:89-92.
DIGGs, G.M., JR., B.L. LIPSCOMB, and R.J.O'KENNoN. 1999. Shinners and Mahler's illustrated flora ofNorth Central
Texas. Sida, Bot. Misc. 16.
DIGGs, G.M. JR., B.L. LIPSCOMB, M.D. REED, and R.J. O'KENNON. 2006. Illustrated flora of East Texas, Vol. I.
Sida, Bot. Misc. 26.
ELTON. C.S. 1958. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Originally published by Methuen and Co.;
republished in 2000 with a new forward (D. Simberloff) by Univ. ofChicago Press, Chicago, IL.
GEISER, S.W. 1948. Naturalists of the frontier, 2nd eel. Southern Methodist Univ. Press, Dallas, TX.
HARCOMBE, P.A., RB.W.HALL, J.S. GLITZENSTEIN, and D.R STRENG. 1998. Sensitivity of GulfCoast forests to
climate change. In: G.R. Guntenspergen and B.A. Vairin, eds. Vulnerability of coastal wetlands in the
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Lafayette, LA.
HILL, S., R LoPER, J.R SINGHURST, and W.C. HOLMES. 2007. Vicia /athyroides (Fabaceae): new to the flora of
Texas. J. Bot Res. Inst. Texas 1:1253-1254.
HOLM, L.G., J. DoLL, E. H O L ~
J. PANCHO, and J.IlERBERGER. 1997. World weeds: Natural histories and
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HOLM, L.G., D.L. PLUCKNETf, J.V. PANCHO, and J.P. HERBERGER. 1977. The world's worst weeds: Distribution
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R LANKAu, and E. SIEMANN.2000. The role of allelopathy in the invasion of the Chinese
KEAY, J., W.E. R O G E ~
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KEITH, E.L. 2004. Tagetes erecta (Asteraceae), a new escape to the flora of Texas. Phytologia 86:104-106.
LEMKE, D.E. andJ.L. APLACA. 2006. Erodium ma/acoides (Geraniaceae), new to Texas. Sida 22:1245-1249.
Loos, P.M. 2002. An alien among us. Newsletter Native Plant Soc. Texas 20:6.
NESO~
G.L. 2000. Which non-native plants are included in floristic accounts. Sida 19:189-193.
PIMENTEL, D.. ed. 2002. Introduction: Non-native species in the world. In: Biological invasions: Economic and
environmental costs of alien plant, animal, and microbe species. pp. 3-8. CRC Press, Baca Raton, FL.
QUA¥LE, J. (JEFF). Personal communication, 2004. Plant collector, discoverer ofthe recently descn"bed Senecio
quaylii (Asteraceae), naturalist, and botanical consultant of Fort Worth, TX.
RANDALL, J.M. 1997. Defining weeds ofnatural areas. In: J.O. Luken and J.W. Thieret, 005. Assessment and
management ofplant invasions. Springer-Verlag. New York.
REJMANEK, M. and J.M. RANDALL 1994. Invasive alien plants in California: 1993 summary and comparison with
other areas in North America. Madrofio 41: 161-177.
REVERCHON, J. 1879. Flora of Dallas County, Texas. Bot Gaz. 4:210-211.
REVERCHON, J. 1880. Notes on some introduced plants in Dallas County, Texas. Bot Gaz. 5:10.
ROSEN, D.J. and RB. FADEN. 2005. Gibasis pe//ucida (Commelinaceae), a new and potentially weedy genus and
species for Texas. Sida 21:1931-1934.
SMEINS, F. (FRED). Personal communication. 1998. Professor ofEcology in the Department ofRangeland Ecology
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savannah) ecosystems including the Blackland Prairie.
SIMBERLOFF, D. 2000. Foreward. In: C.S. Elton. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Originally
published by Methuen and Co.; republished in 2000 by Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
SINGHURST. J.R, EeL. KEI1H, and W.C. HoLMES. 2005. Three species of vascular plants new to Texas.
Phytologia 87:124-128.
STUCKEY, RL. and T. M. BARKLEY. 1993. Weeds. In: Flora ofNorth America Editorial Committee, 005. Fl. North
Amer. 1:193-198. Oxford Univ. Press, New York and Oxford.
TELLMAN, B. 2002. Introduction. In: Tellrnan, B., ed. Invasive exotic species in the Sonoran region. pp. xviixxvi. Univ. of Arizona Press and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tuscon.
TEXAS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE. 2007. Quarantines and Noxious Plants, Chapter 19. State of Texas.
http://info.sos.state.tx.uslplslpublreadtac$ext.TacPage?s1=R&app=9&p_dir=&p]loc=&p_tlOC=&PJ)loc=&pg=1
&p_tac=&ti=4&pt= l&ch=19&r1=300. Accessed Mar 2008.
TEXAS COOPERATIVE EXTENSION. 2003. Keep watch for branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa): A major
threat to U.S. crops. http://www-aes.tamu.edulmarylbrmrape/brmrape.htm 2002. Accessed Jan 2003.
TEXASINVASIVES.ORG. 2007. Texas Invasives.org. http://www.texasinvasives.orgl. Accessed Mar 2008.
TAMU.2008. Keep watch for branched broomrape (Orbanche ramosa). Texas A&M Univ. Agric. Exten. Service.
College Station, TX. USDA. http://www-aes.tamu.edulmarylbrmrapelbrmrape.htm. Accessed Mar. 2008.
TURNER,B.L., H.NICHOLs,G. DENNY,andO. »oRON. 2003. Atlas ofthe vascular plants ofTexas, Vol. I: Dicots, Vol. 2:
Ferns, gymnosperms, monocots. Sida. Bot Misc. 24.
USDA NATURAL REsoURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE. 2002. Federal noxious weeds.
http://plants.usdagov/cgi_binltopics.cgi?earl=noxious.cgiAccessed Dec 2002.
WAITE, D. 2007. Executive summary: 2007 Texas Invasive Plant Conference.
http://www.necis.netlnecisifilesl2007_texas_invasiveJ)lant_conference.pdf. Accessed Mar. 2008.
Y A TSKlEVYCH, G. and J.A. RA VEILL. 200 I. Notes on the increasing proportion of non-native angiosperms in the
Missouri flora, with reports of three new genera for the state. Sida 19:701-709.
Collecting Activity In Texas
In the 20th century
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
o
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Fig. I. Collecting activity in Texas in the 20th century based on 7,685 herbarium specimens selected randomly from the
DIGITAL FLORA OF TEXAS HERBARIUM SPECIMEN BROWSER. 200 I. http://www.csdJ.tamu.edu/FLORA/tracy2/mainl.html.
Accessed Nov 200 I.
Table I. Introduced species added to Texas from mid 2004 to 2006 and during 2007 (Clemants 2004; Keith 2004;
Rosen & Faden 2005; Lemke & Aplaca 2006; Brown et aI. 2007; Hill et aI. 2007)
Introduced species reported mid-2004-2006
Introduced species reported 2007
Alternanthera ficoidea (caljco plant, Joseph's-<:oat)
Erodium malacoides (Mediterranean stork's bill)
Gibasis pellucida (bridal veil)
Lepidium campestre (field pepperweed)
Orobanche minor (small broomrape, hellroot)
Pavonia hastata (pale pavoma, spearleaf
swampmallow)
Sphagneticola trilobata (wedelia, creeping oxeye
Valerianella locusta (com salad, lamb's-Iettuce
Tagetes erecta (marigold)
As yet unpublished report of a South African
Iridaceae
Vida lathyroides (spring vetch)
Zephranthes grandiflora (pink rain lily, rosepink
zephyrlily)
Table 2. Data on the number of introduced species in the flora of East Texas.
1779-1996
I997-mid 2004
mid 2004-2006
2007
# of Introduced Species Added &
Totals
total 578
41 (total 619)
5 (total 624)
7 (total 631)
# and % added 19972007
53 or 8.4% of total # of introduced
species
Time Frame
Allowing Beauty and the Interconnectedness of All Things to Infiltrate Our Hearts and Yards
(The following are ideas that I touch upon during my presentation, as well as showing slides that
guide my talk.)
What is Wild?
Changing our perspective and then recognizing our needs from that perspective. Example: If I
morph into a Wood Thrush, my quest becomes seeking the food my body requires, searching for
shrubby undergrowth where I desire to build my nest, always being on guard for predators, and
where might be the most advantageous perch...one that best allows my glorious song to carry
when I open my throat to sing?
From the flowers, seeds, stalks and roots of many plants with the general human derived title of
''weeds'' comes sustenance to a bounty of critters...whereas Nature names her weeds, exotic
invassives.
Allowing beauty.
Recognizing the majestic wonder ofthe simple.
Recognizing the majestic wonder of those entities we deem annoying (ever watch a mosquito
steal/borrow your blood?).
To observe a flower...giving it no name or physical attribute...when the mind quiets and the spirit
opens we come to recognize the essence of flower and self as one in the same!
The clutter of modem day life keeps us occupied and ignorant to the realization of our
connection with all life.
Through the landscape of our yards, we can create sanctuary a place that invites those entities
who speak not with a human voice (be it plant or any critter) then each step we take within this
place becomes breathtaking, for we realize that every action has an outcome and we know that
all things are connected...and ultimately, with arms open wide we sing, "life is beautiful"!
COLLECTING AND HANDLING SEEDS OF SPRING BLOOMING WilDFLOWERS
by
Jan Midgley
Spring brings to mind words like vernal, fresh and new. These words also
describe the seeds of spring wildflowers. Many of these seeds must be collected and
handled with more care than seeds collected from plants that bloom and fruit in the
summer and fall. For most spring blooming native plants, desiccation is deleterious or
deadly.
Many native plants that bloom and fruit in late winter and spring have seeds that
are commonly referred to as "wef' seeds. The term wet just means they should be kept
moist and never allowed to dry. Some of these seeds have a fleshy attachment called
an aril or elaiosome which is cream colored and oily. This aril is attractive to ants and
they disperse the seeds, a method of seed dispersal called myrmecohory. The ants
carry the seeds to their nests, eat the aril or feed it to their larvae and then toss the
seeds back out on the ground far from the mother plant. You may have noticed
bloodroot seedlings appearing all around your yard if you have that species in your
garden.
Collect arillate seeds in a plastic bag that can be closed securely. If you cannot
begin to process them immediately, add some moist construction sand or peat moss to
the bag. Sand works well with small seeds that might not be visible in the strands of the
moss. The seeds can be held for a few days or even weeks in a refrigerator while you
continue to collect seeds of that species.
Seed collection of some species may take a few weeks. Seeds of rue anemone
and false rue anemone can be rubbed off their receptacles directly onto potting soil in
cells or in a pot as you collect over time. leave the pot outside in the shade and water it
regularly. Collect seeds of wood poppy and bleeding heart in plastic sandwich bags
containing 2 tablespoons of moist sand and keep them in the refrigerator. They will stay
in a refrigerator for about 4 months before sowing.
Examples of seeds that have arils include: Anemonella thalictroides (rue
anemone), Actaea pachypoda (doll's eyes), Asarum canadense (deciduous ginger),
Cardamine spp. (syn. Dentaria, toothwort), Claytonia spp. (spring beauty), Dicentra spp.
(bleeding heart and dutchman's britches), Eryfhronium spp. (trout lily), Hepatica spp.,
Hexastylis spp. (evergreen ginger), Jeffersonia diphylla (twinleaf), Sanguinaria
canadensis (bloodroot), Sty/ophorum diphyllum (wood poppy), and Trillium spp. (trillium)
A fleshy coat around a seed can be considered a type of aril. The fleshy material
contains a germination inhibitor. The natural process is for the seeds to pass through
the digestive tract of some animal to remove the flesh and slightly scarify the seeds. We
can simulate that process by soaking and cleaning the seeds and even roughing them
up a bit with a handheld quick prep device (like the ones used to cream soup in the pot
on the stove). Seeds from herbaceous plants, other than dry legumes, rarely need
scarification. The seeds from woody plants may have a tougher seed coat that requires
abrasion to hasten germination.
Examples of seeds that have fleshy coverings include: Arisaema spp. Oack-inthe-pulpit, green dragon), Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh), Maianthemum
racemosum (syn. Smilacina racemosa, false solomon's seal), Polyganatum biflorum
(solomon's seal), and Prosartes lanuginosa (syn. Disporum lanuginosum, yellow
mandarin).
Lastly, there is a group of seeds that have no visible aril or fleshy covering. They
just do not tolerate drying out or long term storage. Some lose viability more rapidly than
others. The best way to handle them is to sow them as soon as possible. The flowering!
fruiting branches can be collected in paper bags to allow the seeds to fall in the bag but
should be sown within 7-10 days. Bill Cullina of the New England Wildflower Society
has coined the term "hydrophilic" or water loving to describe these seeds.
Examples of "hydrophilic" seeds include: Actaea racemosa (syn. Cimicifuga
racemosa, black cohosh), Camassia scilloides (wild hyacinth), Delphinium spp., (wild
larkspur), Phlox divaricata (wild blue phlox), Polemonium reptans Oacob's ladder),
Spigelia marilandica (indian pink), and Tiare/la cordifo/ia (foamflower).
Fruiting and the collection date(s) usually occur within six weeks of flowering.
Some species (ex. blue phlox, jacob's ladder, foamflower) will be flowering and fruiting
at the same time. Many spring blooming plants have explosive devices to disperse the
seeds (ex. toothwort, wood poppies). One must collect these capsules when the color
changes from green to pale yellow, before the capsules fling the seeds far and wide. A
few species take many months to ripen their seeds (ex. black cohosh and fairy wand).
The last two examples are interesting because the black cohosh seeds are hydrophilic
and the fairy wand seeds can be stored dry. Why would the black cohosh ripen in late
OCtober and yet need a warm moist stratification? Just one of the mysteries about
seeds and their germination that keep me fascinated.
Seed treatments after collection are highly variable. Most of the seeds of spring
blooming plants would naturally go through a warm moist period (late spring and
summer) before they enter a cold period (winter). If one has no specific information
about how to germinate a certain species, replicating natural seasonal changes is a
reliable guide. What makes seed germination so interesting is the muttitude of variables
that influence germination. Some seeds don't need to undergo the first warm moist
period (ex. alabama delphinium) and others absolutely require it (ex. black cohosh).
Some seeds germinate within 1 month (ex. foamflower) and some germinate in 2 years
after repeated warm-cold cycles (ex. trillium). Some seeds will germinate the first fall
(ex. toothwort, jacob's ladder) and some will germinate the following spring (ex. ginger,
hepatica). Messing around with seeds will entertain you for a lifetime.
If you are interested in specific information for collecting and germinating seeds of
herbaceous plants including grasses and vines, you can order" Native Plant
Propagation", a manual by Jan Midgley. Send a check for $14.00 (includes shipping) to
her at 234 Oak Tree Trail, Wilsonville, AL 35186. email: jwildflwr@aol.com
PROPAGATING NATIVE PLANTS FROM SEEDS
Lone Star Regional Native Plant Conference - Jan Midgley
May 30, 2008
"Wet" Seeds
"Wet" seeds have an aril or a fleshy covering orjust do not tolerate drying out. Sow
ASAP or keep moist in close-able plastic bag with a bit of sand or spagnum.
Anemonella thalictroides (rue anemone)
Actaea pachypoda (doll's eyes)
Actaea racemosum (black cohosh)
Arisaema triphyllum (jack-in-the-pulpit)
Cardamine douglassii (mountain cress, toothwort)
Delphinium alabamicum (alabama delphinium)
Erythronium spp. (trout lilies)
Hepatica rotundiloba (round-lobed hepatica) - syn. Anemone americana
Hexastylis arifolia (evergreen ginger, little brown jugs)
Hymenocallis caroliniana (spiderlily)
Mitchella repens (partridgeberry)
Polemonium reptans Oacob's ladder)
Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot)
Spigelia marilandica (indian pink)
Tiarella cordifolia var. collina (wherryii's foamflower)
Trillium decumbens (bent-stalk trillium)
Myrmecochory (ant dispersal)
"Dry" Seeds
Aster family and phlox species are not self-fertile. You ~
grown plants to get fertile seeds.
Eustoma exaltatum (seaside gentian) - annual
Seed storage
Amsonia tabernaemontana (bluestar)
Asclepias tuberosa (butterfly weed)
Baptisia alba (white wild indigo)
Senna marilandica (wild senna, cassia)
Camassia scilloides (wild hyacinth)
Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower) - Asteraceae
Gentiana saponaria (soapwort ginger)
Hibiscus laevis (halbard-Ieaved marshmallow)
Liatris earlii (gayfeather) - Asteraceae
Lilium canadensis 'Springville' (canada lily)
Penstemon calycosus (smooth beardtongue)
Phlox paniculata (garden phlox)
P. divaricata (wild blue phlox)
Sarracenia leucophylla (White-topped pitcher plant)
Silene virginica (firepink)
Silphium asteriscus (rosinweed) - Asteraceae
Symphyotrichum georgianum (georgia aster) - Asteraceae
Zephyranthes atamasco (atamasco lily)
Zizia aurea (golden alexander)
have two or more seed
STREAM RESTORATION - THE ROLE OF VEGETATION
There's more to a stream than the rushing or meandering water. A stream is a complex
and valuable ecosystem which includes the land, animals, and plants. Stream corridors
are increasingly recognized as critical ecosystems supporting interdependent uses and
values. Today, interest in stream restoration is expanding. This is evident with the
inception ofNe's Ecosystem Enhancement Program (EEP) and the Tennessee Stream
Mitigation Program.
Vegetation plays a crucial role in the success of the projects both in the initial phases, as
bank stabilization, and in the completion ofthe project, in creating successful
ecosystems. During the initial phases of the stream restoration, reduction of invasive
trees, shrubs, and vines is essential to establish a native riparian habitat. Construction of
the channel and bank stabilization include using a number of bio-engineering practices
and the completion ofprojects relies on the successful establishment ofboth herbaceous
and woody plants in the riparian buffer. Post restoration will depend on working with
partners to establish a long range maintenance program to ensure a successful stream
restoration project. It's also about the biology!
George Morris, River Works, Inc
VASCULAR FLORA OF A LONGLEAF PINE UPLAND IN
SABINE COUNTY, TEXAS
Thomas C. Philipps
V.S.D.A. Forest Service, National Forests and Grasslands in Texas
415 S. 1st. Street, Lufkin, Texas 75901
TPhillipps@fs.fed. US
Suzanne Birmingham Walker
Azimuth Forestry Services, Inc., 14671 State Highway 87 South,
Shelbyville, Texas 75973
Barbara R. MacRoberts and Michael H. MacRoberts
Bog Research, 740 Columbia, Shreveport, Louisiana 71104 and
Herbarium, Museum of Life Sciences, Louisiana State University in
Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71115
ABSTRACT
We describe the vascular flora of select plots within longleaf
pine uplands at Fox Hunter's Hill in the Sabine National Forest in
eastern Texas. The eight established 0.1 ha plots contained a total of
196 species and averaged 87.25 species (range 71 to 112) per plot;
sixteen 0.001 ha plots averaged 28.75 species (range 17 to 46); and
sixteen 0.0001 ha plots averaged 12.44 species (range 5 to 25). A
comparison between longleaf pine uplands in central Louisiana and Fox
Hunter's Hill shows that they have similar floristic composition.
KEY WORDS: longleafpine, Pinus palustris, longleaf pine uplands,
Sabine National Forest, Sabine County, Texas.
Longleaf pine uplands are among the most extensively studied
and best known ecosystems in the southeastern United States (Marks
and Harcombe 1981, Platt et ale 1988, Frost 1993, Peet and Allard
1993, Ware et ale 1993, Streng et ale 1993, Glitzenstein et al. 1995,
Noel et ale 1998, Platt 1999, Christensen 2000, Conner et ale 2001).
Surprisingly, considering the amount of attention given to this
ecosystem and its eponym, relatively little is known about the
herbaceous layer. Either little or no information has been collected or
only partial descriptions are available. This is especially true of longleaf
pine communities in the West Gulf Coastal Plain (Streng and
Harcombe 1982, Bridges and OrzelI 1989, Orze111990, Harcombe et al.
1993, MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1998, Turner et al. 1999, Haywood
et al. 1998, 2001, Haywood and Harris 1999, Van Kley 1999a, 1999b,
2006, MacRoberts et a1. 2004a, Lester et al. 2005, Diggs et al. 2006),
where far less research has been done than in the Atlantic and East Gulf
Coastal Plain (Peet and Allard 1993, Platt 1999, Christensen 2000). In
our search of the literature, we were able to find only one detailed study
of the floristic composition of longleaf pine uplands in the West Gulf
Coastal Plain (MacRoberts et al. 2004a).
If management of longleaf pine communities is to be
undertaken effectively, more than just eliminating offsite woody
vegetation and reintroducing fire may be needed. At a minimum, the
herbaceous layer must be known, for historical evidence indicates that
many currently rare species were more common prior to recent
anthropogenically influenced declines, and if current trends continue,
today's common species may become rare in the near future
(Glitzenstein et al. 2001). In order to reconstruct any plant community,
whether by adding rare species to intact communities or by restoring
badly degraded sites, one must know what was there initially and, while
we cannot go back to pre-settlement vegetation, we can at least begin
by studying or by documenting today's best managed sites.
Gathering information on the herbaceous layer of longleafpine
uplands is not always easy, since virtually all West Gulf Coastal Plain
longleaf pine was cut during the last two centuries (Noss 1988, Frost
1993, Outcalt 1997, Platt 1999, Diggs et ale 2006). At best, second
growth exists but even where there is second growth, there is seldom
much, if any, herbaceous layer because of shading by shrub growth
resulting from fire suppression (Platt et ale 1988, Streng et al. 1993,
Olson and Platt 1995, Brewer 1998, Frost 1998, Platt 1999, Haywood et
al. 1998, 2001, Drewa et al. 2002).
In pre-European North America, longleaf pine extended from
Virginia to Texas (Schwarz 1907, Ware et ale 1993, Platt 1999, Conner
et al. 2001). In the West Gulf Coastal Plain, it occurred in Louisiana
and Texas. In central and southwestern Louisiana and southeastern
Texas there were large tracts of longleaf pine (Eldredge 1934, Smith
1991, Evans 1997, Outcalt 1997), which were cut in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. Over the total original range of longleaf pine, less
than 3 percent remains in a semi-natural condition, and most of this is
on public land (Frost 1993, Peet and Allard 1993, Bezanson 2000, Van
Kley 2006).
Information about longleaf pine uplands before the arrival of
Europeans can be gleaned from historical descriptions, lumber
company records, and from the few acres that have miraculously
survived logging, for example, the Wade Tract in Georgia (Evans 1997,
Platt 1999). Early travelers write of monospecific longleaf pine uplands
in central Louisiana and eastern Texas (MacRoberts et ale 2004a, Diggs
et ale 2006). They depict a landscape with widely spaced uneven aged
pines, an open canopy with frequent gaps, and a rich herbaceous layer
of grasses, composites, and other forbs. There was little or no midstory
and little or no woody vegetation. Every one to three years low
intensity fires moved through these pinelands, usually in the spring and
summer.
Since documentation of floristic composition can be foundonly for a small portion of this community _..- notably lacking is
documentation for the herbaceous layer --- it was the purpose of this
study to locate a longleaf pine upland where the understory appeared to
be intact and to obtain a floristic list. While the aim was to gather
baseline data, the question of the quality of longleaf pine uplands in the
West Gulf Coastal Plain is also briefly addressed (see Conner et ale
2001 for detailed discussion).
STUDY SITE
Previous surveys of the Texas National Forests and Grasslands
in Texas, notably the Sabine National Forest and Angelina National
Forest, have pinpointed several high quality longleaf pine uplands
(OrzelI 1990). One of these is Fox Hunter's Hill in southern Sabine
County, Texas.
Fox Hunter's Hill is situated in the Mayflower Uplands
Landtype Association (LTA). This LTA is associated with the
Catahoula formation overlain with sandstones, sandy clays, and
volcanic tuffs. Clay outcrops are present as are deep sands and loams.
The topography is generally a rolling hill landscape with some steep
hills. The LTA is noted for the longleaf-little bluestem herbaceous
community, Catahoula barrens (glades), and hillside seeps/bogs (Figure
1).
However, Fox Hunter's Hill, like the remainder of longleaf
pine uplands in the West Gulf Coastal Plain, is not pristine. Pine stands
are generally young, over-stocked, and even-aged; the canopy is dense,
with insufficient gaps, and there is often too much shrub and mid-story
woody vegetation. Fores! Service records indicate that prescribed fire
has been introduced mainly in the non-growing season (however, recent
Figure 1: Shingle Branch Bog occurs within Fox Hunter's Hill
burns have been applied as late as May) and often with long intervals
(2-4 years) between ignitions. In spite of these problems, Fox Hunter's
Hill (Figure 2) has a diverse ground layer in many places.
Community types at Fox Hunter's Hill include extensive areas
of arenic dry uplands, loamy dry mesic uplands, and small patches of
xeric sandylands and glades. Along creeks are herbaceous seeps,
particularly bogs and baygalls (Orzell 1990, Diggs et ale 2006, Van
Kley 2006). High-quality longleaf pine upland is habitat for such
Figure 2: Upland Longleaf Community at Fox Hunter's Hill
federally listed animals as the Red-cockaded Woodpecker and the
Louisiana Pine Snake (Connor et ale 2001), and rare plants such as
Liatris tenuis Shinners (Figure 3), Silene subciliata B.L. Robins., and
Rudbeckia scabrifolia L. Brown (Carr 2004).
.
Few logging and other silvicultural activities have been
conducted at Fox Hunter's Hill in the recent past. In the past 17 years,
two prescriptions have been written for the area (S. Walker unpubl.
data); however, one of the projects was not carried out and the other
project included only a small area of patch clear-cut that was necessary
due to scorch' from a prescribed burn. That area was replanted with
longleaf pine. Prescribed fire has been the main management tool used
in Fox Hunter's Hill for the past 15 years. With the exception of 2000-
Figure 3: Liatris tenuis Shinners
2003, when no prescribed burning occurred, Fox Hunter's Hill has been
burned on a 2-3 year rotation (T. Zimmerman pers. corom.). The timing
of bums alternated between fall and late winter to early spring.
However, the latest prescribed bum applied to Fox Hunter's Hill
occurred in May 2006 because of a desire to implement a growing
season fire pattern.
METHODS
We established eight 20 m x 50 m (0.1 ha) plots in areas
representative of the various longleaf pine upland habitats (Figure 4).
Included were extensive areas of arenic dry uplands and loamy dry
mesic uplands. Plots 1, 3, and 5 were mostly herbaceous and plots 2, 4,
6, and 8 were mostly shrubby. Plot 6 contained a small area of xeric
sandy lands; plots 3 and 7 had Catahoula glade elements. Within each
0.1 ha plot, we established two nested 3.16 m x 3.16 m (0.001 ha) plots
and twol m x 1 m nested (0.0001 ha) plots (see Peet et ale [1998] for
plot design). We surveyed these plots on 21 and 22 June 2005, 12 July
2005, 26 and 27 October 2005, and 5 and 6 April 2006, and recorded all
species in each. We estimated canopy cover for each 0.1 ha plot.
'-;"r.. .'
~-;.
t-" ..
.
·
.
.....
il:r"
.c---.
MfoIj\' ( 0 t:RWttI1i ~.l
Figure 4: Plot locations at Fox Hunter's Hill
Throughout this paper, plant nomenclature follows Kartesz and
Meacham (1999), Diggs et ale (2006), or USDA (2006).
RESULTS
Table 1 lists the vascular flora of the eight 0.1 ha plots. 1-8
refer to the 0.1 ha plot in which the species occurred.
Table 1: Fox Hunter's Hill Plant Species List 2005-2006
ACANTHACEAE
Ruellia humilis Nutt. (1)(2)(4)(5)(6)
ACERACEAE
Acer rubrum L. (1)(2)(4)
AGAVACEAE
Yucca louisianensis Trel. (2)(8)
ANACARDlACEAE
Rhus copallinum L. (1)(2)(4)(5)(6)(8)
Toxicodenron puhescens P. Mill. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
ANNONACEAE
Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal (1)(2)(5)(6)
APlACEAE
Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. (1)(5)(6)(7)
AQUIFOLIACEAE
flex opaca Ait. (2)(6)(8)
flex vornitoria Ait. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(8)
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia reticulata Jacq. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)
Aristolochia serpentaria L. (1)(4)(5)
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. (6)
Mate/ea cynanchoides (Engelm.) Woods. (6)
ASTERACEAE
Ambrosia artemisifolia L. (1)(2)(5)(8)
Baccharis halimifolia L. (1)(5)
Berlandiera pumila (Michx.) Nutt. (1)(2)(5)(6)
Bigelowia nuttalliiL.C. Anders. (3)(4)
Eoltonia diffusa Ell. (2)(4) .
Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt. (1)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Cirsium sp. (6)
Croptilon divaricatum (Nutt.) Raf. (6)
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt (7)
Elephantopus tomentosus L. (4)
Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. (1)(6)(8)
Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small (5)(6)
Eupatorium compositifolium Walt. (1)(2)(5)(6)
Eupatorium rotundifolium L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
Eurybia hemisphaerica (Alex.) Nesom (7)
Gaillardia aestivalis (Walt.) H. Rock (1)(5)(6)
Helianthus angustifo/ius L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(7)(8)
Helianthus hirsutus Raf. (4)
Hieracium gronovii L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Hymenopappus artemisiifolius var. artemisifolia DC. (1)(2)(5)(6)
Ionactus linariifolius (L.) Greene (1)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
Krigia Spa (6)
Lactuca canadensis L. (1)(2)(5)
Liatris elegans (Walt.) Michx. (1)(2)(5)(6)(8)
Liatris pycnostachya Michx. (6)
Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx. (4)(5)(8)
Liatris tenuis Shinners (3)(4)(7)
Pityopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. var. graminifola
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt (5)(6)
Rudbeckia grandiflora (D. Don) J.F. Gmel ex DC. (1)
Rudbeckia hirta L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Silphium gracile Gray (1)(2)(5)(6)
Solidago nitida Torr. & A. Gray (1)(2)(6)(7)
Solidago odora Ait. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Solidago petiolaris Ait. (2)(3)(5)(8)
Symphyotrichum dumosus (L.) Nesom (3)(4)(6)(7)
Symphyotrichum patens (Ait.) Nesom var. patens (1)(2)(3)(6)(7)(8)
Symphyotrichum pratensis (Raf.) Nesom (3)(4)(7)
Vernonia texana (A. Gray) Small (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(8)
BIGNONIACEAE
Bignonia capreolata L. (1)(7)
BORAGINACEAE
Lithospermum caroliniense (Ornel.) MacM. (1)(2)(5)(6)
CAMPANULACEAE
Lobelia appendiculata A. DC. (6)
Lobelia puberula Michx. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Viburnum rufidulum Raf. (8)
CISTACEAE
Helianthemum georgianum Chapm. (1)(6)
Lechea mucronata Raf. (1)(3)(4)(5)(7)
Lechea tenuifolia Michx. (3)(5)
CLUSIACEAE
Hypericum crux-andreae (L.) Crantz (3)(4)
Hypericum gentianoides (L.) B.S.P. (3)(6)(7)
Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz (1)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
COMMELINACEAE
Commelina erecta L. (1)(2)(5)(6)
Tradescantia reverchonii Bush (1)(5)(6)
CONVOLVULACEAE
Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey. (5)
CORNACEAE
Cornusflorida L. (1)(2)(4)(5)(6)(8)
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (2)(3)(4)(5)(7)(8)
CYPERACEAE
Carex caroliniana Schwein. (4)
Cyperus echinatus (L.) Wood (1)(2)(5)(6)(8)
Cyperus filiculmis Vabl. (6)
Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torr. (5)
Rhynchospora globularis (Chapm.) Small. (3)(4)(7)(8)
Rhynchospora grayi Kunth (1)(2)(3)(4)(8)
Scleria ciliata Michx. (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(8)
Scleria oligantha Michx. (8)
Scleria triglomerata Michx. (1)(5)(6)
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
Pteridium aquilinum L. (1)(7)(8)
DROSERACEAE
Drosera brevifolia Pursh (3)(4)(7)(8)
EBENACEAE
Diospyros virginiana L. (4)(7)
ERICACEAE
Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(7)(8)
Vaccinium corymbosum L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(8)
Vaccinium stamineum L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(7)(8)
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha virginica L. (5)(6)
Cnidoseolus texanus (Muell.-Arg.) Small (5)(6)
Croton argyranthemeus Michx. (1)(3)(4)(5X6)
Croton willdenowii G.L. Webster (3)(6)
Croton michauxii G.L. Webster (7)
Euphorbia Spa (8)
Euphorbia corollata L. (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(8)
Stillingia sylvatica L. (2)(5)(6)(8)
Tragia sma/Iii Shinners (1)(2)(5)(6)(8)
Tragia urens L. (1)(2)(5)(6)(8)
Tragia urticifo/ia Michx. (1)(2)(5)(6)(8)
FABACEAE
Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Ell. var laevicaulis (Gray ex Canby) Isely
(1)(3)(4)(6)
Centrosema virginiana (L.) Benth. (2)(5)(6)
Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. fasciculata (1 )(3)(5)
Clitoria mariana L. (5)
erotalaria sagittalis L. (1)(5)(6)
Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) T.&G. (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Desmodium ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. (1)
Erythrina herbacea L. (6)
Ga/actia vo/ubi/is (L.) Britt. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Lespedeza Spa (5)(6)
Lespedeza procumbens Michx. (3)
Lespedeza repens (L.) Barton (7)
Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt. (3)
Mimosa hystricina (Small) B.L. Turner (5)(7)
Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt. ex. Torr. & Gray (1)(6)
Rhynchosia reniformis DC. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)
Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)
Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B.S.P. (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Tephrosia onobrychoides Nutt. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
FAGACEAE
Quercus alba L. (3)(4)(8)
Quercus/alcala Michx. (1)(2)(3)(6)(7)(8)
Quercus incana Bartr. (2)(5)(6)
Quercus marilandica Muenchh. (1 )(3)(4)(6)(7)(8)
Quercus nigra L. (2)(8)
Quercus stellata Wang. (3)(4)(7)(8)
GENTIANACEAE
Sabatia campestris Nutt. (6)
HAMAMELIDCEAE
Liquidambar styraciflua L. (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
IRIDACEACE
Alophia drummondii (Graham) Foster (1)(5)(6)(8)
Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. (3)(4)(7)(8)
JUGLANDACEAE
Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. (6)
Carya texana Buckl. (1)(2)(6)(8)
LAMIACEAE
Monardafistulosa L. (6)
Pycnanthemum albescens Torr. & A. Gray (4)(5)(6)
Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam (8)
Scutellaria sp. (3)
Scutellaria cardiophylla Engelm. & A. Gray (6)(8)
Scutellaria parvula Michx. (3)
LAURACEAE
Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarge ,(1)(2)(6)(8)
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees (1)(2)(5)(6)(7)
LILIACEAE
Allium canadense L. (4)
Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville (5)
Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britt. (3)(4)(7)
LINACEAE
Linurn medium (Planch.) Britt. (1)(3)(4)(5)
LOGANACEAE
Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
MAGNOLIACEAE
Magnolia grandiflora L. (6)
Magnolia virginiana L. (1)
MYRICACEAE
Morella cerifera (L.) Small (1)(2)(3)(5)(7)(8)
OLEACEAE
Chionanthus virginicus L. (4)(7)(8)
OXALIDACEAE
Oxa/is dillenii Jacq. (1)(2)(6)(7)
Oxa/is violacea L. (1)
PASSIFLORACEAE
Passiflora lutea L. (2)
PINACEAE
Pinus echinata P.Mill. (1)(2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(8)
Pinus palustris P.Mill. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Pinus taeda L. (1)(2)(5)(6)(7)(8)
POACEAE
Agrostis sp. (1)(2)
Andropogon gerardii Vitman {2)(3)(6)(7)
Andropogon ternarius Michx. (1)(2)(6)(7)
Andropogon virginicus var.virginicus L. (1)(6)(7)
Aristida lanosa Moot. ex Ell. (1)(3)(6)
Aristida longespica Poir (1)(2)(3)(6)(7)
Chasmanthium laxum (L.) Yates (4)(6)
Coelorachis cylindrica (Michx_) Nash (1)(5)(6)(8)
Dichanthelium aciculare (Desv. ex Poir) Gould & Clark (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark (1)(2)(4)(5)(8)
Dichantheliuam oligosanthes (I.A. Schultes) Gould (1)(6)
Dichanthelium scoparium (Lam.) Gould (2)(3)
Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Ell.) Gould (1 )(3)(4)( 5)(6)(8)
Digitaria cognata (I.A. Schult.) Pilger (8)
Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. (2)(4)(7)
Gymnopogon ambiguus (Mich.) B.S.P. (1)(2)(5)(6)
Panicum sp. (8)
Panicum anceps Michx. (4)
Paspalumfloridanum Michx. (3)(4)(7)
Paspalum setaceum Michx. (2)(5)
Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Sorghastrum elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash (3)(6)
Sporobolusjunceus (Beauv.) Kunth (1)(2)(6)(8)
Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. (5)
POLEMONIACEAE
Phlox pi/osa L. (1)(2)(3)(5)
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala mariana Mill. (3)
Polygala nana (Michx.) DC. (2)(3)(5)
Polygala polygama Walt. (8)
RANUNCULACEAE
Delphinium carolinianum subsp. vimineum (D. Don) Warnock (5)(6)
RHAMNACEAE
Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch (4)
Ceanothus americanus L. (2)(3)(5)
Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) A. Gray (8)
ROSACEAE
Crataegus brachyacantha Sarge & Engelm. (3)
Crataegus marshallii Egglest. (2)(3)(4)(7)(8)
Crataegus spathulata Michx. (4)(7)
Rubus argutus Link (2)(3)(4)(6)(7)(8)
RUBIACEAE
Diodia teres Walt. (3)(6)
Galium pilosum Ait. (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)
Hedyotis nigricans (Lam.) Fosberg (1)(2)(5)(6)
Houstonia micrantha (Shinners) Terrell (4)
Mitchella repens L. (4)(8)
SAPOTACEAE
Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. (2)
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Agalinis homalantha Pennell (4)(6)(7)(8)
Penstemon laxiflorus Pennell (4)(5)(8)
SMILACACEAE
Smilax bona-nox L. (2)(4)(7)
Smilax glauca Walt. (2)(3)(4)(6)(8)
Smilax rotundifolia L. (4)(7)
Smilax smallii Morong (4)(7)(8)
SOLANACEAE
Physalis pumilIa Nutt. (1)(6)
SYMPLOCACEAE
Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Her. (8)
VERBENACEAE
Callicarpa americana ~L (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(8)
Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. (1)(2)
VIOLACEAE
Viola pedata L. (3)(4)(7)(8)
VITACEAE
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (1)(3)
Vitis aestivalis Michx.(I)(2)(3)(5)(6)(8)
Vitis rotundifolia Michx.(I)(2)(4)(6)
Table 2 gives information on species richness in the 0.1 ha,
0.001 ha, and 0.0001 ha plots.
Table 2. Number of species in plots
Plot No. 0.1 haplot
1
2
3
96
4
80
93
112
71
75
5
6
7
8
88
83
Nested plots within 0.1 plots
0.001 ha plots
0.0001 ha plots
range
average
average range
32.5
25.5
24.0
22.0
31.5
45.5
23.0
26.0
27-38
25-26
20-28
17-27
28-35
45-46
21-25
21-31
12.5
7.0
9.0
11.5
17.5
24.5
7.0
10.5
8-17
5..9
7-11
9-14
15-20
24-25
5-9
9-12
Canopy cover of the eight 0.1 plots were as follows: plot 7 (20
percent); plot 3 (40 percent); plots 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 (50 percent); plot 8 (70
percent). The average was 48 percent.
DISCUSSION
The eight 0.1 ha plots had 196 species and averaged 87.25
species (range 71 to 112); while the sixteen 0.001 ha plots averaged
28.75 species (range 17 to 46); and the sixteen 0.0001 ha plots averaged
12.44 species (range 5 to 25).
MacRoberts et a1. (2004a) provide the most complete West
Gulf Coastal Plain longleaf pine uplands data set for comparison with
the Fox Hunter's Hill plots. They established four 0.1 ha plots in
longleaf pine uplands (arenic dry uplands) in the Winn and Catahoula
ranger districts of the Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana, about 150
Ian northeast of Fox Hunter's Hill, and recorded all species in them.
Their plots had between 82 and 113 species (average 100). An Index ot'
Similarity (Sorenson's) between the eight 0.1 ha plots at Fox Hunter's
Hill and the four 0.1 ha plots Kisatchie National Forest gives a figure of
63, a relative high degree of similarity. This degree of similarity is
interesting considering the small amount of area sampled in both
studies (0.8 ha at Fox Hunter's Hill, 0.4 ha at Kisatchie), unequal
sample size (196 species at Fox Hunter's Hill, 158 species at Kisatchie),
the distance between study sites (150 Ian), and the fact that Fox
Hunter's Hill included plots with dryer (xeric) and wetter (loamy drymesic uplands) elements than the Kisatchie sample (arenic dry uplands
only). This suggests that longleafpine uplands in the West Gulf Coastal
Plain may be very similar floristically over their range.
Data on species richness in the West Gulf Coastal Plain are
scanty. Open habitat such as bogs, prairies, xeric sandylands, and old
fields average about 15-25 species in 0.0001 ha plots, 30-40 in 0.001 ha
plots, and 75-120 in 0.1 ha plots (MacRoberts and MacRoberts 2001,
MacRoberts et ale 2002). In closed (shaded) habitat, the numbers drop
dramatically (Brewer 1998, MacRoberts et ale 2004b, MacRoberts
unpublished data). The data for Fox Hunter's Hill are therefore
encouraging, with averages of 12.44, 28.75, and 87.25 for 0.0001 ha,
0.001 ha, and 0.1 ha plots.
Recommendations for the future management of Fox Hunter's
Hill would include more frequent fIre mainly in the growing season,
lower stocking in many places, the creation of gaps so that natural
regeneration will occur, and the creation of an uneven distribution of
pines.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported entirely by funding provided by the
National Forests and Grasslands in Texas and the Sabine National
Forest. The authors wish to thank Eddie Taylor, District Ranger of the
Sabine National Forest, for his support of this project.
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Van Kley, J.E. 1999a. The vegetation ofthe Kisatchie sandstone hills,
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the southeastern United States: lowland terrestrial communities.
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WATCHING HUMMMINGBIRDS IN TEXAS: BETTER THAN REALITY TV
CLIFF SHACKELFORD, NONGAME ORNITHOLOGIST, TEXAS PARKS AND
WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT, NACOGDOCHES, TX
The state of Texas can boast of many records that start with "Most" or "Largest," and that
includes its share of hummingbirds: 18 species of the diminutive but colorful birds are regular
residents. And in the case of hummingbirds, "colorful" applies not only to their typically
brilliant plumage but also their outsized behavior: Almost in inverse proportion to their size,
these tiny birds are feisty, often aggressive and fly incredibly fast (up to 55 mph).
This presentation provides a twist on the book Hummingbirds ofTexas (Texas A&M University
Press Nature Guide Series, 110 pages), a new book by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
employees (including the presenter). Proceeds ofthe book benefit hummingbird conservation. It
is the first work devoted to the 19 species of hummingbirds seen in Texas and surrounding states
and it is written for a general audience, with color images for birders and nature enthusiasts at
every level to help reveal the big appeal ofthe little hummingbird.
All royalties from the sale of this book go back into the department's Hummingbird Roundup
Program. The Texas Hummingbird Roundup enlists Texans to help biologists track and study
the birds. The program provides participants with a kit that includes a survey form and a booklet
with infonnation on Texan species, how to clean and maintain feeders, and suggestions on
additional plants for the garden.
As plant pollinators, hummingbirds are important because they are a good indication of the
health of our wildflower population and the impact of urbanization on our native ecosystems.
The book focuses on htllDmingbirds, their habitats and their human appeal in Texas, plus Arizona
and New Mexico because the rich diversity ofhummingbirds is almost identical in the three
states. The information is presented in two sections. The first is provides information about
hummingbird biology; finding hummingbirds; food, water and shelter; feeders; visitors, pests,
and predators; overwintering hummingbirds; migratory behavior; and photographing the
hummingbirds. The second section of Hummingbirds ofTexas contains a two-page spread on
each species that includes identification hints, a range map for Texas as well as adjacent New
Mexico and Arizona, and some excellent illustrations.
Texas had recorded 18 hummingbird species, more than any other state. (Arizona has since
recorded the same number, albeit with a different species list. The book includes a 19th species,
the plain-capped starthroat, not yet seen in Texas). This hummingbird diversity is a testimony to
Texas' size and diversity of habitat types-from coastal wetlands to central hills and prairies to
eastern forests to western deserts and mountains-which in turn host diverse birds and wildlife.
Since all but two hummingbirds that occur in the United States are found in Texas, Arizona and
New Mexico, the book is useful anywhere in the nation. The book will appeal to anyone
interested in hummingbirds, including birders, gardeners, and photographers.
Nongame Ornithologist Clifford E. Shackelford and Information Specialist C. Mark Klym, are
TPWD employees. The third author, Madge M. Lindsay, is a former agency employee who
helped develop the Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail, the World Birding Center and the Great
Texas Birding Classic and now is director of Audubon Mississippi. Primary illustrator, Clemente
Guzman, is also a TPWD employee. The book includes around 90 color photos taken by Texans
Sid and Shirley Rucker and more than 40 illustrations by Clemente Guzman III.
Birds featured:
Allen's Hummingbird • Anna's Hummingbird • Berylline Hummingbird
Black-chinned Hummingbird • Blue-throated Hummingbird
Broad-billed Hummingbird • Broad-tailed Hummingbird • Buff-bellied
Hummingbird • Calliope Hummingbird • Costa's Hummingbird
Green-breasted Mango • Green Violet-ear • Lucifer Hummingbird
Magnificent Hummingbird • Plain-capped Starthroat • Ruby-throated
Hummingbird • Rufous Hummingbird· Violet-crowned Hummingbird
White-eared Hummingbird
Land Conservation in a Changing Environment
Julie Shackelford, The Conservation Fund
For decades, land ownership in East Texas has been relatively stable, with industrial
timber companies owning 32% of all East Texas lands. These traditional land
owners provided sustainable land management, economic dependability, and
healthy buffer lands to the region's relatively small but critically important federal
conservation lands, including the Big Thicket National Preserve. Today, because a
number offorces have caused the large-scale selloff of these commercial
timberlands to investors, the East Texas land ownership map changes almost
monthly.
Over 3.34 million acres of forestlands have changed hands at least once in East
Texas alone since 2000. Most recently, the threat to East Texas forests became more
immediate with the March, 2007 announcement that Temple-Inland would sell all of
its East Texas holdings by the end of2oo7. Prior to the sale, Temple-Inland was the
only industrial forestry company remaining in Texas with substantial land holdings
and strong historic ties to the region. Temple-Inland's announcement was a
devastating blow to East Texas forestlands, of which millions of acres have been
owned for decades by large commercial timber companies. These companies,
including International Paper, Champion International, Louisiana Pacific and
Georgia Pacific, have responded to the relentless pressures - for increased profits
from Wall Street, international trade and tariff issues and a rethinking of a
company's need to own its timber supply - with a wholesale divestiture of all of their
forestlands.
Most of the acreage has been sold to timber investment or real estate investment
companies, which are groups that buy, sell and manage timber on behalf of
institutional investors (e.g., insurance companies, pension funds, foundations),
because timber is generally considered a low risk investment. These groups' harvest
practices are often geared toward short-term profit (10-15 year time horizon) as
opposed to the long-term sustainable management typically employed by
commercial forest products companies. This shorter management horizon may
result in more aggressive harvest practices, since the groups have a fiduciary
responsibility to maximize profit for their clients. An even more insidious effect,
however, is the increased land fragmentation that results each time these lands
trade hands. As a new owner examines its portfolio of holdings, frequently
consideration is given to whether individual tracts could be sold to yield higher
prices than they could generate from timber production. These tracts may be ideal
for residential development, secondary home sites or as premier hunting camps.
The result is that the formerly large contiguous land holdings are broken up into
smaller and smaller pieces.
Even in today's downward market, land prices in East Texas continue to rise. As an
example of how timberlands can yield a profit for investment companies, in 2006,
International Paper sold all of its land holdings nationally, including 535,000 acres
in Texas, to a real estate investment trust called TimberStar. Typically, these
investment groups have a 10-15 year investment life; however, in April 2008,
TimberStar sold this same acreage to Hancock Timber. The sale, involving
approximately 900,000 acres of timberland in the South, fetched $1.71 billion,
including the assumption of debt, or $1,900/acre. TimberStar purchased the land
from International Paper in October 2006 for approximately $1.19 billion, or
$1,320/acre. This resale rewards TimberStar with net proceeds of approximately
$400 million.
The Conservation Challenge
With this climate ofchange as a backdrop, Texas has been presented with a once-ina-lifetime conservation challenge that will forever change the forest landscape of
East Texas. Never again will there be an opportunity like now to protect entire
river corridors, as is the case with the Neches and lower Sabine rivers -land which
was previously owned predominantly by commercial timber companies. Although
these tracts have now sold to different owners, they have not yet been divided to any
great extent. Once they are, reassembling parcels becomes difficult and
exponentially more expensive.
Since 2003, the Texas Office of The Conservation Fund has aggressively pursued
land protection of East Texas' bottomland hardwoods and forests. Over the last
four years we have protected over 55,000 acres of bottomland hardwood, cypress
swamp, pine savannah and riparian buffer within the Big Thicket National
Preserve, the Lower Trinity National Wildlife Refuge and the Middle Neches
mitigation bank. Also, we are working toward the addition of more lands to the new
Neches River National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Little Sandy NWR, Caddo Lake
NWR and the 4 national forests in Texas.
Most recently, The Conservation Fund was delighted to announce the June, 2007
acquisition of over 5,600 acres of cypress-tupelo swamp along the Neches River just
north of Beaumont. These properties, which filter the river's water and act as a
regional carbon sink, have tremendous untapped recreational potential that will be
expanded after it is donated to the Big Thicket National Preserve.
In April, 2008, Congressman Kevin Brady announced the introduction of his bill to
expand the boundary of the Big Thicket National Preserve by 100,000 acres (current
boundary is capped at 97,000 acres). This exciting announcement will allow us to
utilize federal funds and leverage new dollars as we work to purchase additional
lands surrounding the Neches River and Village Creek, which provide the backbone
to this unique and imperiled natural resource.
Texas Pineywoods Experience
As a bold but natural next step to complement our land protection work, in 2006,
The Conservation Fund launched The Pineywoods Experience - the Lone Star
State's most ambitious land conservation and economic development initiative. The
Conservation Fund is therefore working with residents throughout the Pineywoods
to redefine a vision for East Texas that brings local and regional stakeholders
together to seek economic development solutions that support the long-term
preservation and enhancement of the region's economic, cultural and ecological
health. By highlighting the Pineywoods' lush forests and meandering rivers, as well
Learning the Language of Vegetation: Native Plants as Indicators of the Natural Forest EnvironDlent
Introduction
I'm sure everyone has noticed how when you walk in the woods you see different plants in different places and that
you need to look in specific places to find certain plants. Those who have spent time outdoors would probably laugh if
someone told you they were looking for lady's slipper orchids in your neighbor's cow pasture or for Texas trailing phlox on
stumps and logs in a swamp! Inde~
ifyou were to go anywhere in the Pineywoods and make a list ofmost ofthe plant
species growing there, this list could tell someone who was never there much about the soil and other environmental
conditions on the site as well as the human impact and land use history of the site....Ifthat someone was able to read and
speak the language-the language ofvegetation.
A few years ago I met a colleague at an international meeting who was fond of saying that "species are the
language of vegetation". In other words, since vegetation forms the basis for much of everything else that goes on in an
ecosystem, knowing what species are growing in a given site will provide an enormous amount of information about the
ecological conditions there.
Much ofmy research here in the Pineywoods has centered around learning this language--leaming what the
words-the species--mean in the context ofthe ecosystems and communities in which they grow. To do this, we turned to
sample plots established in natural and semi-natural areas across a wide range ofenvironmental conditions. The main source
for untangling how Pineywoods species and sites are related comes from more than 400 plots that we sampled between
1994 and 2004 throughout the four National Forests in Texas and nearby Kisatchie National Forest in Louisiana These plots
were largely part of an effort to classify National forest lands into ecological units based on soils, topography, and potential
natural vegetation (Van Kley et al. 2007). We selected these plots from the full range ofhabitats from deep water swamps to
dry sandylands and recorded the abundance ofall vascular plant species as well as a number ofphysical and chemical soil
variables and topographic variables such as el vatio~
topographic posit~
and slope for each sample site.
In order to make sense ofthe massive amount of data that was collected we turned to multivariate analysis.
Methods used include ordination (such as Detrended Correspondence Analysis, Hill & Gauch 1980" cluster analysis
(especially TWINSPAN, Hill 1979), and linear regression. One method that is particularly useful in showing what species
tend to be found in what types of sites is TWINSPAN. It produces an "ordered two-way table" where the sample plots are
classified in the arrangement ofthe columns ofthe table and the species are classified by the arrangement ofthe rows.
Table 1is derived from a two-way table for a portion ofour plots taken from Kisatchie National Forest. It is evident that
species like poison ivy (no surprise here!!) occur across a wide range of sites while Arisaema triphyllum Qack-in-the-pulpit)
is restricted to mesic (moist but not wet) sites in small stream bottoms and protected lower slopes and post oak grows on
drier upland sites.
Table 1. A synoptic table derived from TWINSPAN classifying samples and species from the Caney Ranger District of
Kisatchie National Forest Values = mean occurrence rank (frequency). Only species with mean occurrence> 1.8 in at least
one ecotype are included. DMSU= dry-mesic shortIeafpine oak-hickory uplands, DMLU= dry-mesic loblolly pine uplands,
MLSC= mesic lower slopes & stream bottoms, WMFL = wet-mesic floodplains, WMT = wet-mesic terraces, FS= forested
seeps, and SWP = baldcypress swamp. * = Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark; # = D. boscii (poir.)
Gould & C.A. Clark.
Species
DMSU
Species of Dry..mesic Oak-Hickory co•••nities
Carya texana Buckl.
2.5 (64)
Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC.
1.9 (64)
Dichanthelium acuminatum*
2.0 (64)
3.5 (91)
Euphorbia coro/lata L.
Galactia volubi/is (L.) Britt
2.0 (64)
Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz
3.1 (100)
1.5 (45)
Lespedeza vio1acea (L.) Pers.
Pinus echinata P. Mill.
3.0 (82)
1.8 (45)
Pteridium aquilimlm (L.) Kuhn
Quercus stellata Wangenh.
1.8 (45)
Rhus copa/limon L.
2.7 (91)
Vaccinium arboreum Marsh.
3.9 (I (0)
Vernonia texana (Gray) Small
1.9 (64)
Viburnum rufiduIum Rat:
2.8 (91)
Species of dry-mesic & mesic sites
2.4 (73)
Aesculus pavia L.
0.4 (18)
Celtis laevigata Wtlld.
4.5 (100)
Chasmanthium susiliflorum (poir.) Yates
2.6 (82)
Chionanthus virginicus L.
2.4 (73)
Clitoria mariana L.
2.9 (100)
Comus florida L.
Desmodium obtwum (Multi ex. Willd) OC. 3.0 (100)
0.4 (18)
Dioscorea quatemata J.F. Ornel.
1.1 (45)
Fraxinus americana L.
1.0 (45)
Frangula caroliniana (Walt) Gray
2.5 (73)
Gelsemium sempervirens St-Hil.
0.7 (27)
Hamamelis virginiana L.
1.1 (27)
Ostrya virginiana (p. Mill.) K. Koch
3.8 (100)
Pnmus serotina Ehrb.
4.0 (100)
Quercus alba L.
3.1 (82)
Quercus fa/cata Michx.
2.4 (64)
Sassafras albidum (Nutl) Nees
3.3 (100)
Scleria oligantha Michx.
3.5 (91)
Smilax bona-nox L.
2.0 (64)
Smilax smallii Morong
3.8 (100)
Vaccinium virgatum Ail.
3.1 (91)
Viburnum dentatum L.
2.5 (91)
Vitis aestivalis Michx.
Wide-ranging species
3.6 (91)
Acer rubrum L.
0.9 (45)
Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch
1.8 (64)
Bignonia capreolata L.
3.9 (100)
Callicarpa americana L.
03(9)
Chasmanthium Iaxum (L.) Yates
1.5 (55)
Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould
3.2 (82)
Dichanthelium boseii #
1.4 (82)
Diospyros virginiana L.
1.2 (55)
flex opaca Ait
33 (82)
Liquidambar styraciflua L.
0.5 (18)
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
1.8 (55)
Mitchella repens L.
3.1 (91)
Nyssa sy1vatica Marsh.
DMLU
MLSC
1.9 (43)
1.1 (43)
03 (14)
0.7 (29)
0.4 (29)
0.4 (14)
0.7 (11)
0.1 (14)
0.2 (6)
0.7 (28)
0.9 (43)
2.3 (86)
0.1 (6)
0.8 (39)
1.1 (43)
0.9 (44)
0.7 (29)
2.0 (71)
4.6 (100)
1.7 (71)
2.6 (86)
33 (86)
3.0 (100)
0.9 (29)
0.4 (29)
4.0 (100)
1.1 (56)
0.5 (11)
2.1 (78)
1.7 (67)
0.8 (39)
2.4 (89)
1.9 (61)
2.2 (72)
2.2 (83)
1.9 (18)
0.5 (17)
3.8 (100)
3.2 (94)
3.1 (89)
3.6 (94)
1.5 (56)
3.1 (94)
1.9 (56)
1.3 (44)
2.7 (86)
1.0 (29)
1.1 (43)
3.6 (100)
3.4 (100)
3.6 (100)
3.1 (100)
2.6 (51)
1.7 (43)
1.0 (29)
2.9(86)
0.7 (29)
3.4 (100)
4.7 (100)
2.0 (51)
1.7 (57)
3.4 (100)
0.3 (14)
0.1 (14)
2.1 (57)
2.0 (57)
2.9 (100)
2.9 (71)
2.4 (86)
2.4 (86)
3.3 (100)
WMFL
WMT
FS
SWP
0.8 (25)
0.1 (6)
0.5 (33)
1.0(39)
2.2 (56)
1.7 (56)
2.7 (94)
3.1 (94)
1.1 (39)
3.2 (100
3.6 (94)
1.8 (44)
0.4 (17)
3.1 (89)
0.8 (33)
3.4 (94)
1.6 (67)
1.6 (SO)
2.2 (67)
2.9 (94)
0.8 (25)
0.1 (13)
2.3 (100)
0.4 (25)
0.4 (13)
1.7 (67)
03 (25)
0.3 (13)
1.0 (33)
0.7 (33)
0.4 (13)
1.3 (33
1.3 (33
0.7 (33)
3.3 (100)
0.7 (33)
0.3 (13)
1.1 (25)
03 (13)
0.3 (33)
1.0 (33)
0.6 (25)
0.3 (13)
0.1 (130
1.0 (33)
2.1 (88)
1.3 (50)
2.6 (88)
4.1 (100)
1.4 (75)
3.1 (88)
2.0 (63)
3.4 (88)
0.5 (25)
2.6 (15)
2.4 (75)
1.3 (38)
4.1 (100)
2.8 (100)
3.5 (100)
33 (100)
1.7 (67)
2.0 (50)
3.3 (100)
3.7 (100)
3.7 (100)
2.7 (67)
1.3 (33)
3.5 (100)
0.5 (50)
3.0 (100)
2.5 (100)
3.5 (100)
2.5 (100)
3.0 (100
3.7 (100)
23 (67)
2.3 (67)
2.7 (67)
2.3 (100)
1.0 (100)
Table 1. (Continued)
Species
DMSU
Wide-ranging species
3.8 (91
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Plancb.
1.2 (36
Pinus taeda L.
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott 0.1 (9)
2.9 (73)
Quercus nigra L.
0.8 (27)
Rubus argutus Link
3.5 (100)
Smilax glauca Walt.
1.9 (55)
Smilax rotundifolia L.
3.9 (91)
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze
0.3 (9)
Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) Gray
1.7 (64)
Wmus aJaIa Michx.
0.1 (9)
Vaccinium eUiottii Chapman
Vitis rotundifolia Micbx.
4.5 (100)
Species of mesic, wet-mesic, & forested seep sites
Acer barbatum Micbx.
Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott
Athyriumfilix-femina (L.) Roth
Carpinus caroliniana Walt.
Carex abscondita Mackenzie
Euonymus americana L.
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.
Ligustrum sinense Lour.
Quercus laurifolia Micbx.
Quercus michauxii Nutt.
Species of Ooodplains and wetlands
Arondinaria gigantea (Walt) Muhl.
Bidens aristosa (Micbx.) Britt.
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw.
Brunnicbia ovata (Walt.) Shinners
Carex debilis Michx.
Carex flaccosperma Dewey
Carex joorii Bailey
0.4 (9)
Carex louisianica Bailey
Carya glabra (p. Mill.) Sweet
Cephalantbus occidentalis L.
Commelina virginica L.
Itea virginica L.
Justicia ovata (Walt) Lindau
Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw.
Leersia virginica Wtlld.
Lycopus rubeUus Moench
Quercus phellos L.
Saururus cemuus L.
Styrax americanus Lam.
Species of forested seeps
Magnolia virginiana L.
Osmunda cinnamomea L.
Viburnum nudwn L.
Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore
Wetland species
Hydrolea uniflora Raf:
Lemna valdiviana Phil.
Ludwigia glandulosa Walt.
Planera aquatica J.F. Gmel.
Proserpinaca palustris L.
DMLU
MLSC
WMFL
4.7 (100)
1.9 (57)
0.9(43)
43 (100)
1.4 (43)
3.6 (100)
2.1 (57)
4.9 (100)
0.3 (29)
3.1 (100)
1.7 (57)
4.4 (100)
4.4 (100)
1.7 (61)
2.6 (72)
3.4 (89)
0.7 (22)
3.4 (100)
2.3 (67)
4.0 (100)
03(11)
2.7 (83)
1.0 (33)
4.3 (100
2.0 (63)
0.6 (29)
1.4 (57)
0.3 (14)
1.6 (43)
0.1 (14)
0.3 (14)
1.7 (71)
03 (14)
0.3 (14)
1.1 (29)
1.9 (50)
1.7 (33)
0.6 (17)
22 (61)
1.5 (39)
2.5 (89)
2.2 (67)
0.1 (6)
03 (11)
0.5 (17)
0.9 (25)
0.9(38)
0.8 (38)
3.6 (100)
4.0 (88)
1.1 (38)
0.5 (25)
1.6 (88)
1.8 (63)
I.S (SO)
0.3 (II)
0.2(6)
03 (17)
2.0 (63)
1.5 (75)
2.6 (75)
2.4 (75)
1.9 (50)
2.0 (63)
1.5 (50)
2.0 (50)
2.0 (67)
1.5 (SO)
4.3 (100)
1.1 (28)
03 (17)
0.2 (6)
0.2 (6)
1.7 (39)
02(6)
0.2 (6)
0.5 (17)
0.2 (6)
0.6 (22)
0.1 (6)
0.2 (6)
0.1 (6)
0.1 (6)
0.1 (6)
0.5 (13)
2.9 (75)
2.6 (75)
2.6(88)
3.3 (88)
4.4 (100)
2.5 (88)
1.8 (75)
1.0 (38)
3.9 (100)
WMT
FS
3.5 (100)
2.0 (100)
2.7 (67)
4.0 (100)
1.0 (SO)
2.5 (100)
3.5 (100)
1.5 (SO)
3.0 (100)
2.0 (67)
2.3 (67)
4.0 (tOO)
2.3 (67)
I.S (50)
0.7 (33)
3.5 (100)
1.0 (50)
4.0 (100)
1.0 (SO)
3.7 (100)
4.7 (100)
1.7 (67)
4.5 (100)
3.8 (100)
SWP
1.0 (33)
2.0(67)
2.3 (100)
1.0 (33)
03 (33)
1.5 (50)
4.5 (100)
2.5 (100)
5.0 (100)
4.0 (100)
2.0 (100)
4.0 (100)
1.0 (100)
2.1 (SO)
1.3 (63)
2.9 (100)
0.4 (25)
1.8 (63)
1.9 (50)
2.0 (63)
1.0 (38)
1.4 (38)
2.1 (88)
0.5 (25)
2.0 (SO)
2.5 (100)
3.5 (100)
1.0 (50)
2.0 (67)
5.0 (100)
3.3 (100)
4.0 (100)
1.7 (67)
2.0 (67)
4.0 (100)
2.0 (67)
2.0 (100)
4.0 (100)
3.7 (100)
2.6 (100)
4.0 (100)
4.7 (100)
2.0 (100)
4.0 (100)
2.0 (100)
3.0 (100)
4.0 (100)
Another tool for understanding plant-site relationships is ordination. Ordination results can be plotted as a diagram
where samples are represented as a series of points. Samples with similar species composition lie nearby on the ordination
diagram while those with dissimilar species are far apart. It is also possible to use regression and correlation to observe
relationships between the ordination and environmental measurements-thus providing insight into the environmental
variables that affect plant species composition across the landscape. Figure! shows an ordination diagram for a dataset from
o
Slop
e
Posi
tion:
(R2
Ax· 2( constrained)
3
)
:......
/....:
loamy Dry- s·c
Uplands
Dry.
Upl.
2
?ry Uplands
A; '~ic
y~ alC
\
....•......
: .: : : :.: .: : :>
.
X/ I
ic
.
IC
10
&
erraces
.............. :
·-e·ottoms
2
FOfi
CCA ax· 1: Con tra·
by
( ), Log K(
) Log (Ca
)(
ted Seep
)
and
fo
20 ~enlraJZ<1
ecotvD4es
d
essentially aggregations of closely related ecological types.. Pine-dominated uplands typically occur on mid to upper slopes,
ridgetops, and on broad, rolling upland interfluves. Most natural plant communities are dominated either by pines or by a
mixture ofpines and deciduous (hardwood) trees. This is the main landscape in most locales.
Mesic slopes and stream bottoms occur on mid and lower slopes, on higher, non-flooded terraces adjacent to
streams and rivers, or in the valleys and ravines of small streams. They typically enjoy higher soil moisture and nutrient
levels than pine-dominated uplands, were historically sheltered from fire, and natural stands usually consist ofdeciduous
hardwoods or of mixtures ofhardwoods and scattered pines-typically loblolly pine. Ofall West Gulf Coastal Plain habitat
types, these forests show the closest floristic relationship to the temperate deciduous forests of midwestern and northeastern
USA.
River floodplains, the third major landscape, are associated with the broad floodplains ofthe major rivers that flow
through the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Flood-tolerant deciduous hardwoods (many of which are lowland oaks) dominate most
natural stands while baldcypress often dominates the deepest swamps.
The Natural habitats of the PiDeywoods and the plants that characterize them
In terms ofusing species to describe a natural habitat, there basically two types ofspecies. 1) indicator species:
species which are often found in one or a few closely related habitat types but are rare or absent from all others. The
presence of such a species is an excellent indicator ofecotype. 2) characteristic species: Species that are usually present and
often common in a habitat type but are also common in other ecotypes as well. The presence ofsuch species do not alone
indicate the ecotype but in combination with other plants they can form a good description of it. In listing the species typical
of our local ecotypes, I won't distinguish between these types of species in all cases.
1. Dry Sandy Uplands
In the interest oftime I combine both the uplands on deep sands (Grossarenic Dry Uplands, xeric sandylands) and
the less extreme arenic dry uplands. Sandy, drought-prone soils (the sand layer more than lOOcm deep in extreme cases),
upland or ridge top topographic positions, and an open canopy of small, stunted trees (even in the absence of fire and
disturbance) characterize these sites. Trees include bluejack oak, sand post oak, blackjack oak, black hickory, sassafras,
longleafpine (chiefly in the southern and eastern part ofthe region currently on sites where regular prescnbed burning is
practiced), and shortleaf pine. Woody shrubs are often sparse, especially on frequently burned sites. Typical shrubs include
dwarf pawpaw, fragrant sumac, and October flower (polygonella polygama). Schizachyrium scopariJl11l (Little bluestem),
Pityopsis graminifolia (narrowleafsilkgmss), and other herbaceous species are important components ofthe often sparse
ground cover-especially in areas with regular fire. Plants such as Yucca louisianensis (yucca), Tagia urticifolia (nosebum),
Cnidoscolus texanus (Texas bulllnettle), and Opuntia humifusa (devil's tongue prickleypear) are indicators of these sites.
Stylisma pickering;; (Pickerings dawnflower), Berlandiera pumi!a (soft greeneyes), and Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern)
are also common.
2. Loamy Dry-Mesic Uplands
These sites have sandy loam or loam surface soils with loam or clay loam subsoils and are usually well-drained,
moderately permeable and typically hold more moisture than those of sandy dry uplands. Loamy dry-mesic uplands are
usually found on ridgetops broad intert1uves, and gentle middle and upper slopes and are the most extensive ecotype in most
ofthe Pineywoods. As with sandy uplands, there are two distinct natural plant communities that may develop on this
ecological type depending on whether sites have had a history ofregular fire and whether they are within the geographic
range of longleafpine.
Loamy Dry-Mesic Longleaf Pine Uplands:
These stands are open-canopied, nearly pure stands of longleaf pine. Woody understory plants are widely scattered
within a dense, prairie-like community of grasses, composites, and other sun-loving species. Schizachyrium scopar;um
(little bluestem) dominates the ground layer and other important species include Pityopsis graminifolia (narrowleaf
silkgrass), Solidago odora (anisescented goldenrod), Tephrosia virgin;ca (goats rue), and Panicum virgatum (switchgrass).
Repeated low-intensity surface fires (historically lightning-caused) prevent seedlings of most woody species from
establishing--favoring the fire-resistant longleafpine. In the absence of regular ftre a dense shrub layer rapidly forms and
the site subsequently succeeds to a mixed closed-canopy forest. Historical1y, these communities dominated large parts ofthe
upland landscape across much ofthe West Gulf Coastal Plain. They are now rare as a result ofhuman fire-suppression
activity, persisting mainly on public lands in areas with prescnbed burning programs.
Loamy Dry-Mesic Mixed Pine-Hardwood Uplands
Loblolly pine is abundant but usually co-occurs with a mixture ofother trees including sweetgum, southern red
oak, post oak, winged elm, black hickory, shortleafpine, and mockernut hickory. Flowering dogwood, redbud, eastern
hophombeam, and winged elm are common understory trees. The shrob-layer is often dense. Common shrubs include
yaupon, American beautyberry, farldeberry, and southern arrowwood. Woody vines, especially greenbriars (Smilax sp.) and
summer grape (Vilis aestiva/is) are common. A variety of species with a wide ecological range such as Chasmanthium
sessiliflorum (narrow leaved wood oats), Toxicodenron radicans (poison ivy), Parthenocissus quinque/olia (VIrginia
creeper), and others dominate the ground layer. This is the most extensive forest community on much ofthe modem
landscape.
3. Wet Herbacoos Seeps
Herbaceous Seeps typically occur on water-saturated, nutrient-poor, sandy soils on upland hillsides and the upper
heads of small drainages where groundwater meets an impermeable layer (clay or rock) and seeps to the surface. The
surrounding landscape usually consists ofsandy soils, which have high infiltration and provide an ample water supply for
the seeps. Typically embedded in longleafpine communities (or in areas fonnerly dominated by longleaf pine), regular fires
entering from the surrounding landscape inhibit establishment of woody plants. Woody shrubs are kept sparse by fire, but
can include wax-myrtle, evergreen bayberry, redbay, possumhaw, and poison sumac. Sedges, most from the genus
Rhynehospora, dominate the ground layer along with grasses (especially Dichanthelium sp.). In addition, the species-rich
assemblage includes carnivorous plants such as Drosera brevi/olia (sundew), Sarracennia alala (pitcher plant), and
Pinguicula pumila (small butterwort). Other common species include Eriocaulon decangulare (tenangle pipewort), Sabatia
gentianoides (pinewoods rose gentian), Helianthus angustifolius (swamp sunflower), Lycopodiella appressa (southern
appressed clubmoss), and Sphagnum sp. mosses, Rare and sensitive species sometimes found in herbaceous seeps include
Calopogon tuberosus (grass pink), Pogonia ophioglossoides (snake's mouth orchid), Plantanthera integra (yellow
fringeless orchid), and Rudbeclcia scabrifolia (bog coneflower). Herbaceous seeps are rare as a result of both the loss of
longleafpine woodlands and their associated fires and the lack of suitable soils and hydrology in many areas.
4. Prairies, Barrens, and Glades
Although forest vegetation develops in the absence of disturbance in most West Gulf Coastal Plain ecosystems, a
variety of localized berbaceous-dominated communities where unusual soil properties inhibit woody plants exist in the
region. Soils are often clayey or shallow to bedrock, and sometimes, calcareous. Overstory trees are widely scattered or
absent and small trees and shrubs are often restricted to scattered thickets or to the margins ofthe site. Herbaceous species
not common in most natural Pineywoods habitats such Dalea compacta (compact prarieclover), CaIlirhoe papaver
(winecup), Boute/oua rigidistea (Texas grama), Eustoma russellianum (showy prarie gentian), and Euphorbia hieolor (snow
on the prairie) are present on some sites. Often, there are rare or sensitive species such as Schoenolirion wrightii (Texas
sunnybell) which occurs on "barrens" associated with the Catahoula Formation in the southern Angelina National Forest
(Marrietta & Nixon 1984). Rare glades characteristic ofoutcrops ofthe Weches Formation where herb-dominated
communities that include the rare white bladderpod (Lesquerella pallidal and Texas golden gladecress (Leavenworthia
texana) occur on rocky Trawick soils between Nacogdoches and San Augustine, TX (George & Nixon 1990).
S Mesic Slopes, stream bottoms, and Terraces
On lower slopes adjacent to rivers and streams, in the valleys and smaR poorly-developed floodplains of minor
streams, on steep slopes, and on the higher, inactive terraces ofsome rivers, there is a strong tendency for hardwooddominated forests to develop in absence of logging and other disturbances. Steep slopes and proximity to streams
historically protected these sites from fires, which usually would have bad to burn downhill to reach them and Moreover,
lower hydrologic position on the landscape results in more available soil moisttKe and nutrients than for uplands. Natural
stands develop a mixttKe of loblolly pine and various deciduous hardwoods including southern red oak, white oak,
black~
sweetgum, water oak, and American basswood. American beech and southern magnolia often establish on
undisturbed sites. American holly, winged e ~
Florida maple, flowering dogw~
eastern hop hornbeam eastern redbud,
and red buckeye, are important in the understory, while American beauty berry, Carolina buckthorn, common sweetleat: and
maple-leaved viburnum are common shrubs. Chasmanthium sessilijlorum, (Iong-leafwood oats), Parthenocussus
quinque/olia (VJrginia creeper), Mitchella repens (partridge berry), Smilax pumila (sarsparilla vine), and Sanicula
canadensis (black snakeroot) are typical ground layer species species. Vmes such as Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine grape)
commonly festoon the trees. Less frequent are ''vernal herbs" plants more typical ofthe deciduous forests oftile
Appalachians or the Midwestern USA: Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple), Erythronium sp (trout lilly), Arisaema triphyllum
(Jack in the pulpit), Arisaema dracontium (green dragon), and Sanguinaria candensis (bloodroot), and Polygonatum
biflorum (great Solomon's seal).
6. Wet Mesic stream bottoms
As one moves downstream, streams become larger, floodplains wider and better developed, and flood frequency
and duration longer. Often associated with third-order perennial streams, wet-mesic stream bottoms are transitional between
mesic stream bottoms and the downstream seasonally flooded river floodplains. Flooding is irregular and is not severe
enough to eliminate many mesic species but flood-tolerant species also occur; the flora is a rich mixture of both mesic and
wetland species. The overstory consists of a diverse mixture ofmesic and wet-site hardwood species such as water oak,
white o ~
willow o ~
bas w~
American e ~
hom~
are typical understory trees. Many ofthe herbaceous species discussed above along with various wetland sedges
laurel oak, swamp chestnut oak, chenybark oak, blackgum, sweetgum, river birch, American
sugarberry, and Loblolly pine. American holly, Florida maple, red maple, and American
and grasses make up the groundlayer.
7. Wet Forested Seeps
Also known as baygalls, these sites support a distinctive plant community where groundwater discharges on lower
hillsides, headslo~
and along small streams. Soils are usually deep gray sands that are semipermanently to nearly
permanently saturated. Surrounding uplands typically have sandy, soils which have rapid infiltration, low nmo£t: and
provide an ample supply of groundwater. Tree species include Sweetbay magnolia, swamp tupelo, and red maple. Shrubs
and vines include evergreen bayberry, poison sumac, laurel-leafgreenbriar, possumhaw, and redbay. Wild azaleas provide
showy flowers in spring. Woodwardia areolala (netted chain fern) typically dominates the ground layer. Other groundcover
species are Osmunda regalis (royal fern), Osmunda cinamomea (cinnamon fem), and Eleocharis microcarpa (smallfruit
spikesedge). Patches ofSphagnum Spa mosses may be present. Rare species that one may find in Forested Seeps include
Spiranthes Spa (Lady's tresses) Bartonia texana (Texas screwstem), Parnossia asarifolia (kidney-leafgrass ofParnassus)
and Burmania biflora (northern bluethread).
8. Irregularly Flooded Mesic Terraces and Bottomland Ridges
On the higher and drier portions ofthe broad floodplains ofrivers in places such as crowns of natural levees,
meander scrolls, and other slightly elevated areas, a plant community similar to that found on Wet-Mesic Stream bottoms
develops. Soils are usually of coarser texture than soils on the rest ofthe floodplain because floodwaters deposit the coarse
portion oftheir sediment load on the natural levees first when they overflow the riverbank and loose velocity (Mitsch &
Gosselink 2007). Flooding is irregular, less frequent than for the adjacent lower portions ofthe floodplain. The overstory
consists ofmesic and moderately flood-tolerant species such as loblolly pine, water oak, sweetgum, white oak, cherrybark
willow oak, laurel oak, and southern red oak. Understory trees and shrobs include American hornbeam,
oak, blac~
American holly, winged elm, flowering dogw~
yaupon, American beautyberry, farldebeny, flowering dogw~
and
rusty blackbaw. "Canebreaks", thickets ofAnmdinaria gigantea (switch cane) are common especially on natural levees
adjacent to the immediate riverbank. Ground Layer species composition can be quite variable, depending on microdifferences in elevation, soils, and local hydrologic conditions and include variety species also found both in non-flooded
mesic sites and seasonally flooded river floodplains.
9. Seasonally Flooded River Floodplains
The most extensive ecological type on most bottomland landscapes are the broad, flat, main portions ofthe
floodplains of major rivers. Soils, formed in recent al uvi~
are generally loamy, silty, or clayey, the coarser particles
usually having been deposited on the natural levees before floodwaters reach the main part ofthe floodplain. The sites are
subject to seasonal flooding and are usually inundated for a significant portion (12.5-25%) ofthe growing season. Natural
forests are a rich mixture of flood-tolerant deciduous hardwoods which include willow oak, laurel oak, overcup oak, swamp
chestnut oak, ~ e w s
American elm, swamp tupelo, green ash, and red maple. The lower, wetter portions (approaching a
regularly-flooded hydrologically regime) often become dominated by nearly pure stands ofovercup oak. Common
understory trees and shrubs include common persimmon, American hornbeam, deciduous holly, American snowbell,
mayhaw, and parsley hawthorn. Ground cover may be sparse, especially in the absence of openings in the normally dense
canopy, but important species include Boehmeria cylidrica (false nettle), Corexjoorii (cypress swamp sedge),
Rhynchospora comiculata (beak sedge), and Justicia ovata (water willow) while Saururus cemuus (lizard tail), occurs in
wetter areas. Brunnichia ovala (American buckwheat vine) is common as small, non-flowering individuals under the
canopy, but may form dense tangles along with Mikania scandens (climbing hemp vine) in openings.
10. Swamps
Aassociated with backswamps, sloughs, and old stream channels on the lowest portions of the floodplains of
rivers, these sites are regularly flooded (inundation lasting for 25-75% of a typical growing season) or semipermanently
flooded with only rare periods ofexposure during the driest years. Nearly constant saturation of soils creates anoxic
conditions that favor obligate and facultative wetland plants. NatW"al overstory in shallower (regularly flooded) swamps is
dominated by dense groves of water elm, Carolina ash, and/or Black willow with bald cypress or water tupelo often forming
an emergent canopy. Eastern swamp privet and common buttonbush are the principal sbrnbs. Coverage ofground-rooted
plants may be very sparse but Cm-ex sedge species, Brunnichia ovala (American buckwheat vine), and Panicum
gymnocarpon (savannah panic grass) are among the most common. The deeper (semi-permanently flooded) swamps are
dominated largely by bald cypress (mixed further south and east with water tupelo). shrubs are uncommon, primarily
common buttonbush growing on stumps and logs. Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail), Cabomba carolinaina (fanwort),
Hydrilla verticilata (hydrilla), Lemna sp. (duckweeds), Spirodella sp. (duck meat), Woffia columbiana (water meal), Nuphar
luteum (yellow pond lily) and Helumbo lutea (American lotus) are among the floating and submersed plants that may grow
in the shallow waters of semipermanently flooded swamps. Some sites are infested with dense mats ofnon-native
Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). Spanish moss (1illandsia usneoides) often festoons the trees. Excellent examples of
swamps are at Caddo Lake in northeastern Texas.
11. Marshes
Marshes are defined as non-forested wetlands. In the Texas Pineywoods where forest tends to develop on most
wetlands, many marshes are temporary communities on the regularly-flooded and semi-permanently-flooded ·swamp
ecological types resulting from human activities or from natural processes such as riverbank erosion and deposition, oxbow
creatio~
beaver activity, and wind throw. Marsh vegetation is also common along the margins of the numerous artificial
reservoirs in the region. Typha sp., (cattail), Zizaniopsis miilacea (marsh millet) rushes (such as Juncus efJusus), Sagittaria
platyphylla (delta arrowhead, and many ofthe non-woody species also found in swamps are typical of east Texas marshes.
12. Human-Dominated Ecosystems
While non-natural plant communities are outside the scope of this talk, much of east Texas is under varying degrees
of human influence and vegetation may only partially or minimally reflect the potential natural plant communities for their
ecosystem types as described above--although in the absence ofcontinued disturbance sites may eventually revert to their
potential natural communities. The many forms of human land management have produced a wide array of humandominated ecosystems. Roadsides--maintained by mowing-often include a variety of planted wildflowers only occasionally
encountered in natural local habitats. Cut-over forests, especially in the absence of silvicultural site-preparation and planting
develop a dense growth of perennial herbs such as Solidago Canadensis (Canadian goldenrod), vines, brambles, and
residual or regenerating tree species--especially loblolly pine and sweetgum. Exotic grasses may dominate pastures.. Even in
natural areas, the virtual elimination of fire as an ecological force from many landscapes has profoundly affected the
development of vegetation (see discussions ofupland types in this presentation). Urban areas are characterized by a variety
of vegetation, including mixtures ofboth cultivated and native species often occurring on ecological types in which they
would ordinarily not be found.. Elsewhere, large areas of former river floodplains have been converted to artificial reservoirs
where the exotic weed Hydrilla verticil/ala is abundant.
So, It is clear that the plants of the Pineywoods have a story to tell to those who understand their language, and yes,
even though the species is quirky and difficult to find anywhere, you are better off searching a rich, mesic forest for yellow
Lady's slipper rather than your neighbor's pasture!
References:
Diggs, G.M..Jr., B.L. Lipscomb, M.D. Reed, and R.J.. O'Kennon. Illustrated Flora of East Texas Volume L Center for
Environmental Studies, Austin College, Sherman, Texas and Botanical Research Institute ofTexas (BRI1), Fort Worth,
Texas. Sida, Botanical Miscellany 26.
George, R. J., and E. S. Nixon. 1990. The herbaceous flora oftbree Weches formation outcrops in eastern Texas. Sida
14(1):117-127.
Hill M.O. 1979. TWINSPAN-a FORTRAN program program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table
by classification ofthe individuals and attributes. Department ofEcology and Systematics, Cornell Universty, Ithica,
NY.
Hill, M.O., and H.G. Gauch Jr. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio
42:47-50.
Marietta, K.. L., and E. S. Nixon. 1984. Vegetation ofan open, prairie-like community in eastern Texas. Texas Journal of
Science 36(1):25-32.
Marks, P. L., and P.. A. Harcombe. 1981. Forest vegetation ofthe Big Thicket, southeast Texas. Ecological Monographs
5(3 ):287-305.
Mitsch, W.J. and J.G Gosselink. 2007. Wetlands 4th ed. John Wiley &
SODS,
Hoboken.
Van Kley J.E., R.L.. Turner, L.S. Smith, and R.E. Evans. 2007. Ecological classification system for the national forests and
adjacent areas of the West GulfCoastal Plain: 2nd approximation. The Nature Conservancy and Stephen F. Austin
State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA. 379pp.
Meat, Salad and Microbes: Antimicrobial Plants of the Cajun Prairie
Malcolm F. Vidrine, Jameel AI-dujaUi, Kyla D. Joubert and Caroline E. Vidrine
Division of Sciences, Louisiana State University at Eunice, P. O. Box 1129,
Eunice, LA 70535
Abstract
Prairie plants have a history of use in a large variety of ways. One of the most intriguing ways is
the use of plants as medicine. Escherichia coli 0157:H7, a common pathogen found in meat
products, and Listeria monocytogenes, a common pathogen found in vegetable salads, were used as
target species for the study ofantimicrobial activity ofseveral prairie plants (native Cajun Prairie
plants) and selected exotic plants (Old World plants). Antimicrobial properties of varied plants
(often called herbs) and their components are found mostly in the essential oil fractions. In
studies with E. coli, we clearly demonstrated that native prairie plant essential oils were more
effective that Old World plant extracts at inhibiting the growth and development of bacterial
colonies not only in agar media but also in ground meat. In further experiments, L.
monocytogenes colony fonnation in agar media and in salad was also inhibited with essential oil
extracts from several prairie plants. The prairie plant essential oils strongly inhibited colony
development in two major bacterial pathogens contaminating our food supply.
Introduction
Herbs (native and Old World plants) have been used since ancient time by many cultures
to preserve foods, to enhance the flavor/aroma of foods, and for their medicinal value. Scientific
experiments since the late 19th century have documented the antimicrobial properties of some
herbs and their components. Most of the food-borne bacterial pathogens are sensitive to extracts
from herbs such as mints, garlic, and clove with the extent of sensitivity varying with the
bacterial strain and environmental conditions imposed. The antimicrobial compounds in herbs
are found mostly in the essential oil :fraction. The importance of food quality is often taken for
granted by a majority of consumers as they expect to purchase products that are safe for
consumption. An estimated 76 million food-borne illnesses occur annually in the United States.
Most of these illnesses are undiagnosed and thus unreported. Escherichia coli 0157:H7
causes 270,000 reported cases of food-borne illnesses per year (Kalemba and Kunicka 2003 and
Al Dujaili and Vidrine 2008). It is a gram-negative, almost ubiquitous, organism implicated in
some famous cases of contaminated meat.
Listeria monocytogenes has become a major concern for the food industry in recent years
(Seaberg et ale 2003). This is a gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic, non spore forming, rod shaped
bacterium causing the disease listeriosis. This bacterium grows over a wide temperature range of
2.5-44.5°C, thus refrigerated foods are a large concern in regards to outbreaks in the food industry.
Listeria monocytogenes grows best in the pH range of 6-8, causing another concern for the food
industry since salads fall within this rnnge. This organism has been found in raw and improperly
pasteurized milk, soft cheese, fresh and frozen meat, poultry, and seafood products, as well as on
fruits and vegetables.
The present study monitors the antimicrobial effects of Cajun Prairie plants on the growth
and survival of E. coli 0157:H7 and L. monocyotgenes. The antimicrobial activity was initially
compared to the activity of Old World plants and then tested in ground meat and salad.
Methods
Strains of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 employed in this study were isolated in our
laboratory from meat and meat products. Listeria monocytogenes (American Type Culture
Collection) ATCC 7 cultures were used in this study.
The plants (see Table 1) were either purchased and grown (Old World plants) or collected
in restored prairie (native) in the Cajun Prairie Gardens of the first author (Vidrine et ale 2003).
Names of all the plants used follow the nomenclature (scientific and common names) used in the
USDA PLANTS database (NRCS 2007).
Table 1- Scientific and Common Names of Old World and Native plants.
Old World plants:
Anethum graveolens (dill)
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel/sweet fennel)
Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil)
Tulbaghia violacea (society garlic/wild garlic)
Native prairie plants :
Monarda flstulosa (bergamontlwild bergamont)
Monarda lindheimeri (Lindheimer's bee balm)
Monarda punctata (spotted bee balm/horsemint)
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium (narrowleafmountain mint)
Pycnanthemum albescens (whiteleaf mountain mint)
Pycnanthemum muticum (clustered mountain mint)
Solidago odora (sweet goldenrod)
Nothoscordum bivalve (crowpoisonlfalse garlic)
The herbs were ground and 100-140 grams ofthe fmal mass were mixed 1:1 with
distilled water in a spherical flask. A continuous steam distillation extraction head was attached
to the flask. The oil was collected after steam distillation for approximately 1 hour over a heating
unit and stored at 4°C. These products were then used in two sets ofexperiments. In the first set
of experiments, six levels (1.0,2.0,4.0,6.0, 8.0, and 10.0%) of essential oil of each of the 12
herbs were transferred into MSA. All MSA plates were inoculated with 0.1 ml of serial dilutions
of E. coli 0157:H7 and incubated at 3t>C for 24 hours. In a second set ofexperiments, ground
beef (80% lean, 20% fat) was mixed with (1.0,2.0,4.0,6.0, and 8.0%) essential oils ofwhiteleaf
mountain mint, crowpoison; sweet basil, and dill. The mixture was mixed thoroughly for 2
minutes. E. coli 0157:H7 then was added to these mixtures, and the samples were incubated at
37°C for 24 hours. After incubation, the viable cell count (colony forming units (CFU)) of E. coli
0157:H7 in each mixture was determined by spread-plating on MSA plates followed by
incubation at 3t>C for 24 hours.
MacConkey Sorbitol Agar (MSA) was the solid medium used to test the effects of herbs
on the growth of E. coli 0157:H7. The controls were either MSA without herb extracts or ground
beef without herb extracts. We used 80% lean and 20% fat ground meat in this study. Direct
enumeration ofliving cells was performed by direct plating technique (viable count method).
Petri dishes for agar diffusion studies were filled with 10 ml of agar broth and inoculated
with L. monocytogenes. Paper discs (6mm in diameter) were immersed in the oil solutions of
various concentrations (0 J.1g,2.5 J.1g, 3.0 J.1g, 4.0 J.1g, and 5.0 JIg) and placed onto a cultured petri
dish. The petri dishes were incubated for 24-48 hours at 37°C. The zone ofinhibition was then
measured. The effectiveness ofthe essential oil is demonstrated by the size ofthe zone of L.
monocytogenes growth inhibition around the disc.
A loop full of stock culture of L. monocytogenes was inoculated in 10 ml Brain-Heart
Infusion (BHI) media and incubated in a shaking incubator at 200 rev/min overnight at 37°C. From
this overnight culture, 1.0 ml was pipetted into a sterile micro centrifuge tube and centrifuged for 5
minutes at 13,000 rpm. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was re-suspended with Iml of
0.1 % sterile phosphate buffer solution. This procedure was repeated two more times. One hundred
microliters (JJ.1) ofdesired initial inoculum was applied to a 109 sample ofsalad. The cells were
spread over the surface of the salad sample by using a sterile glass rod. Samples of 50:50 ethyl
alcohol and distilled water along with 1.0 ml ofessential oil for each ofthe five herbs were added to
the surface ofthe sample salads at levels of0 flg, 400 flg, and 800 J.1g. The samples were incubated
for 48 hours at 37°C. Each sample was macerated in 90 ml ofsterile 0.1 % peptone water using a
stomacher. Serial dilutions of 10-2 and 10-6 ofeach sample were made using sterile 0.1 % peptone
water. Spread plates were made ofeach sample using BHI agar, and all plates were placed in an
incubator for 30 hours at 37°C. Plates with CFUs between 25 and 300 were utilized to calculate the
CFU/gram for each sample.
RESULTS
Effects of oils on Escherichia in MSA media
The essential oils ofplants demonstrated significant effects (p< .0001) against E. coli
0157:H7 as indicated by changes in the viable counts (Fig. 1). The essential oils of all the native
mint plants have the highest antagonistic effects inhibiting the growth of bacteria at 2% and
higher. Although the essential oils of sweet goldenrod, society garlic, dill, fennel, and sweet basil
showed some inhibitory effects by reducing the initial number of bacteria, they were obviously
less effective than the mints and crowpoison (p< .0001).
Figure 1. The effects of essential oils at different concentrations on viable cell counts (CFU/ml)
of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 on MSA. A. Control. B. Sweet goldenrod, fennel, sweet basil and
dill. C. Society garlic and crowpoison. D. All the mints (Monarda spp. and Pycnanthemum spp.).
a(l) t-4I.~A
am
·
B
7.00
---
6.00
...3
4.00
m5~
..
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
c
J . - - - -..........- ...............
D.a= :;= ;:= .t!: =:;~_- . , 1
2
4
8
CDI_JInIltan of 011 (IIIIIiIII)
8
10
Effects of oils on Escherichia in ground beef
In ground beef, the results showed that whiteleaf mountain mint and crowpoison had
significant inhibitory effect (p< .0001), limiting the growth of bacteria to 6.2 log CFU/g, 7.2 log
CFU/g, 4.2 log CFU/g , 6.8 log CFU/g, 2.00 log CFU/g, and 4.2 log CFU/g, at 4%, 6%, and 8%
levels of essential oil, respectively (Fig. 2). Meanwhile, sweet basil and dill at 8% level showed
significant reduced the growth of bacteria to 7.00 log CFU/g and 7.10 log CFU/g.
Figure 2. The effects of essential oils at different concentrations on viable cell counts (CFU/ml)
of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in ground beef at 37°C after 24 hours ofincubatioD. A. Dill and
sweet basil. B. Crowpoison. C. Clustered mountain mint.
9,(1)
aID
7..00
8.00
i
"!i
5.00
j
400
~
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
&.fII1
1
2
..
8
8
eon•• tblllion of Oft (..I11III)
Effects of oils on Listeria in agar diffusion
With the Agar Diffusion Method and a viable plate count, all ofthe essential oils exhibited
antimicrobial activity on L. monocytogenes (Table 2). Crowpoison had the highest inhibitory
effectiveness on growth of L. monocytogenes as indicated by the size ofthe zone ofgrowth
inhibition around the disc. Bergamont and spotted bee balm showed the least inhibitory effects. This
method is the most widespread technology ofantimicrobial activity assessment
Table 2. Inhibitory effects ofvarious levels ofessential oils on the growth of L monocytogenes,
using Diffusion Method Assay. Inhibition is estimated by the relative width ofthe inhibition zones
in a range of '0-3' with '0' indicating 'no inhibition' and '3' indicating 'maximum inhibition.'
Concentration of Plant's Essential Oil )g~(
o 119
2.5 119
3.0 1J9
P. tenuifolium
o
P. mutacum
M. fistulosa
M. punctata
N. bivalve
o
o
o
o
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Essential Oil
4.0 1J9 5.0 P9 10.0 pg
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
Effects of oils on Listeria in salad samples
The bactericidal activity ofthe essential oil fraction in herbs was tested using salad samples.
Crowpoison and clustered mountain mint showed strong bactericidal effects at the concentrations of
400 and 800 ppm (Table 3). On the other hand, the other mints showed only moderate inhibition.
Table 3. Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in salad samples inoculated with five different
essential oil extracts.
CFU/G (Initial CFU of L. molJocytogenes applied to
salad = 4.80 x 10~
Essential Oil
o ppm
400 ppm
800 ppm
P. tenuifolium
2.9 x 1010
9.6 x 106
8.2 x 106
P. mutacum
2.9 X 1010
3.8 X 105
2.0 X 105
M. fistulosa
2.9 X 1010
8.7 X 106
4.2 X 106
M. punctata
2.9 X 1010
8.5 X 106
4.9 X 106
N. bivalve
2.9 X 1010
2.9 X 105
1.8 X 105
DISCUSSION
The main constituents of essential oils are responsible for the fragrant and biological
properties of herbs. The inhibitory effect of essential oil against food-borne bacteria has been
reported in microbiological media and in real food (Al-Dujaili and Vidrine 2008).
Dry plant powders and essential oils have been used against E. coli 0157:H7 in earlier
studies (Al-Dujaili and Vidrine 2008). In the MSA, native mints killed the bacteria completely,
and crowpoison killed 95% of bacteria population. However, other herbs, including sweet
goldenrod and Old World species, only moderately reduced the bacterial population in SMA. In
ground beef, four selected herb essential oil extracts were tested. Whiteleaf mountain mint killed
up to 80%, crowpoison killed up to 60%, and dill and sweet basil killed up to 400/0 (Al-Dujaili
and Vidrine 2008). The results of the two sets of experiments clearly suggest that native plants
from the Cajun Prairie are at the very least equal to if not better than their Old World species at
inhibiting growth of the bacterium E. coli 0157:H7.
The results ofadditional experiments indicate that the essential oils also inhibit the growth
of L. monocytogenes. In agar diffusion and salad, crowpoison and clustered mountain mint
exhibited the greatest inhibition. We achieved very high levels ofinhibition with the oils in
specialized media in controlled experiments, but somewhat less inhibition in the more complex
mini-ecosystems ofground meat and salad. These results confinn those ofother authors (Al-Dujaili
and Vidrine 2008), but do not reduce the potential ofthese oils in food preselVationlprotection.
These collective results indicate a potential for these native plantslherbs to be used in the
food and medical industry. Further investigation needs to be done to identify the chemical,
physical, and biological characteristics ofthese herbs and their oils. The future roles ofthese plants
in public health are intriguing.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Miranda Doucette and Charlotte LaVergne assisted in the projects. Undergraduate
Summer Research Institute (DRSI) and the LSUE Foundation contributed materials and support
for the conduct of this research. We thank S. Renee Robichaux for critically reading the
manuscript. This research was initiated as a result ofthe comment by Charles Allen that the
smell of whiteleaf mountain mint reminded him of his grandmother's (Mamie Carter Allen)
sausage indicating that she used this mint as a preservative in her meat.
LITERATURE CITED
AI-Dujaili, J. S. and M. F. Vidrine. 2008. Antimicrobial activity of Cajun Prairie herbs on the
growth of pathogenic bacteria in foods. Proc. 20th North American Prairie Conference
(2002). (in press).
Kalemba, D. and A. Kunicka. 2003. Antibacteria and antifungal properties ofessential oils. Current
Medicinal Chemistry 10: 813-829.
NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service). 2007. PLANTS database. U. S. Department
of Agriculture, accessed in August 2007 at: http://plants.usda.gov/.
Seaberg, A.C., R. G. Labbe, and K. Shetty. 2003. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by elite
clonal extracts oforegano (Origanum vulgare). Food BioTechnol. 17(2): 129-149.
Vidrine, M. F., G. J. Quillman-Vidrine, D. J. Vidrine, and C. E. Vidrine. 2003. The Cajun Prairie
Gardens: Demonstrations of sustainable landscaping in southwestern Louisiana
pp. 95-99. IN: S. Fore, 00. Proc. 18th North American Prairie Conference:
Promoting Prairie (2002). Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press. 256pp.
•
Ie
•
tl 5
Dogwood Trails Plant List
Woody Plants:
Acermbrum
Acer sacharinum
Aesculus pavia
Alnus serruJata
i\.raiJia spinosa
Aronia arbutifolia
Asimina trilo ba
Betula nigra
Callicarpa Americana
Carpinus caroliniana
Carya cordifonnis
Carya tomentosa
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cercis Canadensis
Chionanthus virginicus
Comus florida
Crataegus brachycantha
Crataegus marshalii
Crataegus opaca
Cyrilla racemiflora
Euonyrnous Americana
Fagus grandifolia
Fraxinis pensylvatica
Halesia diptera
Hamamelis virginica
Ilex opaca
Ilex vomitoria
Itea virginiana
Juniperus virginiana
Liquidambar styraciflua
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnolia virginiana
Morusrubra
Myrica cerifera
Ostrya virginiana
Persea borhonia
Pinus echinata
Pinus palustrus
Red Maple
.Sugar Maple
Red Buckeye
Hazel Alder
Devil's Walking Stick
Chokecherry
DwarfPawpa,,'
River Birch
American Beautyberry
Hornbeam
Bitternut Hickory
Mockernut Hickory
Common Buttonbush
Eastern Redbud
Fringetree
Flowering Dogwood
Blueberry Hawthorn
Parsley Ha\vthom
May Ha\vthom
Leatherwood
Strawberry Bush
American Beech
GreenAsb
Two-winged Silverbell
WitchHazeJ
American Holly'
Yaupon
Virginia Sweetspire
Eastern Redcedar
Sweetgum
Southern Magnolia
Sweetbay Magnolia
Red Mulberry
Wax Myrtle
Hophombeam
Red Bay
Shortleaf Pine
LongleafPine
Pinus taeda
Platanus occidentalis
Pnmus mexicana
Lobloly Pine
Prunus serrotina
Black Cherry
Sycamore
Mexican Plum
Quercus alba
Quercus michauxii
Quercus phellos
Rhamnas caroJiniana
Rhododendron canescens
Rhododendron oblongifolia
White Oak
Swamp Chestnut Oak
Water Oak
Willow Oak
Carolina Buckthorn
Piedmont Azalea
White Azalea
Rhus copallina
Shining Sumac
Sabal minor
Palmetto
Sasafras
American SnowbeJ]
Horse Sugar
Bald Cypress
Winged Elm
American Elm
Arrowood Viburnum
Rustyblackhaw Viburnum
Quercus nigra
Sassafras albidum
Styrax Americana
Symplocos tinctoria
Taxodium distichum
Ulmus alata
Ulmus Americana
Viburnum dentatum
Viburnum rufidulum
Herbaceous Plants
Arisaema dracontium
Arisaema quinatum
Tradescantia hirsutiflora
Lilium michauxii
Erythronium rostratum
Polygonatum biflorum
Hypoxis hirsute
Habenaria clavellata
CoralJorhiza wisteriana
Claytonia virginica
Podophyllum peltafum
Cardamine bulbosa
Oxalis violacea
Viola walteri
Monotropa unitlora
Gelsemium sempervirens
Asclepias variegata
Salvia lyrata
Penstemon laxiflorus
Bignonia capreoJata
Campsis radicans
Epifagus virginiana
Ruellia nuditlora
Mitchella repens
Green Dragon
Five Leaved Jack-in-the-pulpit
Hairy-flowered Spiderwort
Carolina Lily
Trout Lily
Great Solomon Seal
Yellow Star-grass
Green Rein Orchid
Spring Coral Root
Spring Beaut}r
May Apple
Spring Cress
Wood Sorrel
Walter's Violet
Indian Pipe
Carolina jessamine
White Flowered Milkweed
Lyre-leaf Sage
Loose.. .flowered Penstemon
Cross-vine
Trumpet-creeper
Beech-drops
Violet Ruellia
Partridge Berry
Lonicera sempervirens
Wahlenbergia marginata
Chasmanthium
Polystichum acrosticoides
Thelyteris kunthii
Coral Honeysuckle
Wahlenbergia
Inland Sea Oats
Christmas Fern
WoodFem
Pitcher Plant Trail Plant List
Herbaceaus Plants
Aletris aurea
Allium canadense
Asclepias viridis
Ascyrum hypericoides
Ascyrum stans
Bartonia verna
Bigelowia virgata
Buchnera Americana
Calapogon pulchellus
Calopogon barbatus
Centel1a asiatica
Dichromena latifolia
Drosera annua
Duchesnea indica
Eriocaulon decangulare
Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Gentiana saponaria
Habenaria nivea
Habeneria ciliaris
Helianthus angustifolia
Hypericum fasciculatum
Hypericum mutiJum
Hyptis alata
Liatris pycnostachya
Lobelia flaccidifolia
Ludwigia hirtella
Marshallia tenuifolia
Mayaca aubletii
Colic Root
Wild Onion
Antelope Horn
St. Andrew's Cross
St. Peter's Wort
Spring Bartonia
Slender Bigelowia
American Bluehearts
Grass"pink
Bearded..Grass.-pink
Spadeleaf
White Top Sedge
Annual Sundew
Indian ~)IrebwatS
Ten Angle Pipewort
Hyssop-leaved Eupatorium
Bottle..gentian
Snowy Orchid
Yellow Fringed Orchid
Swamp Sunflower
Sand-Weed
Small Flowered St. John's Wort
Desert-Lavender
Kansas Gay Feather
Soft-leaved Lobelia
Spindle-root
Barbara's Buttons
Bogrnoss
Sabatia gentianoides
Sagittaria graminea
False garlic
Cinnamon Fern
Royal Fern
Fro gfruit
False Dragonhead
Rose Pogonia
Batchelor's Button
Yellow Savannah Milkwort
Meadow Beauty
Common Meadow ~)tuaeB
Rose-pink
Pine-woods Rose-gentian
Grassy arrowhead
Sarracenia alata
Pitcher-Plant
Nothoscordum bivalve
Osmunda cinnamonum
Osmunda regalis
Phyla incisa
Physostegia digitalis
Pogonia ophioglossiodes
Polygala nana
Polygala ramose
Rhexia petiolata
Rhexia virginica
Sabatia angularis
Schoenolirion croceum
Yellow Swmy Bell
Rough Skullcap
Scutellaria integrifolia
Scuttelaria ovata
Egg-leaf Skullcap
Sisyrinchium pruinosum
Sisyrinchium sagittiferum
Spiranthes vernalis
Stacbys floridana
Tofieldia racemosa
Dotted Blue-Eyed Grass
BJue-Eyed Grass
Spring Ladies' Tresses
Hedge-nettle
Sticky Tofieldia .
Viola lanceolata
Viola primulifolia
Xyris ambigua
Lance-Leaved Violet
Primrose.. leafed Viola
Yellow-eyed Grass
Woody Plants
CaUicarpa Americana
Cyrilla racemiflora
Hamamelis virginiana
American Beautyberry
Swamp Titi Leatherwood
Witch Hazel
Staggerbush Lyonia
Sweetbay Magnolia
Lyonia mariana
Magnolia virginiana
Myrica cerifera
Wax Myrtle
Nyssa sylvatica
Pinus taeda
Rhododendron oblongifolia
Vaccinium arkansanum
Black Gum
Lobloly Pine
White Azalea
Arkansas Blueberry
Nacogdoches Area Tour
Dr. Dave Creech
Stephen F. Austin State University
P.O. Box 13000-SFA Station
~acogd ches,
1]( 75962-3000
Preliminary Checklist of the Vascular Plants of
The Pineywoods Native Plant Center, Nacogdoches County, Texas
Spring Flora March 27 & 28 1999
Singhurst J.R., M. Norman, and H. Gaylord
Singhurst, Nonnan, and Gaylord (1999) base this checklist of the vascular plants Tucker
Estate on reports and excursions on the property. Nomenclature follows Correll and
Johnston (1970) and Johnston's update (1990). Common names follow Correll and
Johnston or Hatch et ale (1990). The list is intended to document the species present
immediately prior to PNPC development. Additions to this checklist are anticipated and
in the absence of voucher specimens, this list should not be considered authoritative.
CONIFERS
CUPRESSACEAE
CYPRESS FAMILY
Juniperus virginiana
eastern red cedar
PINACEAE
PINE FAMILY
Pinus taeda
Pinus echinata
loblolly pine
shortleaf pine
TAXODIACEAE
TAXODIUM FAMILY
Taxodium distichum
bald cypress
FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES
ASPLENIACEAE
SPLEENWORT FAMILY
Asplenium platyneuron
ebony spleenwort
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
BRACKEN FERN FAMILY
tailed bracken fern
Pteridium aquilinum
Botrychium dissectum
Botrychium virginianum
ADDER'S TONGUE FERN FAMILY
lace frond grape fern
rattlesnake fem
POLYPODIACEAE
POLYPODY FERN FAMILY
OpmOGLOSSACEA
Anthrinum felix-femina
Polypodium plypodioides
downy maiden fern
resurrection fern
scmZAEACEAE
CLIMBING FERN FAMILY
Lygodium japonicum
Japanese climbing fern
WOODSIACEAE
CLIFF FERN FAMILY
Onoclea sensibilis
Woodsia obtusa
sensitive fern
blunt lobed cliff fern
FLOWERING PLANTS
ACANTHACEAE
ACANTHUS FAMILY
Ruellia humilis
low ruellia
ACERACEAE
MAPLE FAMILY
Acer negundo
Acer saccharum
Acerrubrum
boxelder
sugar maple
red maple
AIZOACEAE
CARPETWEED FAMILY
Mullugo verticillata
Indian chickweed
AMARANTHACEAE
AMARANTH FAMILY
Amaranthus sp.
amaranth
ANACARDIACEAE
SUMAC FAMILY
Rhus aromatica
Rhus glabra
Rhus toxicodendron
fragrant sumac
smooth sumac
poison ivy
ANNONACEAE
CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY
Asimina triloba
pawpaw
APIACEAE
CARROT FAMILY
Cicuta maculata
Hydrocotyle verticillata
Sanicula canadensis
water hemlock
whorled pennywort
Canada sanicle
AQUIFOLIACEAE
HOLLY FAMILY
Ilex opaca
Ilex decidua
Ilex vomitoria
American holly
deciduous holly
yaupon holly
ARACEAE
ARUM FAMILY
Arisaema dracontium
Arisaema triphyllum
green dragon
jack-in-the-pulpit
ARALIACEAE
Aralia spinosa
Hedrahelix
GINSENG FAMILY
Devil's walking stick
English ivy (introduced)
AREACEAE
Sabal minor
PALM FAMILY
dwarf palmetto
ARISTILOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia seperentaria
BIRTHWORT FAMILY
Virginia dutchman's pipe
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Matelea gonocarpa
MILKWEED FAMILY
milkweed vine
ASTERACEAE
Achillea millifolium
Antennaria parlinii
Aster patens
Bidens sp.
Chaetopappa asteroides
Cirsium sp.
Conyza canadensis
Elephantopus tomentosus
Erigeron strigosus
Eupatorium capillifolium
Eupatorium coelistinum
Eupatorium sp.
Gamochaeta purpureum
Gnaphilium obtusifolium
Helenium amarum
Helianthus sp.
Krigia caespitosa
Krigia dandelion
Lactuca ludoviciana
Lactuca sp.
Senecio obovatus
Solidago auriculata
Solidago sp.
Soliva pterosperma
Sonchus asper
Taraxacum officinale
Verbesina virginica
Vemoniasp.
SUNFLOWER FAMILY
common yarrow (intoduced)
pussytoes
skydrop aster
beggarticks
common least daisy
thistle
horse weed conyza
hairy elephant foot
prairie fleabane
dog fennel
blue mist flower
eupatorium
greenleaf cudweed
fragrant cudweed
bitter sneezeweed
sunflower
weedy dwarf dandelion
tuber dwarf dandelion
wild lettuce
wild lettuce
golden groundsel
clasping leaf goldenrod
solidago
lawn burweed
spiny leaved sawthistle
common dandelion
frostweed
ironweed
BERBERIDACEAE
BARBERRY FAMILY
Nandina domestica
Podophyllum peltatum
nandina
mayapple
BETULACEAE
BIRCH FAMILY
Carpinus caroliniana
Ostrya virginiana
Betula nigra
blue beech
eastern hophombeam
river birch
BORAGINACEAE
BORAGE FAMILY
Myosotis macropsperma
spring forget me not
BRASSICACEAE
MUSTARD FAMILY
Capsella bursa-patoris
Cardamine bulbosa
Lepedium virginicum
shepard's purse
spring cress
poor man's peppergrass
CACTACEAE
CACTUS FAMILY
Opuntia stricta
southern spineless cactus
CAMPANULACEAE
BLUEBELL FAMILY
Lobelia cardinalis
Triodanis perfoliata
cardinal flower
clasping Venus lookingglass
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
Lonicera japonica
Sambucus candensis
Viburnum rufidulum
Japanese honeysuckle
common elderberry
blackhaw viburnum
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
PINK FAMILY
Cerastium brachypodum
Cerastium glomeratum
Sagina decumbens
Spergula arvensis
Stellaria media
shortstalk chickweed
clustered flowered chickweed
pearlwort
comspury
common chickweed
CISTACEAE
ROCKROSEFAMILY
Lechea mucronata
Lechea tenuifolia
hairy pinweed
narrowleaf pinweed
CLUSSIACEAE
ST. JOHN'S WORT FAMILY
Hypericum hypericoides
Hypericum stans
Hypericum walteri
St. Andrew's cross
St. Peterswort
Walter's St. John's wort
COMMELINACEAE
SPIDERWORT FAMILY
Commelina erecta
Commelina virginica
Tradescantia hirsutiflora
erect dayflower
Virginia dayflower
hairy spiderwort
CONVOLVULACEAE
MORNING GLORY FAMILY
Dichondra carolinensis
ponyfoot
CORNACEAE
DOGWOOD FAMILY
Comus florida
Nyssa sylvatica
black gum
flowering dogwood
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex amphiloba
Carex caroliniana
Carex crus-corvi
Carex sp.
Carex sp.
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus retrotlexus
Eleocharis sp.
Fimbristylis sp.
Scirpus koilolepis
Scirpus sp.
amphibious sedge
Carolina sedge
crowfoot sedge
sedge
sedge
yellow nutsedge
oneflower flatsedge
spikerush
bullrush
EBENACEAE
Diospyrus virginiana
common persimmon
funbry
small bullrush
PERSIMMON FAMILY
ERICACEAE
HEATH FAMILY
Vaccinium arboreum
farkleberry
EUPHORBACAE
SPURGE FAMILY
slender three seeded mercury
three seeded mercury
bull nettle
Acalypha gracilens
Acalypha ostrayefolia
Cnidosculus texanus
Croton capitatus
Sapium sebiferum
Tragia sp.
wooly croton
Chinese tallow tree
nosebum
FABACEAE
LEGUME FAMILY
Albizia julibrissin
Cercis canadensis
Chamaecrista fasiculata
Desmodium sp.
Desmodium sp.
Galactia glabella
mimosa tree
red bud
partridge pea
beggar's ticks
beggar's ticks
downy milkpea
Lespedeza sp.
Trifolium campestre
Trifolium incarnatum
Trifolium repens
Viccia caroliniana
Viccia ludoviciana
bush clover
low hop clover
crimson clover
white clover
Carolina vetch
deer vetch
FAGACEAE
BEECH FAMILY
whiteoak
southern red oak
overcupoak
blackjack oak
swamp chestnut oak
water oak
Nuttall oak
willow oak
shumard oak
bottomland post oak
post oak
black oak
Quercus alba
Quercus falcata
Quercus lyrata
Quercus marilandica
Quercus michauxii
Qurcus nigra
Quercus nuttallii
Quercus phellos
Quercus shumardii
Quercus similis
Quercus stellata
Quercus velutina
GERANIACEAE
Geranium carolinianum
GERANIUM FAMILY
Carolina geranium
HAMAMELIDACEAE
Liquidambar styraciflua
WITCH HAZEL FAMILY
sweetgum
IUPPOCASTANACEAE
Aesculus pavia
BUCKEYE FAMILY
red buckeye
IRIDACEAE
Sisyrinchium exile
IRIS FAMILY
blue-eyed grass
JUGLANDACEAE
Carya cordifonnis
Caryaovata
Caryatexana
Carya tomentosa
Juglans nigra
WALNUT FAMILY
bitternut hickory
shagbark hickory
black hickory
mockernut hickory
black walnut
LAMIACEAE
Lamium amplexicaule
Prunella vulgaris
Scutellaria cardiophylla
MINT FAMILY
henbit
common selfheal
heartleaf skullcap
LAURACEAE
Sassafras albidum
LAUREL FAMILY
sassafras
LILIACEAE
Allium canadense
Allium drummondii
Camassia scilloides
Erythronium albidum
Hypoxis hirsuta
Lilium michauxii
Nothoscordum bivalve
Polygonatum biflorum
Smilax bona-nox
Smilax glauca
Smilax hispida
Smilax laurifolia
Smilax rotundifolia
Yucca louisianensis
LILY FAMILY
Canada garlic
Drummond's onion
wild hyacinth
white trout lily
common goldenstar
Carolina lily
false garlic
Solomon's seal
saw greenbriar
cat greenbriar
bristly greenbriar
laurel greenbrar
common greenbriar
Louisiana yucca
LOGANIACEAE
Gelsemium sempervirens
Polypremum procumbens
LOGONIAFAMILY
Carolina jessamine
juniper leaf
MAGNOLIACEAE
Magnolia grandiflora
MAGNOLIA FAMILY
southern magnolia
MALVACEAE
Modiola caroliniana
Sida rhombifolia
MALLOW FAMILY
modiola
diamondleaf mallow
MENISPERMACEAE
Cocculus carolinus
MOONSEED FAMILY
Carolina snailseed
MORACEAE
Morusrubra
Maclura pomifera
MULBERRY FAMILY
red mulberry
Bois d'arc
MYRICACEAE
Myrica heterophylla
WAXMYRTLE FAMILY
waxmyrtle
OLEACEAE
Fraxinus americana
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Ligustrum sinense
OLIVE FAMILY
white ash
green ash
Chinese privet
ONAGRACEAE
EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY
Ludwegia sp.
Oenothera laciniata
Oenothera speciosa
seedbox
cutleaf evening primrose
showy evening primrose
OXALIDACEAE
WOOD SORREL FAMILY
Oxalis dillenii
Oxalis violacea
yellow wood sorrel
violet wood sorrel
PAPAVERACEAE
POppy FAMILY
Corydalis micrantha
Sanguinaria canadensis
scrambled eggs
bloodroot
PASIFLORACEAE
PASSION FLOWER FAMILY
Passitlora lutea
yellow passion flower
PHRYMACEAE
LOPSEED FAMILY
Phryma leptostachya
lopseed
PHYTOLACACCEAE
POKEWEED FAMILY
Phytolacca americana
pokeweed
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago lanceolata
PLANTAIN FAMILY
English plantain
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Andropogon glomeratus
Andropogon virginicus
Arundinaria gigantea
Brizaminor
Chasmanthium latifolium
Chasmanthium sessiliflorum
Cynodon dactylon
Digitaria ciliaris
Elymus virginicus
Melica mutica
Oplismenus hirtellus
Panicum sp.
Panicum sp.
Paspalum urvillei
Poaannua
Stenotaphrum secundatum
Stipa leucotricha
Tridens flavus
bushy bluestem
broomsedge bluestem
switch cane
little quaking grass
broadleaf chasmanthium
sessile flowered chasmanthium
Bermuda grass
southern crabgrass
Virginia wildrye
twoflower melic
basketgrass
panicum
panicum
vaseygrass
annual bluegrass
St. Augustine grass
Texas wintergrass
purple top
PLANTANACEAE
Plantanus occidentalis
PLANE TREE FAMILY
sycamore
POLEMONIACEAE
Phlox pilosa
PHLOX FAMILY
downy phlox
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum sp.
Rumex hastatulus
KNOTWEED FAMILY
Smartweed
heartwing dock
PORTULACACEAE
Claytonia virginica
PURSLANE FAMILY
spring beauty
RANUNCULACEAE
Ranunculus sp.
BUITERCUPFAMILY
buttercup
BUCKTHORN FAMILY
RHAMNACEAE
Berchemia scandens
Rhamnus caroliniana
Albama supplejack
Carolina buckthorn
ROSEACEAE
Agrimonia microcarpa
Crataegus marshallii
Crataegus spathulata
Duchesni indica
Geum canadense
Prunus caroliniana
Prunus mexicana
Prunus serotina
Rosa multiflora
Rubus trivalis
ROSE FAMILY
slender agrimony
parsley hawthorn
pasture haw
Indian strawberry
white avens
Carolina cherry laurel
Mexican plum
black cherry
Japanese rose
southern dewberry
RUBIACEAE
Diodia teres
Diodia virginiana
Galium aparine
Hedyotis crassifolia
Mitchella repens
MADDER FAMILY
rough buttonweed
Virginia buttonweed
catcweed bedstraw
small bluets
partridge pea
CITRUS FAMILY
RUTACEAE
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis
prickly ash
SALICACEAE
Salix nigra
Populus deltoides
WILLOW FAMILY
black willow
eastern cottonwood
SAPOTACEAE
Bumelia lanuginosa
SAPODILLA FAMILY
woolybucket bumelia
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Lepuropetalon spathulatum
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY
lepuropetalon
SCROPHORULACEAE
Castilleja indivisa
Veronica peregrina
FIGWORT FAMILY
Texas Indian paintbrush
purslane spedwell
SOLANACEAE
Physalis sp.
Solanum carolinense
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY
ground cherry
Carolina horse nettle
TILIACEAE
Tilia americana
LINDEN FAMILY
American basswood
ULMACEAE
Celtis Iaevigata
Ulmus americana
Ulmus crassifolia
Ulmusrubm
ELM FAMILY
Texas sugarberry
American elm
cedar elm
slippery elm
URTICACEAE
Boehmeria cylindrica
Urtica chamaedryoides
NETTLE FAMILY
false nettle
heartleaf nettle
V ALERIANACEAE
Valerianella radiata
VALERIAN FAMILY
beaked cornsalad
VERBENACEAE
Callicarpa americana
Phyla lanceolata
Verbena officinale
VERVAIN FAMILY
American beautyberry
northern frog fruit
Texas verbena
VIOLACEAE
Viola rafinesquii
Viola walteri
Viola sp.
VIOLET FAMILY
field pansy
Walter's violet
violet
VITACEAE
Ampelopsis arborea
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Vitis aestivalis
Vitis mustangensis
Vitis rotundifolia
GRAPE FAMILY
peppervine
Virginia creeper
summer grape
mustang grape
muscadine grape
Partial Plant List for Ivy Payne Wildlife Refuge Elkhart, Texas
Major contributors - Sonnia Hill, Kay Fleming, Heinz Gaylord - Additional contributions Jason Singhurst, Walter Holmes, Ron and Ruth Loper, and David Bezanson
FORBS:
Botanical Name
Acalypha gracilens
Achillea millefolium
Allium canadense
Ambrosia artemisifolia
Ambrosia trifidia
Antennaria fallax
Argemone albiflora
Arisaema dracontium
Arisaema triphyllum
Arnoglossum ovatum
Asclepias tubersoa
Asclepias variegata
Asclepias verticillata
Asclepias viridiflora
Asperula arvensis
Aster ericoides
Aster patens
Aster pilosus
Aster subulatus
Aster texanus
Astragalus distortus
Baptisia nuttalliana small
Bidens aristosa
Boehmeria cylindrica
Cacalia ovata
Callirhoe papaver (Cav.) Gray
Cardamine bulbosa
Castilleja indivisa
Chamaecrista fasciculate
Chamaecrista nictitanus
Chamaesyce maculata (L)
Cirsium carolinianum (walt.)
Cirsium horridulum michx.
Cnidoscolus texanus
Commelina erecta L.
Corallorrhiza wisteriana Conrad
Common Name
Copper Leaf
Common Yarrow
Wild Onion
Common Ragweed
Giant Ragweed
Pussytoes
Prickly-poppy
Green Dragon
Jack-in-the Pulpit
Lance-leaf Indian Plantain
Butterfly Weed
White-flowered milkweed
Whorled Milkweed
Green Antelope-hom Milkweed
Woodruff
Heath Aster
Purple daisy
White-heath aster
Annual aster
Texas Aster
Bent-pod milk-vetch
Cream False Indigo
Beggarticks
Bog Hemp
Indian Plantain
Winecups
Springcress
Indian Paintbrush
Partridge Pea
Sensitive Partridge Pea
Spotted Euphorbia
Purple Thistle
Yellow ThistlelBull Thistle
Texas bull-nettle
Erect Dayflower
Spring Coral Root Orchid
Coreopsis lanceolata
Lance Leaf Coreopsis
Coreopsis tinctoria
Corydalis micrantha
Croptilon divaricatum
Croton capitatus
Plains Coreopsis
Southern CorydalislButter and Eggs
Slender Golden Weed
Goatweed
Croton texensis
Delphinium carolinianum
Desmodium nudiflorum
Desmodium paniculatum
Diodia virginiana
Echinacea sanguinea Nutt
Elephantopus carolinianus
Erigeron philadelphicus L.
Erythronium albidum
Eupatorium capillifolium
Eupatorium coelestinum
Eupatorium album L. *
Eupatorium fistulosum
Euphorbia dentata
Froelichia floridana
Galium pilosum Ait.
Gaura longiflora
Geum canadense
Glandularia canadense (L.)
Hedyotis nigricans
Hedyotis crassifolia
Hedyotis australis
Helenium flexuosum
Helianthus hirsutus
Heterotheca submaxillaris
Hymenocallis liriosme
Hymenopappus artemisi
Hypericum drummondi
Hypericum hypericoides (L.)
Hypoxis hirsuta (L.)
Indigofera miniata
Ipomopsis rubra
Krigia dandelion
Kummerowia striata
Lespedeza repens
Lespedeza virginica
Liatris aspera
Linaria canadensis
Listera australis
Lithospermum incisum
Lithospermum caroliniense
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia inflata
Malvaviscis arboreus
Mitchella repens
Monotropa uniflora
Nemastylis geminiflora
Nemastylis purpurea
Northoscrodum bivalve
Texas Croton
Blue Larkspur
Bare Stem Ticktrefoid
Panicled Desmodium
Button Weed
Purple coneflower
Elephant's Foot
Philadelphia Fleabane
White Trout Lily
Dog Fennel
Blue Mist Flower
White Boneset
Joe-Pye Weed
Wild Poinsettia
Cotton Weed
Bedstraw
Tall Gaura
Prairie Smoke
Rose Vervain
Prairie Bluets
Small Bluets
Southern Bluets
Purple Head Sneeze Weed
Sunflower
Golden Aster
Spider Lily
Wooly white
St. John's Wort
St. Andrew's Cross
Yellow Star Gras
Scarlet Pea
Standing Cypress
Potatoe Dandelion
Japanese Lespedeza
Creeping Bush Clover
Slender Bush Clover
Rough Gay Feather
Old-Field Toad Flax
Southern Tway-Blade Orchid
Fringed Puccoon
Golden Puccoon
Cardinal Flower
Indian Tobacco
Texas Mallow/Turk's Cap
Partridge Berry
Indian Pipe
Celestial or Ghost Iris
Purple Pleat-Leaf Iris
False Garlic
Oneothera speciosa
Opuntia humifosa
Oxalis pricea
Oxalis rubra
Oxalis violacea
Palafoxia rosea
Penstemon cobea
Penstemon laxiflorus
PWox drummondi
Phlox pilosa
Podophyllum peltatum L
Polygala polygama
Polypremum procumbems
Prunella vulgaris
Pycnanthemum albescens
Ranunculus carolinianus
Ratibidia columnifera
Rhus aromatica
Rhynchosia latiflolia
Rhynchosia minima
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia grandiflora
Ruellia humilis
Ruellia pedunculata
Sabatia angularis
Sabatia campestris
Salvia lyrata
Sanicula canadensis
Saururuscemuus L.
Scutellaria cardiophylla
Scutellaria integrifolia
Scutellaria ovata
Senecio glabellus
Senecio sp
Sida spinosa
Solanum carolinense
Solanum dimidatum
Solanum elaegnifolium
Solidago canadensis
Spiranthes cemua
Spiranthes vernalis
Stylosanthes biflora
Taenidia integerrima *
Tephrosia virginiana
Thalictrum dasycarpum
Tipularia discolor
Tradescantia hirsutiflora
Tralescantia ohioensis
Tridodanis perfoliatia
Showy Primrose
Prickly Pear Cactus
Yellow Wood Sorrel
Woodsorrel
Violet Wood Sorrel
Rose Palafoxia
Foxglove
Piney Woods penstemon
Drummond Phlox
Prairie Phlox
May Apple
Bitter Milkwort
Juniper Leaf
"Heal All" or "Self Heal"
Mountain Mint
Carolina Buttercup
Mexican Hat or Coneflower
Aromatic Sumac
Broad-Leaf Snout-bean
Least-Snout Bean
Brown-eyed Susan
Rough Coneflower
Wild Petunia
Wild Petunia
Rose Pink Sabatia
Meadow Pink
Lyre-Leaf Sage
Black Snake Root
Lizards Tail
Heart-Leaf Skull Cap
Rough Skullcap
Egg-Leaf Skullcap
Butterweed
Groundsel
Prickly sida
White Nightshade
Purple Nightshade
Silver Nightshade
Common Goldenrod
Nodding Ladies Tress Orchid
Spring Ladies Tress Orchid
Pencil Flower
Yellow Pimpernel
Goat's Rue
Meadow Rue
Fall Crane Fly Orchid
Hairy Spiderwort
Ohio Spiderwort
Venus' Looking Glass
Triosteum perfoliatum *
Verbascum thapsus
Verbena brasiliensis
Verbena halei
Verbena rigida
Verbensina virginica
Vicia Caroliniana
Viola palmata
Viola pedata
Viola rafmesquii
Viola sororia
Viola walteri
Zigadenus nutallii
Zizia aurea
False Horse Gentian
Common Mullein
Brazilian vervain
Texas Vervain
Tuber Vervain
Frost Weed
Wood Vetch
Trilobe violet
Bird's Foot Violet
Field Pansy
Wooly Blue Violet
Walter's violet
Death Camas
Golden Alexander
Ferns
Asplenium platyneuron
Botrychium dissecta
Botrychium virginianum
Onoclea sensibilis
Osmunda cinnamomea
Polypodium polypodioides
Polystichum acrostichoides
Pteridium aquilinum
Woodsia obtusa
Woodwardia areolata
Woodwardia virgincia
Ebony Spleenwort
Dissected Grape Fern
Rattlesnake Fern
Sensitive Fern
Cinnamon Fern
Resurrection Fern
Christmas Fern
BrackenFem
Blunt-Lobed Woodsia
Netted Chain Fern
Virginia Chain Fern
Grasses
Androspogon gerardii
Andropogon glomeratus
Andropogon virginicus
Bothriochloa laguroides
Carex sp
Chasmanthium laxum
Chasmanthium latifolicem
Lolium perenne L.
Melilotus officinalis
Oplismenus hirtellus
Panicum dichantheliem
Paspalum dilatatum
Paspalum notatum
Sorghum halepense
Trifolium campestre
Tridens flavus
Trifolium pretense L.
Tripsacum dactyloides
Big Bluestem
Bushy Bluestem
Broomsedge Bluestem
Silver Bluestem
Carex
Wood Oats
Broadleaf Woodoats
Rye Grass
Yellow Sweet Clover
Basket grass
Panic Grass
Paspalum/Dallas Grass
Bahia Grass (non-native)
Johnson Grass (non-native)
Low Hop Clover
Purple Top
Red Clover
Eastern Gammagrass
Shrubs
Arundinaria gigantea
Baccharis halimifolia
Callicarpa Americana
Cephalanthhus occidentalis
Euonymus americanus
Ligustrum sinense
Myrica cerifera
Nandina domestica
Sambucus canadensis
Symphoricarpus orbiculata
Trees
Acer barbatum
Acer negundo
Acerrubrum
Acer saccharium L.
Albizia julibrissin
Aralia spinosa
Catalpa speciosa
Carpinus caroliniana
Carya alba (L.)
Carya cordiformis
Carya illinoiensis
Carya rnyristiciformis
Carya ovata
Carya texana
Celtis laevigata
Cercis canadensis
Chionanthus virginicus
Comus florida
Comus drummondi
Crataegus marshallii
Diospyros virginiana
Frangula caroliniana
Fraxinus americana
Fraxinus
Gleditsia triacanthos
Ilex deciduas
Ilex opaca
Ilex vomitora
Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Liquidamber styraciflua
Liriodendron tulipifera
Maclura pomifera
Melia azedarach
Morusrubra
Nyssa aquatica
Bamboo (Switch Cane)
Sea Myrle
American Beauty Berry or French Mulberry
Buttonbush
Strawberry Bush
Chinese Privet/non-native
Wax Mytrle
Nandina(escaped non-native)
Elderberry
Snow Berry
Florida Maple
Box Elder
Red Maple
Sugar Maple
Mimosa(non-native)
"Devils Walking Stick"
. Northern Catalpa
American Hornbeam
Mockernut Hickory
Pig-Nut Hickory
Pecan
Nutmeg Hickory
Shagbank Hickory
Black Hickory
Sugar Hackberry
Eastern Redbud
Fringe Tree
Flowering Dogwood
Rough-Leaf Dogwood
Parsley Hawthorn
Eastern Persimmon
Carolina Buckthorn
White Ash
Green Ash
Honeylocust
Deciduous Holly
American Holly
Yaupon
Black Walnut
Eastern Red Cedar
Sweetgum
Yellow poplar
Osage-Orange
Chinaberry
Red Mulberry
Black Gum
Nyssa Sylvatica
Ostrya virginiana
Pinus echinata
Pinus taeda
Platanus occidentalis
Prunus angustifolia
Prunus mexicana
Prunus caroliniana
Prunus serotina
Quercus alba
Quercus falcata
Quercus lyrata
Quercus marilandica
Quercus nigra
Quercus phellos
Quercus shumardii
Quercus stellata
Rhus copallinum
Rhus glabra
Robinia pseudoacacia
Salix nigra
Sassafras albidum
Sideroxylon lanuginosum
Sophora affinis
Ulmus americana
Ulmus rubra
Ulmus elata
Ulmus crassifolia
Vaccinium arborea
Viburnum rufidulum
Xanthoxylum clava
Xanthoxylum hirsutum
Black Tupelo
Eastern Hophombean
Short-Leaf Pine
Loblolly Pine
Sycamore
Chickasaw Plum
Mexican Plum
Carolina Laurel Cherry
Wild Black Cherry
White Oak
Southern Red Oak
Overcup Ok
Backjack Oak
Water Oak
Willow Oak
Shumard Oak
Post Oak
Winged Sumac
Smooth Sumac
Black Locust
Black Willow
Sassafras
Gum bumelia
Eve' s Necklace
American Elm
Slippery Elm
Winged Elm
Cedar Elm
Farkleberry
Rusty Blackhaw
Prickly Ash
Toothache Tree
Vines
Ampelopsis arborea (L.) koehne
Aristolochia reticulate Jacq.
Aristolochia tomentosa
Berchemia scandens
Bignonia capreolata
Campsis radicans
Centrosema virginianum
Clematis dioscoreifolia
Clitoria mariana L.
Cuscuta compacta
Gelsemium sempervirens
Ipomoea cordatotriloba
Ipomoea pandurata (L.)
Lonicera japonica
Lonicera semperviren
Pepper Vine
Dutchman's Pipe
Yellow Dutchman's Pipe
Rattan Vine
Crossvine
Trumpet Creeper
Butterfly Pea
White Clematis
Pigeon Wings
Dodder
Carolina Jessamine
Heasrtshaped
Morning Glory/Wild Potato Vine
Japanese Honeysukle
Coral Honeysuckle
Matelea decipiens
Matelea gonocarpos
Parthenocissu quiquefolia
Passiflora incarnata
Passiflora lutea
Rhus Toxicodenron
Rubus argutus
Rubus trivialis
Smilax bona-nox
Smilax glauca
Smilax rotundiflora
Smilax sarsapapilla
Strophostyles helvula
Vitis aestivalis
Vitis mustangensis
Vitis rotondifolia
Wisteria frutescens
* Rare or uncommon
Climbing Milkvine
Climbing Milkvine
Virginia Creeper
Passion Flower
Yellow Passion Flower
Poison Ivy
Blackberry
Southern Dewberry
Saw Green Briar
Cat Green Briar
Common Greenbriar
Sarsapanulla Vine
Amberique Bean
Summer Grape
Mustang Grape
Muscadine
Kentucky Wisteria
Yucca cernua Plant List
by Eric Keith
'.IQ~i -
Acer
rubrum
ACERACEAE
Rhus
Rhus
Sanicula
IIex
Sabal
Asclepias
copallina
toxicodendron
canadensis
vomitoria
minor
tuberosa
ANACARDIACEAE
ANACARDIACEAE
APIACEAE
AQUIFOLIACEAE
ARECACEA
ASCLEPIADACEAE
red maple
w.Rlng<"Qt:~6 i 1.g· yijcCa
wing rib sumac
poison ivy
Canada sanicle
yaupon holly
Dwarf palmetto
butterfly milkweed
A$tm~ '
lIQ)". Pm ~',fi: gw
Baccharis
Coreopsis
Echinacea
Erigeron
Iva
Silphium
Vernonia
Campsis
Heliotropium
Lobelia
Lonicera
Viburnum
Hypericum
Cornus
Nyssa
Juniperus
Diospyros
Vaccinium
Cercis
Erythrina
Gleditsia
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Aesculus
Carya
Sassafras
Smilax
Smilax
Yucca
Gelsemium
Magnolia
halimifolia
lanceolata
pallida
stigosus
angustifolia
radula
texana
radicans
tenellum
appendiculata
japonica
dentatum
hypercoides
florida
sylvatica
virginiana
virginiana
arboreum
canadensis
herbacea
tricanthos
falcata
nigra
stellata
glabra
tomentosa
albidum
bona-nox
smallii
louisianensis
sempervirens
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
BIGNONIACEAE
BORAGINACEAE
CAMPANULACEAE
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
CLUSIACEAE
CORNACEAE
CORNACEAE
CUPRESSACEAE
EBENACEAE
ERICACEAE
FABACEAE
FABACEAE
FABACEAE
FAGACEAE
FAGACEAE
FAGACEAE
HIPPOCASTANACEAE
JUGLANDACEAE
LAURACEAE
LILIACEAE
LILIACEAE
LILIACEAE
LOGANIACEAE
eastern baccharis
lance leaf coreopsis
purple cone flower
prairie fleabane
narrowleaf sumpweed
Pinus
Pinus
Pinus
taeda
echinata
palustris
PINACEAE
PINACEAE
PINACEAE
Chasmanthium
sessiliflorum
POACEAE
loblolly pine
short-leaf pine
long-leaf pine
sessile flowered
chasmanthium
·~ I{,
:MIIML
Texas ironweed
trumpet creeper
pasture heliotrope
earleaf mayapple
Japanese honeysuckle
arrow wood viburnum
St. Andrews cross
flowering dogwood
black gum
eastern red cedar
common persimmon
farkleberry
red bud
coral bean
honey locust
southern red oak
water ioak
post oak
Ohio buckeye
mockernut hickory
sassafras
saw greenbriar
Smalls greenbriar
Louisiana yucca
Carolina jessamine
southern n'\~,.i"l
Parl~'1m·
fI,~le
Schizacharium
Crataegus
Rubus
Bumelia
Penstemon
Vitis
Vitis
scoparium
marshallii
louisianus
lanuginosa
laxiflorus
aestivalis
rotundifolia
PQACEAE
POACEAE
ROSACEAE
ROSACEAE
SAPOTACEAE
SCROPHULARIACEAE
VITACEAE
VITACEAE
witY(\Nifg,gm$S
little bluestem
parsley hawthorn
Louisiana blackberry
woollybucket bumelia
pink penstemon
summer grape
muscadine grape
Scrappin' Valley Plant List
by Eric Keith
Acer
Mollugo
Froelichia
Rhus
Rhus
Rhus
Asimina
Sanicula
lIex
Sabal
Asclepias
Asclepias
Asplenium
Ambrosia
Baccharis
Echinacea
Erigeron
Marshallia
Rudbeckia
rubrum
verticillata
floridana
copallina
toxicodendron
vernix
parviflora
canadensis
vomitoria
minor
amplexicaulis
tuberosa
platyneuron
psilostachya
halimifolia
pallida
stigosus
tenuifolia
R~.·
'~tl s
Silphium
Vernonia
Carpinus
Ostrya
Campsis
Woodwardia
Lobelia
Viburnum
Viburnum
Hypericum
Tradescantia
Tradescantia
Cornus
Nyssa
Juniperus
Pteridium
Diospyros
Rhododendron
Vaccinium
Vaccinium
Vaccinium
Vaccinium
Vaccinium
Croton
Cercis
Erythrina
Fagus
~ C3 i ? c:l
radula
texana
caroliniana
virginiana
radicans'
areolata
appendiculata
dentatum
nudum
hypercoides
hirsutiflora
reverchonii
florida
sylvatica
virginiana
aquilinum
virginiana
canescens
amoenum
arboreum
elliottii
stamineum
virgatum
argyranthemus
canadensis
herbacea
grandifolia
ACERACEAE
AIZOACEAE
AMARANTHACEAE
ANACARDIACEAE
ANACARDIACEAE
ANACARDIACEAE
ANNONACEAE
APIACEAE
AQUIFOLIACEAE
ARECACEA
ASCLEPIADACEAE
ASCLEPIADACEAE
ASPLENIACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
red maple
Indian chickweed
Florida snakecotton
wing rib sumac
poison ivy
poison sumac
dwarf pawpaw
Canada sanicle
yaupon holly
Dwarf palmetto
blunt leaf milkweed
butterfly milkweed
ebony spleenwort
western ragweed
eastern baccharis
purple cone flower
prairie fleabane
marshallia
rough coneflower
~ lgBI D:
~,:M n ~ ',
ASTERACEAE
ASTERACEAE
BETULACEAE
BETULACEAE
BIGNONIACEAE
BLECHENACEAE
CAMPANULACEAE
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
CLUSIACEAE
COMMELINACEAE
COMMELINACEAE
CORNACEAE
CORNACEAE
CUPRESSACEAE
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
EBENACEAE
ERICACEAE
ERICACEAE
ERICACEAE
ERICACEAE
ERICACEAE
ERICACEAE
EUPHORBIAACEAE
FABACEAE
FABACEAE
FAGACEAE
Texas ironweed
blue beech
eastern hophornbeam
trumpet creeper
netted chain fern
earleaf mayapple
arrow wood viburnum
possumhaw viburnum
St. Andrews cross
hairy spiderwort
Reverchon's spiderwort's
flowering dogwood
black gum
eastern red cedar
tailed bracken fern
common persimmon
hoary azalea
largecluster blueberry
farkleberry
Elliot blueberry
dewberry
rabbiteye bleberry
silver croton
red bud
coral bean
American beech
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Hamamelis
Liquidambar
Aesculus
Carya
Physostegia
Pycnantheum
Sassafras
Smilax
Smilax
Smilax
Yucca
Gelsemium
Lycopodium
Lycopodium
Rhexia
Mirabilis
Osmunda
Osmunda
Pinus
Pinus
Pinus
Pinus
Andropogon
falcata
incana
margaretta
marilandica
nigra
stellata
virginiana
styraciflua
glabra
tomentosa
digitalis
albescens
albidum
bona-nox
laurifolia
smallii
louisianensis
sempervirens
carolinianum
prostratum
mariana
albida
cinnamonea
regalis
taeda
echinata
elliottii
palustris
gerardii
FAGACEAE
FAGACEAE
FAGACEAE
FAGACEAE
FAGACEAE
FAGACEAE
HAMAMELIDACEAE
HAMAMELIDACEAE
HIPPOCASTANACEAE
JUGLANDACEAE
LAMIACEAE
LAMIACEAE
LAURACEAE
LILIACEAE
LILIACEAE
LILIACEAE
LILIACEAE
LOGANIACEAE
LYCOPODIACEAE
LYCOPODIACEAE
MELASTOMATACEAE
NYCTAGINACEAE
OSMUNDACEAE
OSMUNDACEAE
PINACEAE
PINACEAE
PINACEAE
PINACEAE
POACEAE
Chasmanthium
Schizacharium
Sorghastrum
Crataegus
Rubus
Bumelia
sessiliflorum
scoparium
elliottii
marshallii
louisianus
lanuginC?sa
POACEAE
POACEAE
POACEAE
ROSACEAE
ROSACEAE
SAPOTACEAE
sar ~i
f~t lC
Penstemon
Selaginella
Thelypteris
Vitis
Vitis
Athyrium
Xyris
Xyris
laxiflorus
arenicola
kunthii
aestivalis
rotundifolia
filix-femina
ambigua
baldwiniana
difformis
~ . eNJA¢~
SCROPHULARIACEAE
SELAGINELLACEAE
THELYPTERIDACEAE
VITACEAE
VITACEAE
WOODSIACEAE
XYRIDACEAE
XYRIDACEAE
XYRIDACEAE
southern red oak
bluejack oak
sand post oak
blackjack oak
water ioak
post oak
common witch hazel
sweetgum
Ohio buckeye
mockernut hickory
false draggonhead
white bracted mountain mint
sassafras
saw greenbriar
laurel greenbriar
Smalls greenbriar
Louisiana yucca
Carolina jessamine
Carolina clubmoss
creeping clubmoss
Maryland meadow beauty
four 0' clock
cinnamon fern
royal fern
loblolly pine
short-'eaf pine
slash pine
long-leaf pine
big bluestem
sessile flowered
chasmanthium
little bluestem
slender Indiangrass
parsley hawthorn
Louisiana blackberry
woollybucket bumelia
Y~J lt\R fiI~ :
pink penstemon
Sand selaginella
widespread maiden fern
summer grape
muscadine grape
southern lady fern
yelloweyed grass
Badwin's yellow eyed grass
southe.~
. dey w~; ,J
Matlock Hills & Colerow Creek Field Trips
Joe Liggio
COMMON NAME
FAMILY
red maple
southern sugar
chalk maple
sugar maple
red buckeye
beaked agrimony
hazel alder
sicklepod
devil's walkingstick
green dragon
jack-in-the-puIpit
Virginia snakeroot
Texas dutchman's pipe
groovestem Indian
plaintain
giant cane
redring milkweed
pawpaw
smallflower pawpaw
ebony spleenwort
common ladyfern
Alabama supplejack
cross vine
smallspike false nettle
sparselobe grapefern
rattlesnake fern
bearded shorthusk
American beautyberry
bulbous bittercress
toothwort
Willdenow's sedge
fringed sedge
white edge sedge
slender woodland sedge
black edge sedge
sharpscale sedge
flat-spiked sedge
reflexed sedge
lined sedge
American hornbeam
mockernut hickory
bitternut hickory
chinkapin
sugarberry
eastern redbud
Indian woodoats
Aceraceae
Aceraceae
Aceraceae
Aceraceae
Hippocastanaceae
Roseaceae
Betulaceae
Brassicaceae
Araliaceae
Araliaceae
Araceae
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochiaceae
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Aspleniaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Rhamnaceae
Bignoniaceae
Urticaceae
Ophioglossaceae
Ophioglossaceae
Poaceae
Verbenaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Betulaceae
Juglandaceae
Juglandaceae
Fagaceae
Ulmaceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Matlock Hills
(USFS-8ABA)
Colorow Creek
(SNF-SABA)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(s)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(s)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(s)
x
x
x
x(s)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(s)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
longleaf woodoats
fringe tree
Virginia springbeauty
swamp leather flower
spring coraIroot
flowering dogwood
parsley hawthorne
Iittlehip hawthorn
wild comfrey
Kentucky lady's slipper
swamp titi
nakedflower ticktrefoil
sessileleaf ticktrefoil
Bose's panicgrass
deertongue
Ravenel's rosette grass
fourleaf yam
wild yam
spikerush
elephant foot
devil's grandmother
beech drops
redcardinal
white trout lily
yellow trout lily
strawberry bush
American beech
white ash
erect milkpea
licorice bedstraw
hairy bedstraw
evening trumpetflower
white avens
spring avens
American witchhazel
Ozark witchhazel
Carolina silverball
queendevil
American alumroot
spiked crested coralroot
spring spiderlily
St. Andrew's cross
American holly
deciduous holly
yaupon holly
Georgia holly
jewelweed
purple fiveleaf orchid
Virginia sweetspire
veiny pea
Carolina lily
northern spicebush
sweetgum
Poaceae
Oleaceae
Portulacaceae
Ranunculaceae
Orchidaceae
Cornaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Boraginaceae
Orchidaceae
Cyrillaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Cyperaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Orobanchaceae
Fabaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Celastraceae
Fagaceae
Oleaceae
Fabaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Loganiaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Styracaceae
Asteraceae
Saxifragaceae
Orchidaceae
Liliaceae
Clusiaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Balsaminaceae
Orchidaceae
Grossulariaceae
Fabaceae
Liliaceae
Lauraceae
Hamamelidaceae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(s)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(s)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(s)
x
twayblade orchid
tuberous stoneseed
Japanese honeysuckle
bulbous woodrush
southern magnolia
sweetbay
green adder's-mouth
orchid
angularfruit milkvine
twoflower melicgrass
Florida Keys hempvine
sharpwing monkeyflower
partridgeberry
Indianpipe
red mulberry
largeseed forget-rne-not
wax myrtle
crowposion
blackgum
Virginia pennywort
basketgrass
cinnamon fern
royal fern
eastern hop hornbeam
tufted yellow woodsorrel
roundleaf ragwort
Virginia creeper
green passion flower
Canadian lousewort
thicket bean
broad beechfern
downy phlox
American lopseed
shortleaf pine
loblolly pine
autumn bluegrass
mayapple
great solomon's seal
jumpseed
hairy leafcup
Orchidaceae
Boraginaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Juncaceae
Magnoliaceae
Magnoliaceae
resurrection fern
Christmas fern
tall rattlesnakeroot
barbed rattlesnakeroot
black cherry
white oak
southern red oak
laurel oak
chestnut oak
chinquapin oak
water oak
willow oak
Polypodiaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Roseaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Orchidaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Scrophulariaceae
Rubiaceae
Monotropaceae
Moraceae
Boraginaceae
Myricaceae
Liliaceae
Nyssaceae
Gentianaceae
Poaceae
Osmundaceae
Osmundaceae
Betulaceae
Oxalidaceae
Asteraceae
Vitaceae
Passifloraceae
Scrophorulaceae
Fabaceae
Thelypteridaceae
Polemoniaceae
Verbenaceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Poaceae
Berberidaceae
Liliaceae
Polygonaceae
Asteraceae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(s)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
shummard oak
Carolina buckthorn
peidmont azalea
Carolina wild petunia
sabal palmetto
Iyreleaf sage
elderberry
seaside brookweed
bloodroot
black snakeroot
sassafras
whip nutrush
heartleaf skullcap
widowsfrill
fire pink
white blue-eyed grass
sawtooth greenbrier
cat greenbrier
roundleaf greenbriar
lanceleaf greenbrier
sasparilla vine
carionflower
bristly greenbrier
blue-stem goldenrod
clasping leaf goldenrod
woodland pinkroot
eastern featherbells
American snowbell
Grand snowbell
Drummond's aster
calico aster
common sweetleaf
yellow pimpernel
purple meadow-rue
parsnip
American basswood
craneflyorchid
poison ivy
hairyflower spiderwort
heartleaf noseburn
Sabine River wakerobin
greater marsh St.
Johnswort
yellowfruit horse-gentian
threebirds orchid
American elm
slippery elm
perfoliate belwort
sessileleaf belwort
farkleberry
Elliott's blueberry
smallflower blueberry
gravelweed
Fagaceae
Rhamnaceae
Ericaceae
Acanthaceae
Arecaceae
Lamiaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Primulaceae
Papaveraceae
Apiaceae
Lauraceae
Cyperaceae
Lamiaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Iridaceae
Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Loganiaceae
Liliaceae
Styracaceae
_ Styracaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Symplocaceae
Apiaceae
Ranunculaceae
Apiaceae
Tiliaceae
Orchidaceae
Anacardiaceae
Commelinaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Liliaceae
Clusiaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Orchidaceae
Ulmaceae
Ulmaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Asteraceae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(s)
x
x(s)
x
mapleleaf viburnum
southern arrowwood
possumhaw
rusty blackhaw
Carolina vetch
sand violet
southern coastal violet
common blue violet
prostrate blue violet
muscadine grape
bluntlobe cliff fern
netted chainfern
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Fabaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Vitaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Blechnaceae
yellow bractspike
golden zizia
Acanthaceae
Apiaceae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Plant List for Weches Outcrop! Stewart Ranch
PeterLoos
P.o. Box 520
Chireno, TX 75937
Weches Outcrop
1. Water Oak, Quercus nigra
2. Chinkapin Oak, Quercus muhlenbergia
3. Lanceleaf Buckthorn, Rhamnus
lanceolata
4. Wild Privet, Foresteria ligustrina
5. Rusty Blackhaw, Viburnum rufidulum
6. Eve's Necklace, Sophora affinis
7. Roughleaf Dogwood, Cornus
drummondii
8. Red Buckeye, Aesculus pavia
9. Eastern Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana
10. Possumhaw Holly, Rex decidua
11. Youpon, Rex vomitoria
12. Hercules Club, Zanthoxylum clavaherculis
13. Green Haw, Crataegus virdis
14. Sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua
15. Locust, gledistia triacanthos
16. Wild Onion, Allium canadense
17. Windflower, Anemone Spa
18. Whorled Milkweed, Asclepias
verticillata
19. Sundrops, Calylophus drummondianus
20. White Bladderpod, Lesquerella pallida
21. Gayfeather, Liatris mucronata
22. Beebalm, monarda citridora
23. Crow Posion, Nothoscordum bivalve
24. Showy Evening Primrose, Denothera
speciosa
25. Palafoxia, Palafoxia rosea
26. Lyreleaf Sage, Salvia lyrata
27. Prairie Clover, Petelostemon
pulcherrimum
28. Meadow Pink, Sabatia campestris
29. Sedum, Sedum pulchellum
30. False Aloe, Agave virginica
31. Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium spp.
32. Butterfly Weed, Asclepias tuberosa
33. Prairie Phlox, Phlox piloSIl
34. Larkspur, Delphinium Spa
35. Wild Petunia, Ruellia humilis
36. Wild Petunia, Ruellia pedunculata
37. Aster, Aster texanus
38. Aster, Aster subulatus
39. Lady's Tress, Spiranthes cernua
40. Heal All, Prunella vulgaris
41. Violet, Viola rojinesquii
42. Violet, Viola pratincola
43. Dock, Rumex pulcher
44. Senna, Cassia obtusifolia
45. Hedeoma, Hedeoma hispidum
46. Arkansas Savory, Satureja arkansana
47. Side Oats Grama, Boute/oua
curtipendula
48. Quaking Grass, Briza minor
49. Beaked Panicum, Panicum anceps
50. Panicum, Panicum hallii
51. Sedge, Carex muhIenbergii
52. Dropseed, Sporobulus asper
53. Purpletop Grass, Tridensflavus
54. Peppergrass, Lepidium virginicum
55. Leavenworthia, Leavenworthia texana
56. Poa Grass, poa annua
57. Love Grass, Eragrostis hirsuta
58. 3 Awn Grass, Aristida spp.
Stewart Ranch
1. Loblolly Pine, Pinus Taeda
2. Georgia Holly, Rex longipes
3. Rusty Blackhaw, Viburnum rufidulum
4. Possunhaw Viburnum, Viburnum nudum
5. Arrowwood Viburnum, Viburnum
dentatum
6. Willow Oak, Quercus phellos
7. White Oak, Quercus alba
8. Overcup Oak, Quercus lyrata
9. Water Oak, Quercus nigra
10. Blueberry, Vaccinium anomeum
11. Deerberry, Vaccinium staninium
12. Farkleberry, Vaccinium arboreum
13. MapleleafViburnum, Viburnum
acerifolia
14. Witch Hazel, Hamamelis virginiana
15. Sassafras, Sassafras albidium
16. Black Hickory, Carya texana
17. Mockernut Hickory, Carya tomentosa
18. Red Maple, Acer rubrum
19. Florida Sugar Maple, Acer barbatum
20. Paw Paw, Asimina triloba
21. Muscadine Grape, Vitis rotundifolia
22. American Holly, /lex opaca
23. Hop Tree/ Wafer Ash, Ptelea trifoliata
24. Green Ash, Fraxinus pennsylvatica
25. Youpon, Rex vomitoria
26. Hoary Azalea, Rhododendron canescens
27. Hazel Alder, Alnus serrulata
28. Southern Magnolia, Magnolia
grandiflora
29. Sweetbay Magnolia, Magnolia
virginiana
30. Beech, Fagus grandiflora
31. Blac~
Nyssa sylvatica
32. Strawberry Bush, Euonymous americana
33. Virginia Sweetspire, Itea virginica
34. Mayhaw, Crataegus opaca
35. Hawthorn, Crataegus sp.
36. Parsley Hawthorn, Crataegus marshallii
37. Sweetleaf: Symplocos tinctoria
38. Devil's walking Stick, Aralia spinosa
39. Palmetto, Sabal minor
40. Cat Briar, Smilax bona-nox
41. Cat Briar, Smilax laurelifolia
42. Cat Briar, Smilax pumila
43. Dogwood, Comusflorida
44. Swamp Privet, Foresteria acuminata
45. Royal Fern, Osmunda regalis
46. Cinnamon Fern, Osmunda cinnamonea
47. Elderberry, Sambucus canadensis
48. Crossvine, Bignonia capreolata
49. Red Buckeye, Aesculus pavia
50. Silverbell, Halesia diptera
51. Fringe Tree, Chionanthus virginiana
52. Ironwood, Carpinus caroliniana
53. Hop Hornbeam, Ostyra l'irginiana
54. Sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua
55. Sumac, Rhus copallina
56. Aromatic Sumac, Rhus aromatica
57. Indian Cherry, Rhamnus caroliniana
58. New Jersey Tea, Ceanothus americanus
59. Red Bay, Persea borbonia
60. Netted Chain Fern, Woodwardia
areolata
61. Violet, Viola sp.
62. Walter's Violet, Viola walterii
63. Partridge Berry, Mitchella repens
64. Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis
65. Dewberry, Rubus sp.
66. Lady Fern, Athyriumfelix-ftmina
67. Bracken Fern, Pteridium aquilinum
68. Jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum
69. Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum biflorum
70. Wake Robin, Trillium gracile
71. Mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum
72. Southern Twayblade, Listera australis
73. Spring Coralroot, Corallorhiza
wisteriana
74. Indian Pipe, Monotropa uniflora
75. Carolina Jessamine, Gelsemium
sempervirens
76. White-flowered Milkweed, Asclepias
l'ariegata
77. Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum
albescens
78. Beech Drops, Epifagus virginiana
79. Catchfly, Silene subcillata
80. CabbageleafConeflower, Rudeckia
maxima
81. Pink Scale Gayfeather, Liatris elegans
82. Asters (numerous), Aster spp.
83. Goldenrods (several) Solidago spp.
84. Camphor Weed, Pluchea camphorata
85. Eastern Gamma Grass,Tripsacum
dactyloides
86. Switch Grass, Panicum l'irgatum
87. Panicum Grass (several), Dichantheliu
Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge
Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge is a 3,802 acre conservation easement
held by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and owned by the Little Sandy
Hunting and Fishing Club. The site is about 6 miles west of Hawkins, Texas
and is bounded on the west by Little Sandy Creek and on the South by the
Sabine River. The area contains about 600 acres of lakes (modified
oxbows); we will only briefly look at the vegetation on the lakes. A small
portion ofthe property has mesic hardwood forests with some seeps. Old
growth, bottomland hardwood forests occupy the vast majority ofthe
property. Several state champion trees and trees approaching national
champion status are present on the site. The bottomlands have wet, shrub
swamps and flats and higher ridge sites supporting some cane breaks. The
majority ofthe trip will be in the bottomland forest habitat.
Vegetation List *
Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge
Wood County, Texas
Acer rubrum
Aesculus pavia
Ampelopsis arborea
Apios americana
Apocynum sibiricum
Arundinaria gigantea
! Arundo donax
Baccharis sp.
Bacopa caroliniana
Bacopa caroliniana
Bechemia scandens
Betula nigra
Bidens laevis
Bignonia capreolata
Boehmeria cylindrica
Boehmeria cylindrica var. cylindrica
Briza minor
Bromus japonicus
Brunnichia ovata
Cabomba caroliniana
Callicarpa americana
Campsis radicans
Carexalata
Carex amphibole
Carex crus-corvi
Carex decomposita
Carex jlaccosperma
Carex fran/di
Carex hyalinolepis
Carex intumescens
Carex louisianica
Carex lousianica
Carex lupulJna
Carex lurida
Carex muhlenbergii
Carex reniformis
Carex triangularis
Carex tribuloides
Carex typhina
Carex vulpinoidea
Carpinus caroliniana
Carya aquatica
Carya illinoiensis
Celtis laevigata
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Ceratophyllum demersum
Cercis canadensis
Chasmanthium latifolium
Cocculus carolinus
Commelina virginica
Cornus florida
Cornus foemina
Crataegus marshallii
Crataegus opaca
Cynosciadium digitatum
Cyperus echinatus
Cyperus pseudovegetus
Cyperus spp.
Cyperus virens
Decodon verticillatus
Dicliptera brachiata
Diospyros virginiana
Echinodorus cordifolius
Eclipta alba
Eleocharis baldwinii
Eleocharis macrostachya
Eleocharis montana
Eleocharis montevidensis
Eleocharis obtusata
Eragrostis hypnoides
Erianthus strictus
Fimbristylis autumnalis
Fimbristylis vahlii
Forestieria acaminata
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Galium tinctorium
Gallium obtusum
Geum canadense
Gledetsia sempervirens
Gledetsia triacanthos
Gleditsia aquatica
Hibiscus leucophyllus
Hibiscus miliaris
Hydrocotyle umbellate
Hydrolea uniflora
Hypericum mutilum
llexdecidua
llexopaca
/lex vomitoria
Jugulans nigra
Juncus diffusissimus
Juncus effusus
Juncus tenuis
Juniperus virginiana
Justicia lanceolata
Lemna minor
!Ligustrum spp.
Limnobium spongia
Liquidambar styraciflua
Lolium perenne
! Lonicera japonica
Lonicera sempervirens
Ludwigia decurrens
Ludwigia leptocarpa
Ludwigia peploides
Lycopus rubellus
Magnolia grandiflora
Matelea gonacarpa
Mitchella repens
Morus rubra
Myrica cerifera
Najas guadalupensis
Nelumbo lutea
Nuphar luteum
Nymphaea odorata
Nyssa sylvatica
Onoclea sensibilis
Ophioglossrum vulgatum
Ostrya virginiana
Parthenocissus quinque/olia
Paspalum daetyloides
Paspalum fluitans
Passiflora incarnate
Peltandra virginica
Persicaria eoccinea
Persicaria densiflora
Persicaria hudropiperoides
Persicaria pennsylvanica
Pinus echinata
Pinus taeda
Planera aquatica
Polygonum spp.
Pontederia cordata
Potamogeton diversifolius var diversifolius
Potemogeton diversifolius var trichophyllus
Prunus caroliniana
Prunus mexicana
Prunus serotina
Quercus falcata
Quercus lyrata
Quercus nigra
Quercus phellos
Quercus pagoda
Quercus similis
Rhynchospora corniculata
Rosa setigera
Rotala ramosoir
Rudbeckia hirta
Sabal minor
Sacciolepis striata
Sagittaria graminea
Sagittaria lancifolia
Sagittaria lati/olia
Sagittaria platyphylla
Salix nigra
Sambucus canadensis
Sapindus saponaria
Sassafras albidum
Saururus cernuus
Scirpus validus
Scleria oligantha
Sesbania macrocarpa
Smilax bona-nox
Smilax glauca
Smilax rotundifolia
Smilax smallii
Smilax tamnoides
Smilax walteri
Solanum carolinense
Symplocos tinctoria
@ Taxodium distichum
Teucrium canadense
Thelypteris kunthii
Toxicodendron radicans
Trachelospermum difforme
Trifolium sp.
Trifolium vesciculosum
Triodanis biflora
Tripsacum dactyloides
Typha angustifolia
Ulmus americana
Ulmus crassifolia
Utricularia purpurea
Utricularia radiata
Vaccinium arboretum
Vernonia ba/dwinii
Viburnum rufidu/um
Viburnum nudum
Vitis aestivalis
Vitis cinerea
Vitis pa/mata
Vitis rotundifolia
Vu/pia myuros var. myuros
Vu/pia oc/oflora
Wolffia spp.
Woodwardia areolala
Zizaniopsis miliacea
@ Introduced
! Invasive exotic
* Note! This list is from various sources, some of which are unverified. Contributors to
the list include Stanley and Gretchen Jones, Texas A&M University, Bob Keeland and
John McCoy, USGS National Wetlands Research Center, and Elray Nixon, Retired,
Stephen F. Austin State University. This list was compiled by Jim Neal, US Fish and
Wildlife Service, and any errors are the responsibility of the compiler and not the
individual contributors.
Birding 101
Glenn Olson
14730 Forest Trail
Houston, TX 77095
281-345-4151
h.glenn.olsen@gmail.com
Bird Listfor SFA Pineywoods Native Plant Center
Compiled by David E. Wolf
May 2002
Great Blue Heron
_ _ Snowy Egret
_ _ Cattle Egret
Green Heron
_ _ Yellow-crowned Night Heron
Black Vulture
_ _ Turkey Vulture
Wood Duck
_ _ Mississippi Kite
_ _ Sharp-shinned Hawk
_ _ Cooper's Hawk
Red-shouldered Hawk
_ _ Broad-winged Hawk
Red-tailed Hawk
American Kestrel
American Woodcock
_ _ Mourning Dove
Inca Dove
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Barred Owl
_ _ Common Nighthawk
_ _Chimney Swift
_ _ Ruby Throated Hummingbird
_ _ Belted Kingfisher
_ _ Red-headed Woodpecker
_ _ Red-bellied Woodpecker
_ _ Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
_ _ Downy Woodpecker
_ _ Hairy Woodpecker
Northern Flicker
_ _ Pileated Woodpecker
Eastern Wood-Pewee
_ _ Acadian Flycatcher
Eastern Phoebe
_ _ Great Crested Flycatcher
_ _ Eastern Kingbird
_ _ Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
_ _ White-eyed Vireo
Yellow-throated Vireo
Blue-headed Vireo
_ _ Warbling Vireo
_ _ Red-eyed Vireo
_ _ Blue Jay
American Crow
_ _ Purple Martin
Barn Swallow
Carolina Chickadee
Tufted Titmouse
Red-breasted Nuthatch
White-breasted Nuthatch
Brown-breasted Nuthatch
_ _ Brown Creeper
Carolina Wren
House Wren
Winter Wren
_ _ Golden-crowned Kinglet
_ _ Ruby-crowned Kinglet
_ _ Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Eastern Bluebird
_ _ Grey-cheeked Thrush
Swainson's Thrush
Hermit Thrush
Wood Thrush
American Robin
_ _ Gray Catbird
_ _ Northern Mockingbird
Brown Thrasher
_ _ European Starling
_ _ Cedar Waxwing
_ _ Blue-winged Warbler
_ _ Golden-winged Warbler
Tennessee Warbler
_ _ Orange-crowned Warbler
Nashville Warbler
Northern Parula
Yellow Warbler
Chestnut-sided Warbler
_ _ Magnolia Warbler
_ _ Yellow-romped Warbler
Black-throated Green Warbler
Blackburnian Warbler
Yellow-throated Warbler
Pine Warbler
_ _ Bay-breasted Warbler
Black-and-white Warbler
American Redstart
_ _ Prothonotary Warbler
Ovenbird
Northern Waterthrush
_ _ Kentucky Warbler
_ _ Mourning Warbler
Common Yellowthroat
Hooded Warbler
Wilson' s Warbler
Canada Warbler
_ _ Summer Tanager
_ _ Scarlet Tanager
Eastern Towhee
_ _ Chipping Sparrow
_ _ Field Sparrow
_ _ Song Sparrow
_ _ Lincoln's Sparrow
_ _ White-throated Sparrow
_ _ Dark-eyed Junco
Northern Cardinal
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
_ _ Indigo Bunting
_ _ Painted Bunting
_ _ Red-wing Blackbird
Common Grackle
Brown-headed Cowbird
Orchard Oriole
Baltimore Oriole
Naconiche Creek
Larry Shelton
15449 FM 1878
Nacogdoches, TX 75961
WOODY PLANTS
Scientific Name
Acerrubrum
Alnus serrulata
Betula nigra
Bartonia spp.
Cornus florida
Euonymous americanus
Fagus grandifolia
Itea virginica
flex glabra
Ilexopaca
Liquidambar styracijlua
Lycopodium spp.
Lyonia ligustrina
Lyonia mariana
Magnolia virginiana
Myricaspp.
Nyssa sylvatica
Pinus taeda
Quercus alba
Quercus nigra
Quercus phellos
Rhus toxicodendron
Rhus vernix
Sambucus canadensis
Rubusspp.
Smilaxspp.
Vacciniun corymbosum
Viburnum nitidum
Viburnum nudum
Vitis _~-ps
Common Name
red maple
witch alder
river birch
screw stems
flowering dogwood
spindletree
American beech
Virginia sweetspire
gallberry holly
American holly
sweetgum
clubmoss
huckleberry
stagerbush
sweetbay magnolia
wax myrtle
black gum
loblolly pine
white oak
water oak
willow oak
poison ivy
poison sumac
elderberry
dewberry
greenbriar
elliott's blueberry
shiny viburnum
possumhaw viburnum
~
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Scientific Name
Apteria aphylla
Ariseama triphyllum
Bartonia texana
Common Name
nodding nixie
jack-in-the-pulpit
Texas screwstem
Boehmeria cylindrica
Burmannia biflora
Burmannia capitata
Carexspp.
Commelina spp.
Eupatorium flstulosum
Hydrocotyle spp.
Hypericum walteri
Hypericum spp.
Listera australis
Mayaca aublettii
Melanthium virginicum
Osmunda cinnomomea
Osmunda regalis
Onoclea sensibilis
Plantanthera ciliaris
Plantanthera clavellata
Habenaria repens
Pogonia ophioglossoides
Saururus cernuus
Solidago spp.
Viola spp.
Woodwardia areo/ata
small-spike false nettle
two flower burmannia
cap burmannia
sedge
day flower
joepyeweed
penny wort
Walter's St. John's wort
St. John's worts
tway blade orchid
bog moss
bunch flower
cinnamon fern
royal fem
sensitive fern
yellow fringe orchid
small wood orchid
Nuttall habenaria
rose pogonia
common lizard tail
goldenrod
violets
chainfem
at 5 a 5
.,~6tI
...... /
f o r
Dr.
CEMML, Fort Polk, LA 71459 www.nativeventues.ne
________________ ; phone 337-531-7535 or 337-328-2252
arne
SCl1r'e J ~i
a
stori
virginia
. tybu
irg
a
spp.
ican
t;ho
Common name
aple
Onions
Alligatorweed
Amaranth
Ragweed
Service Berry
Hog Peanut
Ground ut
Green Dragon
Jack in the Pulpit
Cane/Bamboo
Milkweed
Pawpaw
ater Shield
French ulberry
ine Cup
Shepherd's Purse
ative ater-Cress
Hickory ut
Chinquapin
Hac be ry
Centella
Mouse-Eared Chick eed
Red Bud
Lamb's Quarte s
Fringe T ee
Chicory
Thistle
Spring Beauty
Day Flower
hazelnut
Ha thorn
i d chervi
dus Chufa/ u Grass
Prairie Clover
Persimmon
wild strawberry
Eclipta
Elaeagnus
Stork's Bill
Beech
Swamp Privet
Ash
Beds raw
h c leberry
Honey Locust
Silver Bell
Sunflower
Day L'ly
Touchmeno
orningglory
part used
inne bark, seeds, & leaves
bulbs & eaves
leaves
seeds, shoots, & eaves
seeds
fruits
underground fruits
tubers
corms
corms
shoots & seeds
flowe buds, leaves, & fruits
fruits
leaves, mucilage, roots
fruits
roots & leaves
stem tips, leaves, seeds, roots
leaves
fru'ts
seeds
fruits
leaves
leaves
young pods & flowers
seeds & whole plant
fruits
roots, leaves,
owers
roots, leaves, & pith
leaves & corms
shoots
seed
fru'ts
leaves, seed
tubers
roots
fruits
fruits
ips
fruit, seed
leaves, stems, roots
bark, leaves, & fruits
fru'ts
fruits
tips
rui
f u'ts
fruits
seeds, tubers
flower buds
seeds
leaves, stem tips, roots
, 2 0
Edible Plani:s (Coni:) .
Scientific Name
Iva annua
Juglans nigra
Krigia d a n d e ~ i o n
Lactuca spp.
Lamium spp
Laportea canadensis
Lepidium virginicum
Lesped.eza spp.
Liatris spp.
Liquidambar s t y r a c i f ~ u a
Lonicera japonica
Lycopus spp.
Common name
Sumpweed
Black Walnut
False Dandelion
Wild Lettuce
Henbit
Wood Nettle
Peppergrass
Lespedeza
Blazing Stars
Sweetgum
Japanese Honeysuckle
Bugleweeds
Ma~us(Pyrus)angustifo~ia
Crab Apple
Med o~a
virginiana
Indian Cucumber
Mitche~ a
repens
Partridgeberry
Mbl~ugo
vertic ~ at
Carpet Weed
Morus spp.
Mulberry
Myriophyllum spicatum
Water Milfoil
Water Chinquapin
Ne~umbo
luteum
Nuphar spp.
Splatterdock
Nymphaea spp.
Water Lily
Nyssa spp.
Black Gum
Evening Primrose
Denothera biennis
Cactus
Opuntia spp.
Wood Sorrel
Oxa~is
spp.
May Pop
Pas i£~ora
incarnata
Arrow Arum
Peltandra virginica
Perilla
Perilla frutescens
Red Chokecherry
Photinia pyrifolia
Phragmi tes COIIIIIJ1,n i s
Reed
Yellow Bamboo
Phyl~osta
aurea
Groundcherry
Physalis spp.
Pokeweed
Phytolacaa ameriaana
Pinus spp.
Pines
Plantago spp.
Plantain
Sycamore
P~at nus
ocaiden1;a~is
Mayapple
Pod phy~lum
pe~'ta um
Solomon's Seal
Polygona tum b i f ~ o r u m
Knotweed/Smartweed
Polygonum spp.
Trifoliate Orange
Poncirus tri£oliata
Pickerel Weed
Pon tederia cordata
Cottonwood
Popu~ s
de~toides
Purslane
Portu~ac
oleraces
Unicorn Plant
Proboscodea ~ o u i s a n i c a
Prunus a n g u s t i f o ~ i a
Chickasaw Plum
Prunus americana ~ umbellata Wild Plum (Sloe)
Blackcherry
Prunus serotina
Psoralea spp.
Sampson's SnakeRoot
Bracken Fern
Pteridium a q u i ~ n u m
Kudzu
Pueraria ~oba
ta
Firethorn
Pyracantha coaainea
Oak
Quercus spp.
Meadow Beauty
Rhexis virginiaa
Rhus spp.
Sumac
Rosa spp.
Rose
Blackberry
Rubus spp.
part used
seeds
fruits
tubers
leaves
tips
stem tips, leaves
shoots
leaves
corms
resin
flowers, leaves, buds
tubers
fruits
rhizome
fruits
plant
fruits
roots, leaves
young leaves, seeds & rhizomes
rhizomes & seeds
leaves & rhizomes
fruits
leaves & roots
fruit, stem, seeds
roots & leaves
fruits
seed, flowering stem, rhizome
leaves, flower clusters, seeds
fruit
rhizome tips & seeds
stem tips
fruits
leaves
seeds
leaves
sap
fruit
rhizomes & stem tips
shoots & seeds
fruit
shoots & seeds
inner bark, seeds, sap, leaves
leaves & seeds
fruit, seeeds
fruit
fruit
fruit
root
fiddleheads & rhizomes
root, young stem & leaves
fruit
acorns
tubers & leaves
fruit
petals, hips, & seeds
fruits & stem tips
Edible Plants (Cont) .
Scientific Name
Rumex spp.
Sagittaria spp.
Sambucus canadensis
Sassafras a2bidUm
Scir:pus spp.
Bmiliciana racemosa
Bmi~ax
spp.
Sonchus spp.
St&ahys
f~oridan
Stellaria media
Symplocos tinctoria
Taraxacum o f i c n a ~ e
'l'ilia spp.
'.tradescantia spp.
'l ri:fo~ium
spp.
Trillium spp.
Tripsacum dactyloides
!lYPha ~atifolia
Ulmus rubra
Urtica spp.
Uvularia spp.
Vaccinium spp.
Valeriane~ a
radiata
Viburnum spp.
Viola spp.
Vitis spp.
Yucca spp.
Zizania aquatica
Zizaniopsis mdliacea
Common name
part used
Dock
leaves
Wapato/Arrowhead
tubers
Elderberry
fruit, flowers,& stem tips
Sassafras
leaves
Bulrush
rhizome, stem, seed, pollen
False Solomon's Seal
fruit, leaves, stem tips, roots
Saw Brier
tubers & shoots
Sow Thistle
leaves
Woundwort
tubers
Chickweed
leaves
Horsesugar
leaves
Dandelion
rootstock & leaves
Basswood
inner bark & young buds
Spiderwort
shoots
Clover
young leaves, flower buds
Trillium
young leaves
Eastern Gamma Grass
fruits-seeds
Cattail
stem tips, rhizomes, inflorescence & pollen
Slippery Elm
inner bark
leaves
Stinging Nettle
Bellwort
leaves, stem tips, rhizomes
Blueberry, Huckleberry
fruits
Corn Salad
leaves
Possum haw
fruits
Violet
leaves & flowers
Grapes
tendrils, leaves, & fruits
Beargrass/Yucca
root, fruit, flowers
Wild Rice
seeds
Rice Cut Grass
rhizome tips
SPICE PLANTS
Scientific Name
Allium spp.
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Cardamine bulbosa
Celtis spp.
Cente~ a
erecta
Chenopodium ambrosioides
Crypto'taenia canadensis
Geum canadense
Juniperus virginianum
Lepidium virginicum
Lindera benzoin
Magnolia spp.
Monarda spp.
Myrica cerifera
Perilla fru1:escens
Persea palustris
Polygonum spp.
Poncirus trifoliata
Prunus serotina
Pyc:manthemum spp.
Sassafras a ~ i d u m
'l rifo~ium
spp.
Yucca spp.
Xantho.xyl~WIl
clava-herculis
Common name
Onion
Shepherd's Purse
Spring Cress
Hackberry
Centella
Mexican Tea
Wild Chervil
White Avens
Juniper, Cedar
Peppergrass
Spice Bush
White Bay, Magnolia
Bee Balm
Wax Myrtle
Perilla
Red Bay
Knotweed/Smartweed
Trifoliate Orange
Black Cherry
Mountain Mint/Sage
Sassafras
Clover
Beargrass/Yucca
Toothache Tree
part used
leaves, bulbs
roots, seeds
rootstock
pits
leaves
whole plant
leaves
roots
fruits
seeds
leaves & fruits
leaves, flowers
whole plant
leaves
leaves, flower clusters, seeds
leaves
leaves
fruit peels
fruit
whole plant
roots & leaves
flowers
flowers
fruits
TEA/DRINK PLANTS
Scientific Name
Ceanothus americanus
Chenopodium a.Ibum
Cyperus spp.
Dalea candida, purpurea
Diospyros virginians
Elaeagnus spp.
Galium spp.
Gleditsia triacanthos
Hamamelis virginiana
Ilex apaca
Ilex vomitoria
Ilex spp.
Juniperus virginiana
Laportea canadensis
Le~ deza
capitata
Lindera benzoin
Lonicera japonica
Magnolia virginiana
Monarda. spp.
Monarda. fistul.osa
Horus spp.
My'rica cerifera
Oxalis spp.
Pinus spp.
Plantago spp.
PolygoDum spp.
Poncirus trifoliata
Prunus serotina
Pueraria loba ta
Pycnanthemum spp.
Rhexia virginica
Rhus copal.lina
Rubus spp.
Rumex spp.
Sambucus canadensis
Sassafras aLbidum
Solidago odora
Stellaria media
Taraxacum officinale
'I'ilia spp.
Trifolium. spp.
Ulmus spp (rubra)
Urtica spp.
Viola spp.
Vitis spp.
Common name
New Jersey Tea
Lamb's Quarters
Chufa/Nut Grass
Prairie Clover
Persimmon
Elaeagnus
Bedstraw
Honey Locust
Witch Hazel
American Holly
Yaupon
Holly
Juniper, Cedar
Wood Nettle
Lespedeza
Spicebush
Japanese Honeysuckle
White Bay
Oswego Tea
Wild Bergamot
Mulberry
Wax Myrtle
Wood Sorrel
Pines
Plantain
Smartweed/Knotweed
Trifoliate Orange
Black Cherry
Kudzu
Mountain Mint
Meadow Beauty
Sumac
Blackberry
Dock
Elderberry
Sassafras
Sweet Goldenrod
Chickweed
Dandelion
Basswood
Clover
Elm
Stinging Nettle
Violet
Grapes, Muscadines
part used
leaves
whole plant
tubers
leaves
leaves
fruit
whole plant
seed pulp
leaves
leaves
leaves
leaves
twigs
leaves
leaves
leaves & twigs
flowers, leaves, buds
leaves
leaves
leaves
young stem tips
leaves
leaves
needles
leaves
leaves
fruit
fruit
flowers
whole plant
leaves & stems
fruits & flowers
young stem tips
leaves
flowers
roots
leaves & flowers
leaves
leaves
flowers & leaves
flowers
inner bark
leaves
leaves, flowers
fruits, sap
COFFEE PLANTS
Scientific Name
Cichorium intybus
Cyperus escu.lentus
Diospyros virginiana
Fagus g r a n d i f o ~ i a
Ga~ium
aparine
G~editsia
trieantbos
He~iantbus
spp.
Quercus spp.
Rumex spp.
Taraxacum o f i e n a ~ e
Ulmus spp. (rubra)
Common name
Chicory
Chufa/Nut Grass
Persimmon
Beech
Bedstraw
Honey Locust
Sunflower
Oak
Dock
Dandelion
Elm
part used
root
tubers
seeds
fruits
seeds
seeds
seed-shells
acorns
seeds
rootstock
inner bark
MISCELLANEOUS USE PLANTS
Scientific Name
Arundinaria gigantea
Arundinaria gigantea
Asimina t r i ~ o b a
Ceanothus americanus
Erodium eicutarium
Ham e~is
virginiana
Impatiens capensis
Liquidambar s t y r a c i f ~ u a
Myrica eerifera
Nyssa spp.
Phyto~ac a
americana
Sambucus canadensis
Sassafras aJ.bidum
Si~phium
Symp~oc s
~aein a't 1m
tine tori a
Ulmus rubra
Urtica spp.
Yucca spp.
Common name
Cane/Bamboo
Cane/Bamboo
Pawpaw
New Jersey Tea
Stork's Bill
Witch Hazel
Touchmenot
Sweet Gum
Wax Myrtle
Black Gum
Pokeweed
Elderberry
Sassafras
Compass Plant
Horsesugar
Slippery Elm
Stinging Nettle
Beargrass/Yucca
part used
Use
stem
fishing poles, flutes,
stem
whistles, pipe stems, baskets
bark
rope, cloth
roots
dye
roots
chewing gum
twigs
divining rods
whole plant
poison ivy cure
resin
chewing gum
berries
candles, soaps
twigs
toothbrush
berries
dye
stems
popgun barrel
twigs
toothpicks
resin
chewing gum
leaves, twigs
dye
inner bark
string
roots
dye
leaves
string
Carbon Sequestration in East Texas
By
John Boyette
Texas Forest Service
Whether or not you believe in global warming, or more specifically human caused
global warming, the fact is that there is growing momentum worldwide to take steps to
reduce the amount ofcarbon dioxide emissions that we produce. While the exact
mechanisms and long-term effects are still not well understo~
the fact that atmospheric
levels ofcarbon dioxide are increasing is not in dispute.
There are many sources of carbon dioxide. We produce it every time we take a
breath. Volcanoes produce massive amounts of it. It is a natural part of our environment.
However, man has been producing significant amounts of CO2 ever since the beginning
of the industrial revolution. The burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas, is the main
source of man-made CO2 emissions.
There are two ways to reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere, or more realistically,
slow the rate of growth. One is to reduce emissions from our cars, factories, etc., and the
other is to actually remove CO2 from the atmosphere. This is referred to as "carbon
sequestration". Probably the most efficient method for doing this is by growing trees.
Trees capture CO2 during photosynthesis and transform it into a variety of carbohydrates,
most of which are turned into wood. Wood is about half carbon, all of which comes from
atmospheric C02.
This is not news to anyone, in fact, we have been hearing for a long time about
how some day there would be financial incentives for landowners to practice forest
management on their land for just this reason. The Europeans have been doing this for
some time now and have a well developed system for buying and trading carbon credits.
The concept is simple. Companies that produce large amounts of CO2 can buy these
credits from someone that grows trees since those trees are actually taking those
emissions back out ofthe atmosphere. In practice, the process is complex. Calculating
the amount of C02 that a forest removes over time can be tricky, and the value of the
credits is based on free market economics which can be unpredictable.
What is new, is the fact that there is now a market for carbon credits right here in
East Texas. A little over a year ago, the Iowa Farm Bureau came to Nacogdoches to talk
about carbon credits. Those of us that went to the meeting were expecting the usual
"some day" discussion, but these guys actually had contracts in their hands and were
looking for landowners to sign up for the program. The "some day" had come.
The Iowa Farm Bureau had been working with landowners in Iowa for some time,
all of whom are farmers. Farmers can earn credits by changing their tilling procedures
which can sequester carbon in the soil. They had pretty much exhausted that market and
were looking to branch out into other areas and made a trip to East Texas. This was a
real learning experience for many of us.
There is an organization called the Chicago Climate Exchange or CCX. The CCX
has a system of rules that form the basis for calculating how much carbon an agricultural
or forestry practice sequesters, or removes from the atmosphere. The price per ton is set
daily in the Exchange by traders in a free market similar to the stock exchange. At the
beginning, the price was about $1.00 per ton. It rose to about $4.00 by the time of the
meeting in Nacogdoches, then fell back to less than $2.00. But as ofnow, the price is up
to about $6.50 per ton which shows just how volatile and unpredictable this market is.
The money comes from a large number ofcorporations such as Ford, ffiM, and
Amtrac, just to name a few. These corporations have voluntarily set goals for themselves
to reduce carbon emissions by 6% by the end of 2010. If one ofthese companies falls
short of their goal, they can buy carbon credits from the CCX to offset the shortfall. It is
worth noting that this program is voluntary and no one was required to participate.
The original pilot program for forest landowners in Texas and elsewhere was
limited in scope and duration. It expires in 2010. They were only interested in signing
up landowners that had converted open pasture land to trees since 1990. This made the
calculations relatively simple. A well stocked loblolly pine plantation can be expected to
sequester 1.51 tons of CO2 in its first five years, 1.86 from age 5 to 10, 6.99 from age 10
to 15, and 6.17 from age 15 to 20. As an example, a landowner with a 12 year old
plantation that was planted on open land could expect to receive $45.43 per acre per year
at the current price level.
When the news of this program hit East Texas, some of the consulting foresters
got busy and started forming co-operative groups to fmd potential landowners and sign
them up. These groups are referred to as "aggregators". They sign up individual
landowners and present a package of these to the CCX. The first package of submissions
is almost completed and will be sent to the CCX very soon. Independent verification is a
necessary component of this program. The Texas Forest Service (TFS) has been certified
by the CCX to be the official "verifier" in Texas.
The pilot program is well under-way, and has evidently succeeded, so far, in the
eyes ofthe CCX. They have already initiated a more advanced and long-term program.
It is now possible to sign up land that has had timber on it, and is currently being
managed for timber. Even hardwood forests are eligible under the new program. The
rules and procedures are more complicated, but this opens up huge opportunities for
landowners that have timberlands and are actively managing them.
Time will tell where this will lead, but the potential is undeniable.
~NRCS
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Farm Bill 2002
United States Department of Agriculture
Fact Sheet
Env"o men /QuaH~
October 2004
Incentives Program
Overview
How EQIP Works
The Environmental Quality Incentives
Program (EQIP) is a voluntary program that
provides assistance to fanners and ranchers
who face threats to soil, water, air, and related
natural resources on their land. Through EQIP,
the Natural Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS) provides assistance to agricultural
producers in a manner that will promote
agricultural production and environmental
quality as compatible goals, optimize
environmental benefits, and help fanners and
ranchers meet Federal, State, Tribal, and local
environmental requirements.
The objective ofEQIP, optimize
environmental benefits, is achieved through a
process that begins with the definition of
National priorities. The National priorities are:
• Reduction of non-point source pollution,
such as nutrients, sediment, pesticides, or
excess salinity in impaired watersheds,
consistent with Total Maximum Daily
Loads (TMDLs) where available, as well
as reduction ofgroundwater contamination
and conservation of ground and surface
water resources;
• Reduction of emissions, such as particulate
matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile
organic compounds, and ozone precursors
and depIeters that contribute to air quality
impairment violations ofNational Ambient
Air Quality Standards;
• Reduction in soil erosion and
sedimentation from unacceptable levels on
agricultural land; and
• Promotion of at-risk species habitat
conservation.
EQIP is reauthorized in the Fann Security and
Rural Investment Act of2002 (Fann Bill).
Funding for EQIP comes from the Commodity
Credit Corporation.
Benefits
Since EQIP began in 1997, USDA has entered
into 117,625 contracts, enrolled more than
51.5 million acres into the program, and
obligated nearly $1.08 billion to help
producers advance stewardship on working
agricultural land. These efforts have
concentrated on improving water quality,
conserving both ground and surface water,
reducing soil erosion from cropland and
forestland, and improving rangeland. EQIP
also was used to improve riparian and aquatic
areas, improve air quality, and address wildlife
issues. The increased funding for EQIP in the
2002 Fann Bill greatly expands program
availability for optimizing environmental
benefits.
These priorities are used by the Chief of
NRCS to allocate available EQIP funds to
State Conservationists. The State
Conservationist, with advice from the State
Technical Committee, then identifies the
priority natural resource concerns in the State
that will be used to help guide which
applicants are awarded EQIP assistance. After
identifying the priority natural resource
concerns, the State Conservationist, with
advice from the State Technical Committee,
decides how funds will be allocated, what
practices will be offered, what the cost-share
rates will be, the ranking process used to
prioritize contracts, and which ofthese
The Natural Resources Conservation Service provides leadership in a partnership effort to help people
conserve. maintain. and improve our natural resources and environment.
An Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer
authorities will be delegated to local level. The
local designated conservationist, with the
advice of local work groups, adapts the State
program to the local conditions. As a result,
EQIP can be different between states and even
between counties.
The selection ofeligible conservation practices
and the development ofa ranking process to
evaluate applications are the fmal steps in the
optimization process. Applications will be
ranked based on a number of factors, including
the environmental benefits and cost
effectiveness ofthe proposal.
other farm or ranch lands. Persons interested in
entering into a cost-share agreement with the
u.s. Department ofAgriculture (USDA) for
EQIP assistance may file an application at any
time. To be eligible to participate, applicants
must:
•
Be an agricultural producer;
Be in compliance with the highly erodible
land and wetland conservation provisions
ofthe 1985 Fann Bill;
Provide the Social Security number of all
individuals who will benefit from the
assistance; and
Develop an EQIP plan ofoperations,
including:
•
•
•
More information regarding State and local
EQIP implementation can be found at
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programsleqip/EQIP
_signup/2004_EQIP/2004_EQIP.html
New Provisions
The 2002 Farm Bill added EQIP funding for
Ground and Surface Water Conservation
(GSWC) which provides cost-share and
incentive payments to producers where the
assistance will result in a net savings in ground
or surface water resources in the agricultural
operation ofthe producer. In Fiscal Year (FY)
2002, eight states, considered high plains
aquifer states, received funding (Colorado,
Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma,
South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming). In FY
2003, in addition to the high plains aquifer
states, eight western drought states (Arizona,
California, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota,
Oregon, Utah, and Washington) also received
GSWC funding. GSWC provided $45 million
for FY 2003. An additional $50 million was
appropriated for fiscal years 2002-2007 to
support use and installation of ground and
surface water conservation practices in the
Klamath River Basin, located on the Oregon
and California state boundary.
Eligibility
Persons engaged in livestock or agricultural
production are eligible for the program.
Eligible land includes cropland, rangeland,
pasture, private non-industrial forestland, and
EQIP Fact Sheet
•
The participant's specific conservation
and environmental objectives to be
achieved;
•
One or more conservation practices in
the conservation management system
to be implemented to achieve the
conservation and environmental
objectives; and
•
The schedule for implementing the
conservation practices.
If an EQIP plan ofoperations includes an
animal waste storage or treatment facility, the
participant must provide for the development
and implementation ofa comprehensive
nutrient management plan.
NRCS works with the participant to develop
the EQIP plan ofoperations. This plan
becomes the basis of the cost-share agreement
between NRCS and the participant. NRCS
provides cost-share payments to landowners
under these agreements that can be up to 10
years in duration.
The 2002 Farm Bill limits the total amount of
cost-share and incentive payments paid to an
individual or entity to an aggregate of
$450,000, directly or indirectly, for all
contracts entered into during fiscal years 2002
through 2007.
October 2004
The Adjusted Gross Income provision ofthe
2002 Farm Bill impacts eligibility for EQIP
and several other 2002 Farm Bill programs.
Individuals or entities that have an average
adjusted gross income exceeding $2.5 million
for the three tax years immediately preceding
the year the contract is approved are not
eligible to receive program benefits or
payments. However, an exemption is provided
in cases where 75 percent ofthe adjusted gross
income is derived from farming, ranching, or
forestry operations.
How to Applyfor EQIP
Applications may be obtained and filed at any
time with your local USDA Service Center or
conservation district office. Applications also
may be obtained through USDA's e-gov Web
site at: http://www.sc.egov.usda.gov. Enter
''Natural Resources Conservation Service" in
the Agency field, "Environmental Quality
Incentives Program" in the Program Name
field, and "CCC-1200" in the Form Number
field. Applications also may be accepted by
cooperating conservation partners approved or
designated by NRCS.
Practice Payments
Cost-sharing may pay up to 75 percent ofthe
costs of certain conservation practices, such as
grassed waterways, filter strips, manure
management facilities, capping abandoned
wells, and other practices important to
improving and maintaining the health of
natural resources in the area. The EQIP costshare rates for limited resource producers and
beginning farmers and ranchers may be up to
90 percent. USDA has established a selfdetermination tool for applicants to determine
eligibility as a limited resource producer. The
tool can be found at:
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programslsrnlfarmer
Itool.asp.
Incentive payments may be made to encourage
a producer to perform land management
practices, such as nutrient management,
manure management, integrated pest
management, irrigation water management,
and wildlife habitat management. These
payments may be provided for up to three
years to encourage producers to carry out
management practices that they otherwise
might not implement.
eQIP Fad Sheet
Applications are accepted through a
continuous sign-up process. The local decision
makers periodically will announce a ranking
date when applications received will be
ranked.
For More Informtltion
If you need more information about EQIP,
please contact your local USDA Service
Center, listed in the telephone book under U.S.
Department ofAgriculture, or your local
conservation district. Information also is
available on the World Wide Web at:
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/farmbilll
20021
Visit USDA on the Web at:
htto:/Iwww.usda.QOVlfarmbili
Note: This is not intended to be a definitive interpretation
of farm legislation. Rather, it is preliminary and may
change as USDA develops implementing policies and
procedures. Please dleck back for updates.
October 2004
Farm Bill 2002
~NRCS
Nitural Resources Conservation Service
United States Department of AgriCUlture
Program Description
October 2004
Environmental Quality
Incentives Program
Overview
The Environmental Quality Incentives
Program (EQIP) is a voluntary program that
provides assistance to farmers and ranchers
who face threats to soil, water, air, and related
natural resources on their land. Through EQIP,
the Natural Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS) provides assistance to agricultural
producers in a manner that will promote
agricultural production and environmental
quality as compatible goals, optimize
environmental benefits, and help farmers and
ranchers meet Federal, State, Tribal, and local
environmental requirements.
Authority
Section 1241 ofthe 1985 Food Security Act
(16 U.S.C. 3841), as amended by the Farm
Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002
(2002 Farm Bill), provides the funds, facilities,
and authorities of the Commodity Credit
Corporation (CCC) to NRCS for carrying out
EQIP and working with landowners to
implement conservation practices on their
property.
operation ofthe producer. In Fiscal Year (FY)
2002, eight states, considered high plains
aquifer states, received funding (Colorado,
Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma,
South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming). In FY
2003, in addition to the high plains aquifer
states, eight western drought states (Arizona,
California, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota,
Oregon, Utah, and Washington) also received
GSWC funding. GSWC provided $45 million
for FY 2003. An additional $50 million was
appropriated for fiscal years 2002-2007 to
support use and installation ofground and
surface water conservation practices in the
Klamath River Basin, located on the Oregon
and California state boundary.
Eligibility
Producers: Agricultural producersindividuals or entities engaged in livestock or
agricultural production-may participate in
EQIP. There are, however, circumstances that
may limit an individual's or entity's
participation; these include:
•
Federal and State governments and their
political subdivisions are not eligible.
•
The applicant must be in compliance with
highly erodible land and wetland
conservation provisions.
•
The adjusted gross income provision of the
2002 Farm Bill impacts eligibility for
EQIP and several other 2002 Farm Bill
programs. Individuals or entities that have
an average adjusted gross income
exceeding $2.5 million for the three tax
years immediately preceding the year the
contract is approved are not eligible to
Scope
EQIP is available in all 50 States, the
Caribbean Area (Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands), and the Pacific Basin Area (Guam,
American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of
the Northern Mariana Islands).
New Provisions
The 2002 Farm Bill added EQIP funding for
Ground and Surface Water Conservation
(GSWC) which provides cost-share and
incentive payments to producers where the
assistance will result in a net savings in ground
or surface water resources in the agricultural
The Natural Resources Conservation Service provides leadership in a partnership effort to help people
conseNe, maintain. and improve our natural f8SOlWCe8 and envirorwnent
An Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer
receive program benefits or payments.
However, an exemption is provided in
cases where 75 percent ofthe adjusted
gross income is derived from farming,
ranching, or forestry operations.
•
The 2002 Farm Bill limits the total amount
of cost-share and incentive payments paid
to an individual or entity to an aggregate of
$450,000, directly or indirectly, for all
contracts entered into during fiscal years
2002 through 2007.
All individual producers, entities, or other
applications with multiple beneficiaries
must provide Social Security numbers at
the time of application for purposes of
monitoring payment limitations.
Land: Eligible land means land on which
agricultural commodities or livestock are
produced. This includes:
•
Cropland;
•
Rangeland;
•
Grassland;
•
Pasture land;
•
Private, non-industrial forestland; and
•
Other land determined to pose a serious
threat to soil, air, water, or related
resources.
How EQIP is Implemented in Your State
EQIP uses the locally led process to adapt
National priorities to address local resource
concerns and achieve its objective of
optimizing environmental benefits. To
accomplish this, EQIP uses a four-part
process:
• Allocation of funds from the National level
to State NRCS offices based on National
priorities;
•
Identification of State and local priority
resource concerns and allocation from the
State level to the local level using the
National priorities as guidance;
•
Selection of conservation practices and
practice cost lists to address the priority
resource concerns; and
eQIP Program Description
•
Development of a ranking process that
prioritizes those applications that addresses
the priority resource concerns in the most
cost effective manner.
The State Conservationist and designated
conservationist implement the locally led
process for EQIP by considering the advice of
the State Technical Committee and local work
groups when making decisions about State and
local priorities, practice cost lists, and ranking.
More information regarding State and local
EQIP implementation can be found at:
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/eqipIEQIP
_signup/2004_EQIP/2004_EQIP.html
Eligible Practices and Cost-Share Rates
The State and local decision makers determine
which conservation practices are eligible for
EQIP assistance. Selected practices are those
that address the identified resource concerns in
a most cost effective manner.
Cost-sharing may pay up to 75 percent of the
costs of certain conservation practices, such as
grassed waterways, filter strips, manure
management facilities, capping abandoned
wells, and other practices important to
improving and maintaining the health of
natural resources in the area. The EQIP costshare rates for limited resource producers and
beginning farmers and ranchers may be up to
90 percent. USDA has established a selfdetermination tool for applicants to determine
eligibility as a limited resource producer.
The tool can be found at:
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/smlfarmer
/tool.asp.
Incentive payments may be made to encourage
a producer to perform land management
practices, such as nutrient management,
manure management, integrated pest
management, irrigation water management,
and wildlife habitat management. These
payments may be provided for up to three
years to encourage producers to carry out
OCtober 2004
management practices that they otherwise
might not implement.
Criteria Used to Evaluate Applications
Each State or locality develops a ranking
system to prioritize the applications that will
ensure EQIP will address priority natural
resource concerns. The ranking process assists
the State and local decision makers in
determining which applications merit EQIP
enrollment The ranking systems developed
are size neutral, meaning that the rank is not
influenced by the size (whether large or small)
of an operation.
Application Process
The EQIP application process consists of the
following five steps:
1. A landowner submits an application to a
local USDA Service Center, NRCS office,
conservation district office, or office of a
designated cooperating entity.
2. The NRCS State Conservationist or
designee works with the applicant to
develop an EQIP plan of operations.
Standard Program Contracts
Once an applicant is selected, the
participant works with the appropriate
NRCS office to finalize and sign EQIP
contracts, incorporating all EQIP
requirements. An EQIP contract is the
legal contract with which the NRCS
establishes its relationship with the
participant. The EQIP contract details the
practices the producer will implement,
when they will be implemented, and what
level of assistance USDA will provide to
the participant. The length ofan EQIP
contract is, at minimum, one year after the
last scheduled practice is installed and may
not exceed ten years.
For More Inlomudion
If you need more information about EQIP,
please contact your local USDA Service
Center, listed in the telephone book under
U.S. Department of Agriculture, or your
local conservation district Information
also is available on the World Wide Web
at:
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/farmbi
IV2002/.
3. The State Conservationist or designated
conservationist ranks each application
using the locally developed ranking
process.
Visit USDA on the Web at:
htto:/IYNIW.usda.QOy/farmbill
4. When funds are allocated, the State
Conservationist or designated
conservationist commits allocated funds to
high ranking landowner offers and enters
into contracts with selected participants.
Note: This is not intended to be a definitive interpretation
of farm legislation. Rather. it is preliminary and may
change as USDA develops implementing policies and
procedures. Please check back for updates.
5. Following contract signature by NRCS and
the selected entity, funds are obligated to
the project and the participant may begin
to implement the EQIP plan ofoperations.
EQIP Program Description
OCtober 2004
What is TLC?
• Land Trust - nonprofit conservation organization
aimed to:
- Assist landowners in conserving land
- Participate in local
~!- r
_ _- - - -_ _ _
conservation education
- Offer land planning
assistance
Where We Work
-:~ 'j
• Secure permanent
protection of natural and
unique landscapes
• Provide the public with
outdoor opportunities
• 59 Easements
• 32 TLC Owned
• 54 Counties
• 51,114 Acres
• Educate the public on
environmental issues
• Prevent land fragmentation
• Provide ecological services
• Habitat Conservation
• Estate Planning
• Conserve open space
• Protect wildlife habitat
• Tax Benefits
,~
Conservation Easement History
• Legal agreement
between a property
owner and a "qualified
entity" to limit type and
amount of deveropment
on a property
• History
• Allows landowner to
maintain ownership
while Protecting land in
perpetuIty
• California (198), Massachusetts, Connecticut,
Pennsylvania, and New York
Tax Code to Qualify
• Preservation of land areas for the general public
• Protection of a relatively natural wildlife habitat
• Open space preserved for the scenic enjoyment ofthe
general public
• Preservation ofa historically important land
Do's and Don'ts?
• Landowner can sell or
pass to heirs
• Typically cannot
subdivide
• Most allow for
agriculture, hunting,
outdoor recreation, and
limited building
• Public does not have
access
-
1880's - First easements used (Boston)
1891 - First regional land trust (New England)
1930's - Used by the Federal Government
1980's - Land trusts began forming and rise of CE
Conservation Easement Process
• Initial Discussion! Site Visit
• Drafting an Easement
• Property Appraisal
• Baseline Documentation
• MonitoringlEndowments
• Executing the Easement
Landowner Responsibilities
• Manage the land, consistent
with the easement terms
• Pay property taxes
• Allow the land trust to
monitor the easement
• Notify the land trust before
transferring the land
Land Trust Responsibilities
• Monitoring yearly
• Easement administration and record keeping
• Enforcing the easement when necessary
~t
; , TEXAS LAND
CONSERVANCY
1.4 Million
1.4 Million acres currently
protected by land trusts
in tbe state
1.4 Million acres currently
protected by land trusts
in the state
eq
ets
qn
out eq ets
Mark Bronstad received a BS in Horticulture from SFA in 1989 and has been with
Doremus Nursery, Warren, Texas, ever since. The nursery specializes in native plants of the
Southeast, bamboo, as well as general nursery stock.
Paul Cox received both his BS and MS from Stephen F. Austin State University. He has
worked at San Antonio Botanical Garden in various capacities for 30+ years. He is the
senior author of Texas Trees-A Friendly Guide and Macmillan's Wildflower Gardening.
He is also the father oftive children ages 27 to 4.
Dr. Dave Creech, Regents Professor ofAgriculture and Professor Emeritus, has been at
Stephen F. Austin State University since September 1978. He is currently directs the
activities ofthe SFA Mast Arboretum and is co-director ofthe Pineywoods Native Plant
Center.
George M. Diggs, Jr. has been a faculty member in the Biology Department of Austin
College since 1981 and is active in the College's Center for Environmental Studies. He was
made a Research Associate at the Botanical Research Institute of Texas in 1994. His
and taxonomic
research specialties include the plants of Texas and tropical Latin Ameri~
studies on the Ericaceae (blueberry family). He has done fieldwork in Afri~
Australia,
Mexico, Canada, and the United States. He co-authored the
Central and South Ameri~
RZustrated Flora ofNorth Central Texas (1999) and the Rlustrated Flora ofEast Texas, Vol.
1(2006).
Bill Fontenot has dedicated his career in biology to restoring the ecological integrity in lands
from the smallest urban gardens to the largest wildlife management areas since 1986
Fontenot's desire to alternate school semesters with jobs led him in and out of an intriguing
array of establishments, from bars and cafes to research labs, supply ships, and oilrigs. In
1980, he received his M.S. in freshwater fish ecology from the University of Louisiana at
Monroe. In 1986 he began his career with Lafayette Parish Municipal Government, working
frrst as curator of natural sciences at the Lafayette Natural History Museum, then as manager
of the Acadiana Park Nature Center, where he where he retired in 2008. Since 1987, he and
wife Lydia have also operated Prairie Basse, a wildlifelnativelheirloom plant nursery, design,
and ecological consulting business.
As a professional naturalist, he has led thousands of guided tours, and has lectured at dozens
of universities, botanic gardens, arboretums, and other research institutions from Austin to
Atlanta and north to New York. He serves as a member of the Louisiana Nature
Conservancy's Technical Advisory Board and as Past President ofthe Louisiana Native Plant
Society and the Louisiana Ornithological Society, past member ofthe Louisiana Bird
Records Committee, past Director ofthe GulfCoast Native Plant Conference, and past
Program Director for the Cullowhee, NC Landscaping With Native Plants Conference. He
has published over 1000 natural history-related articles in various newspapers, magazines,
and scientific journals. To date, he has also authored/coauthored several award-winning
publications, along with four books: Native Gardening in the South (1992), A Cajun Prairie
Restoration Chronicle (1995), Gulf Coast Birds (2001), and Louisiana Birdwatching (2003).
In 2001, Fontenot was honored in receiving the Louisiana Wildlife Federation's Professional
Conservationist ofthe Year award.
Heinz Gaylord is a retired Professor of Psychology at Stephen F. Austin State University.
He has memberships and strong interests in a variety of environmental and nature-oriented
organizations such as the North American and Gulf State Mycological Societies, Native Plant
Society of Texas, Audubon Societies at the national, state, and local levels, Texas
Conservation Alliance and Texas Land Conservancy. He is a land steward for several TLC
preserves including Ivy Payne Wildlife Refuge in Elkhart, Texas.
William Godwin's family has lived in Wood County and Van Zandt County for six
generations. He grew-up in Mineol~
Texas and graduated from SFA in 1992. He received
the PhD in entomology from Texas A&M in 2002 after studying coevolution between dung
beetles and their pocket gopher hosts. Since 2003, he has worked at SFA teaching ecology,
mammalogy and managing the William W. Gibson Entomarium, which is the only large
public collection of invertebrates in East Texas. In 2003, he discovered the endangered
American burying beetle in East Texas and has spent summers conducting surveys for this
rare species. He also volunteers as adjunct curator ofentomology at the Houston Museum of
Natural Science.
Greg Grant is Research Associate at the SFA Pineywoods Native Plant Center in
Nacogdoches, Texas. He has degrees in floriculture and horticulture, both from Texas A&M
University and has attended post-graduate classes at Louisiana State University, North
Carolina State University (under the late J.C. Raulston), and Stephen F. Austin State
University. He has experience as a horticulturist at Mercer Arboretum and San Antonio
Botanical Gardens, an instructor at Stephen F. Austin and Louisiana State Universities, an
award-winning horticulturist with the Texas Agricultural Extension Service, director of
research and development at Lone Star Growers, and with the Antique Rose Emporium.
Greg has introduced a number of successful new plants to the Texas nmsery industry
including: Blue Princess and Pinwheel Princess verbenas, Texas Maroon bluebonnet, Gold
Star esperanza, Laura Bush and VIP petunias, John Fannick phlox, Stars and Stripes pentas,
Pam's Pink honeysuckle, LeCompte and Salinas pink vitex, Henry and Augusta Deulberg
sages, Helen Fredel crossvine, Pam Puryear and Big Momma Turk's cap, and the Marie Daly
and Nacogdoches roses.
He has traveled extensively to hundreds of botanical gardens throughout the United States
and Europe and is a popular and entertaining speaker. He is a graduate ofthe Benz School of
Floral Design, a member ofthe Garden Writers Association of America, and a lifetime
member of The Native Plant Society of Texas, The Big Thicket Association and The
Southern Garden History Society. His garden and farm have been featured in a number of
books and periodicals including Texas Gardener, Woman's Day, and The Dallas Morning
News.
Greg, who is the seventh generation in his family to live in nearby Shelby County, resides in
his great-grandparent's recently restored dogtrot house. He tends to his terriers (Rosie and
Molly), chickens, a forest full of Trillium recurvatum, and over 100 bluebird boxes.
Jackie Emanis Grant was born in Arcadia, Texas and is a descendant of early Spanish
settlers in East Texas and western Louisiana. She has long been a fan of the outdoors and is
active in the Center Garden Club, particularly in children's environmental education. She
also serves as a volunteer at the Pineywoods Native Plant Center where she helps with the Go
Wild program. She is Greg Grant's mother and is an accomplished cook and seamstress.
She received her BS from Stephen F. Austin State University where she was in the band and
has attended the Benz School of Floral Design at Texas A&M University. She has a
particular interest in home grown and native cut materials. She gardens and resides on a
ranch in the Arcadia Community in Shelby County.
Erie Keith received his Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental Science from Stephen
F. Austin State University in 1995. He has 13 years experience in natural resource
management, consultation, and planning, including the areas ofendangered species,
ecological classification and assessments, plant identification and taxonomy, wetland
regulations, and environmental compliance. After graduation, Eric worked three years at the
environmental as a wildlife biologist and botanist intern. Since then he has worked at as a
Project Manager at the environmental consulting company, Raven Environmental Services,
Inc, in Huntsville, Texas.
Dr. James KroU has a BS and MS in Biology from Baylor University. He went on to
receive his doctorate from A & M University. Dr. Kroll has been with the College of
Forestry at Stephen F. Austin State University since 1973. In 1975, he founded the Institute
for White-tailed Deer Management and Research. He co-founded the Pineywoods Native
Plant Center with Dr. David Creech; and in 1997, Kroll founded the Forest Resources
Institute. He is currently Director, Columbia Regional Geospatial Service Center, Director,
Forest Resources Institute, Professor of Forest Wildlife, Director, Institute f or White-tailed
Deer Management and Research, and Co-Director, Pineywoods Native Plant Center.
Dr. Kroll has authored more than 200 technical and popular articles, has authored 10 books,
and has produced videos for NBC, TNN, and the HSE networks, as well as a video
management series. He currently contributes to more than 38 different magazines including
North American Whitetail, Deer and Deer Hunting, Journal of the Texas Trophy Hunter,
Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine, American Hunter, and Texas Sportsman. Annually, he
speaks to several thousand hunters and landowners on aspects of producing and harvesting
whitetails.
Dr. Kroll has served on the Board of Directors for the Texas Wildlife Association,
Sportsman's Conservationists of Texas, Texas Forestry Association, and the Texas System of
Natural Areas. He currently serves on the board and as president of the Texas Deer
Association.
Kristin Lamberson is the Interpretive Gardens Specialist at Strawberry Plains Audubon
Center in Holly Springs, Mississippi. She has worked on staff at Strawberry Plains for
over 5 years, prior to that she served there as a volunteer while employed by Morgreen
Nursery in Collierville, Tennessee. She steals her landscape design ideas from natme,
which is also her source of solace, learning and joy! "By allowing the wild into our life
through the venue of the home landscape, we give ourselves the opportunity to experience
magnificence in the small and grandeur in the common, enabling our souls to sing."
Joe Liggio is the author of The Wild Orchids ofTexas by the University of Texas Press. Joe
received a BS in 1972 from Sam Houston State University in Biology and a MS from the
University ofHouston in Environmental Science. He is now working as a natural resource
specialist with the Texas Department of Transportation.
Zoe Kirkpatrick. I call Lubbock, TX. my hometown. I am a graduate of Texas Tech
University and a former Miss Lubbock. I met my husband, Jack, when we were freshmen at
Tech. He was quarterback on the football team and a calf roper on the Rodeo team at Tech.
I was on the women's fencing team. Fifty years later (in 2003), we petitioned Texas Tech
and were finally officially recognized as the first female athletes to represent Texas Tech in
intercollegiate competition. At that time we were awarded (at a women's basketball game)
our Double T letters like football and basketball players, track athletes, etc. have always
received. Jack and I married following our Sophomore year at Tech. After graduation, we
moved to his family ranch near Post, TX. where we reared our five SODS. We now have four
lovely daughters-in-law and nine grandchildren. I began photographing wildflowers in the
early 1960's. A personal wildflower library slowly evolved as my collection of slides grew.
By the 1970's, I was presenting slide programs to various clubs and groups as well as
conducting "wildflower walks" for schoolchildren. Through the years, I was encouraged to
put the collection of wildflowers in a book but it took until 1985 to gather the courage to try
and write it down. After seven years, my book, Wildflowers ofthe Western Plains, finally
became a reality in 1992. It is rewarding to me that after all these years~
I am still asked to
share my programs with schoolchildren and adults alike. The book is presently in a third
printing and doing well.
I consider myself a naturalist; therefore, my interests and hobbies are many and varied.
Among them are archeology and paleontology. Because ofmy interest in paleontology and
working with Dr. Sankar Chatterjee at Texas Tech, he chose to name a 200 million year old
carnivorous reptile after me (Postosuchus kirkpatricki). What an honor! Of course,
but also
photography is another interest that has included "shooting" not only wildf owe~
animals, wildlife, sports events, professional and amateur models. Dancing and
choreography have been life-long interests as have swimming and diving, which I taught for
many summers as an American Red Cross volunteer. Being a student ofNative American
a buffalo skin rug and large arrowhead collection.
lore, I prize my unique tip~
Dr. Ernest Ledger received his B.S. degree from SFA in 1970 in chemistry. He earned his
M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in geology from Texas A&M University and returned to SFA in
1981. Dr. Ledger teaches Introductory Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Ground Water
and Hydrogeology, and X-Ray Diffractometry (including clay minerals). His research
interests include quantitative rock analysis, natural radioactivity, geochmistry~
and ground
a
a
Cliff is the first author of the book Hummingbirds o/Texas that was published in September
2005 by Texas A&M University Press. It has been a big seller for the Press. He was also
first author of the Red-bellied Woodpecker Species Account published in 2000 for the Birds
of North America Project. Due to his interest and contributions to our knowledge of
woodpecker ecology, he was appointed to the National Recovery Team on the Ivory-billed
Woodpecker by the u.s. Fish & Wildlife Service in 2005. He has authored over 50
publications on birds and birding. Over a dozen of these are peer-revieWed papers mainly on
woodpeckers, raptors, and migratory land birds in journals like The Wilson Bulletin, The
Journal ofRaptor Research, The Southwestern Naturalist, the Bulletin ofthe Texas
Ornithological Society, and more. His travels have taken him throughout the Western
Hemisphere where collectively he has spent 6 months birding in seven different Latin
American countries.
He and his wife, Julie, and their two children, Alex & Robin, live in Nacogdoches. They also
have a busy "garage hobby" of building screech owl boxes known as Owl Shacks. Over the
last several years, they have built and distributed hundreds ofthese Owl Shacks to folks
across Texas and nearly two dozen other states.
Julie Shackelford has been with The Conservation Fund since 2004, working on land
protection projects up and down the Neches River. She moved from Austin to Nacogdoches
in August 2007 to open The Conservation Fund's East Texas office. Previously, Julie was
the Regional Director of American Farmland Trust's Texas office from 1999 to 2003. She
was the State Wetlands Planner at Texas Parks and Wildlife Department in Austin from 1994
to 1999. Julie is a 1998 National Wetlands Award recipient. She received and undergraduate
degree in biology from Carleton College, Northfield, MN and a Masters Degree from Duke
University's School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Julie and her husband Cliffhave
two young children.
Larry Shelton has owned and operated Osage Woodworks, a custom woodworking business
since 1984. Shelton is a naturalist who has been guiding interpretive nature walks since
1985. He has also been closely involved with citizen conservation groups such as the Texas
Conservation Alliance and the Sierra Club, working on forest management and other
resource conservation issues for over 20 years. Shelton has been the head ofthe stewardship
committee for Naconiche Creek/Grass Lake preserves in Nacogdoches County since 1990.
Mark Steinbach is the executive director of the Texas Land Conservancy.
Dawn Stover is a Research Associate with the SFA Mast Arboretum in Nacogdoches, Texas.
She earned a BS in biology from West Texas A&M in 1996, and an MS in Agriculture from
Stephen F. Austin State University in 1999. Her initial horticulture experience began at
Treesearch Fanns in Houston. From there she entered graduate school at SFA and continued
her horticultural experience in the Forestry Department with Dr. Shiyou Li's Camptotheca
acuminata research project and later with the Agriculture Department at the SFA Mast
Arboretum.
Mrs. Stover currently maintains the living plant collection within the SFA Mast Arboretum.
Current research includes work with Gaillardia aestivalis var. winkleri., Tricyrtis species,
Farfugium japonicum, as well as hardiness trials for many tropicals and gingers. She is
responsible for maintenance of the Arboretum and the horticulture greenhouse facilities. She
is responsible for two annual plant sales to raise money for the Arboretum., as well as
coordinating student workers and volunteers. Very often, she can be found teaching labs for
horticulture students, working with volunteers., or lecturing to a wide variety of gardening
enthusiasts. She works closely with the horticulture industry as well as the public.
James Van Kley came to SFA in the fall of 1993 from West Lafayette Indiana, where he
completed a Ph.D. in Forest ecology at Purdue University. He is originally from Grand
Rapids, Michigan. He received his B.S. degree from Calvin College (Grand Rapids MI), and
his M.S. degree from Central Michigan University (Mt Pleasant, MI).
Current research includes the development ofan ecological classification system for the
National Forests in Texas and Louisiana, analysis of portions of the Dutch National
vegetation Database in collaboration with colleagues at the Alterra Institute for Green World
Research in the Netherlands, and analysis and monitoring ofthe wetland plant communities
of Caddo Lake in northeastern Texas. For more information of Dr. Van Kley's research, visit
his research website.
Dr. Van Kley is also curator of the ASTC Herbarium at SFA, which includes more than
77,000 specimens
Caroline E. Vidrine completed high school in May 2008. She is coauthor oftwo papers,
one on the Cajun Prairie Gardens and the other on the mussels ofrivers ofthe Cajun Prairie.
Caroline is a student at Louisiana State University at Eunice, where she is majoring in
Forestry. She can literally say that she has been working with prairie restoration since the
day she was born.
Malcolm F. Vidrine, PhD has been Professor of Biology at Louisiana State University at
Eunice for 24 years. He is an aquatic ecologist with major research interests in freshwater
mollusks and their parasites, especially water-mites belonging to the genus Unionicola.
Dr. Vidrine is creator and co-owner of the Cajun Prairie Gardens-a horticultural initiative at
landscaping mra.l residential lots. Central emphasis ofthe gardens is the development of an
insect garden-a garden for the conservation of insects. He is also co-developer ofthe Cajun
Prairie Restoration Project in Eunice and the Prairie Restoration Project at LSUE. The
central emphasis ofthe projects is the restoration ofnative prairie with local flora.